Botany II Model Paper (Solved)

Section (A)
1. Choose the correct answer for each from the given options:

1) The removal of floating solid and organic materials from the sewage is:
A) Primary treatment B) Secondary treatment
C) Tertiary treatment D) Zero waste

2) The fungi that gives puff appearance to dough is called:

A) Lactobacillus B) Saccharomyces C) E.coli D) Penicillium

3) The significance of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is:

A) Detecting Protein B) Creating GMO
C) Enzyme synthesis D) Amplifying specific DNA fragment

4) Gel electrophoresis is a technique used to separate DNA fragments based on size. What is the
significance of gel
electrophoresis? :
A) Study gene expression B) Sequence DNA
C) Identify genetic variation D) Identify genetic disorder

5) Genomic map are useful for:

A) Identifying genes associated with specific diseases B) Creating genetically modified organisms
C) Analyzing DNA methylation patterns D) Detecting Protein-Protein interaction

6) The significance of Monoclonal antibodies is:

A) Study gene expression B) Diagnosed diseases
C) Genetically modified organisms D) Developed new drugs

7) The source of carbon to plant in the carbon cycle is:

A) Carbonate rock B) Atmospheric carbon dioxide
C) Fossil fuel D) Sunlight

8) The pioneers in Xerarch succession are the:

A) Foliose lichens B) Mosses C) Crustose lichens D) Shrubs

9) Theory of natural selection lacking any support from:

A) Biogeography B) Genetics C) Comparative anatomy D) Molecular biology

10) Archaeopteryx is a connecting link between:

A) Amphibian and reptiles B) Reptiles and Aves
C) Aves and Mammals D) Fish and Amphibians

11) Which of the following would cause phenotype variations among organisms of the same genotype:
A) Continuous variation within species B) Different varieties of the same species
C) Different sexes D) Exposure of different environment

12) A boy is color blind, his mother genotype could be:

A) N N X X B) N n X X C) N X Y D) n XY
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13) The allele of holandric gene is located at:

A) X-Chromosomes B) Y-Chromosomes C) Autosomes

14) International society of blood transfusion has found:

A) 5 blood group system B) 10 blood group system
C) 20 blood group system D) More than 30 blood group system

15) Plants having staminate flower can’t perform the following:

A) Cross pollination B) Self Pollination C) Parthenocarpy D) Double fertilization

16) The Nitrogenous base present in RNA but not in DNA:

A) Adenine B) Guanine C) Cytosine D) Uracil

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Section (B)
2. Answer any Eight part questions. Each question carries two marks.

i) What are the causes and symptoms of Corona?

Causes and Symptoms of Corona:
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
(SARS-CoV-2). It primarily spreads through respiratory droplets when an infected person talks, coughs, or
sneezes. The symptoms can range from mild to severe and may appear 2-14 days after exposure.
Common symptoms include fever, cough, and difficulty breathing. Some people may also experience
fatigue, body aches, sore throat, loss of taste or smell, nausea, or diarrhea. Severe cases can lead to
pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), organ failure, and death. Older adults and
people with underlying medical conditions are at higher risk of developing severe symptoms.

ii) Name the major mechanisms of diseases management.

Major Mechanisms of Disease Management
Disease management involves several key mechanisms to prevent, detect, and treat illnesses effectively.

1. Prevention: Strategies such as vaccinations, good hygiene practices, and lifestyle modifications aim to
reduce the risk of disease development.

2. Early Detection: Screening tests help identify diseases in their early stages when treatment is most
successful.

3. Treatment: Options including medications, surgery, and therapies are used to cure or manage
diseases and improve quality of life.

4. Disease Control Programs: Vaccination campaigns and vector control measures help reduce the
incidence and impact of specific diseases.

5. Public Health Interventions: Health education programs and sanitation improvements promote
healthy behaviors and prevent disease spread.

6. Research and Innovation: Drive the development of new treatments, diagnostic tools, and preventive
strategies.

7. Global Health Cooperation: Collaboration among countries and organizations is crucial for
addressing global health challenges and improving disease management worldwide.

iii) Define Speciation? Name different types of Speciation.

Speciation:
Speciation is the evolutionary process by which new biological species arise. It occurs when populations
of a species become genetically isolated and diverge to the point where they can no longer interbreed
and produce fertile offspring. There are several types of speciation, including allopatric speciation, where
populations are geographically isolated; sympatric speciation, where new species evolve within the same
geographic area; and parapatric speciation, where populations are separated by an extreme change in
habitat.
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iv) What is Test cross? Explain with the help of checker board.
Test Cross:
A test cross is a genetic cross between an organism with a dominant phenotype but unknown genotype
and an organism with a homozygous recessive genotype. It is used to determine the genotype of the
organism with the dominant phenotype. The results of a test cross can be represented using a Punnett
square or a checkerboard. In a checkerboard, the known homozygous recessive genotype is placed on
one axis, and the unknown genotype is placed on the other axis. The resulting combinations in the
squares of the checkerboard show the possible genotypes of the organism with the dominant phenotype.

v) Differentiate between Renewable and Non-Reneweable resources.

Renewable vs. Non-Renewable Resources:
Renewable resources are those that can be replenished or regenerated naturally over time, such as solar
energy, wind energy, and biomass. Non-renewable resources, on the other hand, are finite and cannot be
replenished on a human timescale, such as fossil fuels and minerals. The use of renewable resources is
sustainable, as they can be used indefinitely without depleting the resource. Non-renewable resources,
however, are limited in supply and can be depleted over time.

vi) Describe the process of denitrification.

Denitrification:
Denitrification is the process by which nitrate (NO3-) is converted into nitrogen gas (N2) and released into
the atmosphere. It is carried out by denitrifying bacteria in anaerobic conditions. The process helps to
return nitrogen to the atmosphere, completing the nitrogen cycle. Denitrification reduces the availability of
nitrogen in soil, which can be a limiting factor for plant growth in agricultural systems.

vii) What are leading and lagging strand of DNA?

Leading and Lagging Strand of DNA:
In DNA replication, the leading strand is synthesized continuously in the 5' to 3' direction, following the
replication fork. The lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously in the opposite direction, away from the
replication fork, in short fragments called Okazaki fragments. DNA polymerase synthesizes both strands,
but the lagging strand requires additional enzymes, such as DNA ligase, to join the Okazaki fragments
into a continuous strand.

viii) Why haemophilia is common in male?

Haemophilia in Males:
Hemophilia is a genetic disorder characterized by the inability of the blood to clot properly, leading to
prolonged bleeding. It is more common in males because the gene for hemophilia is located on the X
chromosome. Males have only one X chromosome, so if they inherit the hemophilia gene, they will have
the disorder. Females have two X chromosomes, so they are more likely to be carriers of the gene but
less likely to exhibit the disorder unless they inherit two copies of the gene (one from each parent).

ix) Why R Amp and z Lac genes are used in the construction of rDNA?
R Amp and Z Lac Genes in rDNA Construction:
The R Amp (resistance to ampicillin) gene and the Z Lac (beta-galactosidase) gene are commonly used
in the construction of recombinant DNA (rDNA). The R Amp gene provides resistance to the antibiotic
ampicillin, allowing for the selection of bacteria that have taken up the rDNA. The Z Lac gene encodes the
enzyme beta-galactosidase, which is used as a reporter gene to indicate successful insertion of the rDNA
into the host organism's genome. These genes are essential tools in genetic engineering and
biotechnology.
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x) Why Mutation is not always harmful?

Mutation Not Always Harmful:
Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence that can lead to genetic variation. While some mutations can
be harmful and cause diseases, not all mutations are detrimental. In fact, mutations are the primary
source of genetic diversity, which is essential for evolution. Some mutations can be beneficial, providing
organisms with new traits that increase their fitness in a changing environment. Examples include
mutations that confer antibiotic resistance in bacteria or mutations that allow certain plants to thrive in
different climates.

xi) Describe briefly the concept of trophic level.

Trophic Level:
A trophic level is a position in the food chain or food web of an ecosystem. It represents the feeding level
of organisms in a community. The concept of trophic levels helps to illustrate the flow of energy through
an ecosystem. Producers, such as plants, are at the first trophic level and convert sunlight into energy
through photosynthesis. Herbivores that eat plants are at the second trophic level, while carnivores that
eat herbivores are at higher trophic levels. Each trophic level represents a transfer of energy from one
group of organisms to another.

xii) Write a note on Tissue culture. OR Define cystic fibrosis.

Tissue Culture:
Tissue culture is a technique used to grow and maintain plant cells, tissues, or organs in vitro (in a
controlled environment outside of the plant). It is used for various purposes, such as plant propagation,
preservation of rare or endangered species, and research. In tissue culture, plant cells are placed in a
nutrient-rich medium that contains hormones to stimulate growth. The cells divide and differentiate,
forming new plant tissues that can be transferred to soil and grown into full plants.
Cystic Fibrosis (CF):
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder that affects the lungs and digestive system. It is caused by
mutations in the CFTR gene, leading to the production of thick, sticky mucus that clogs the airways and
obstructs the pancreas. Symptoms include coughing, lung infections, difficulty breathing, poor growth, and
salty skin. Treatment aims to manage symptoms and improve quality of life.

xiii) Give the name of enzymes involved in replication of DNA along with their brief function.
Enzymes in DNA Replication:
Several enzymes are involved in the replication of DNA. DNA helicase unwinds the double helix structure
of the DNA molecule. DNA polymerase synthesizes new DNA strands by adding nucleotides to the
existing strands. Primase synthesizes short RNA primers that provide a starting point for DNA
polymerase. DNA ligase joins the Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand to form a continuous strand.
These enzymes work together to ensure accurate and efficient DNA replication.

xiv) Why ‘O – negative’ blood group person consider as an universal donor?

O-negative Blood Group as Universal Donor:
Individuals with O-negative blood are considered universal donors because their blood lacks A, B, and Rh
antigens. This means that O-negative blood can be transfused into people with any blood type without
causing an immune reaction. However, O-negative individuals can only receive O-negative blood, making
them universal donors but limited recipients.
 Botany II Model Paper (Solved)

xv) Why endosymbiotic theory seems more powerful in dealing with the evolution of eukaryotes?
Endosymbiotic Theory and Evolution of Eukaryotes:
The endosymbiotic theory proposes that eukaryotic cells evolved from symbiotic relationships between
different prokaryotic organisms. According to the theory, mitochondria and chloroplasts, which are
organelles found in eukaryotic cells, were once free-living bacteria that were engulfed by ancestral
eukaryotic cells. Over time, these bacteria formed a symbiotic relationship with the host cell, eventually
becoming permanent residents and evolving into organelles. The endosymbiotic theory is supported by
evidence such as the similarity between the DNA of mitochondria and chloroplasts and that of bacteria, as
well as the presence of double membranes in these organelles, similar to bacterial membranes.

xvi) What is the role of DNA ligase in rDNA technology?

Role of DNA Ligase in rDNA Technology
DNA ligase plays a crucial role in recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology by joining or ligating DNA
fragments together. In genetic engineering, scientists often need to combine DNA molecules from
different sources to create recombinant DNA molecules. DNA ligase catalyzes the formation of
phosphodiester bonds between the sugar-phosphate backbones of adjacent DNA fragments, sealing the
nicks or gaps between them. This process is essential for the creation of recombinant DNA molecules,
which can then be used in various applications, such as gene cloning, genetic engineering, and
biotechnology.

xvii) Describe composition of Ozone layer.

Composition of Ozone Layer
The ozone layer is a region of the Earth's stratosphere that contains a high concentration of ozone (O3)
molecules. It is located approximately 10 to 50 kilometers above the Earth's surface. The ozone layer
plays a crucial role in protecting life on Earth by absorbing the majority of the sun's ultraviolet (UV)
radiation, particularly the harmful UV-B and UV-C rays.

The composition of the ozone layer is primarily ozone molecules, which are composed of three oxygen
atoms bonded together. Ozone is a highly reactive gas that forms naturally in the stratosphere when
oxygen molecules (O2) are split apart by UV radiation from the sun. The resulting single oxygen atoms
(O) then combine with O2 molecules to form ozone (O3).

Human activities, such as the release of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other ozone-depleting
substances, have led to the depletion of the ozone layer, particularly over the polar regions. This depletion
has resulted in an increase in harmful UV radiation reaching the Earth's surface, leading to environmental
and health concerns, such as skin cancer, cataracts, and damage to marine ecosystems.
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Section (C)
Note: Answer any Two questions from this section. All questions carry equal marks.

3. What is Succession? Describe Xerarch or Hydrarch succession.

Succession: An Introduction
Succession is a fundamental ecological process that refers to the gradual and predictable change in the
composition and structure of a biological community over time. It occurs in response to changes in
environmental conditions, such as disturbances like fire, flood, or human activities. Succession can lead
to the development of a stable and mature community, known as a climax community, which is in
equilibrium with its environment.

Xerarch Succession
Xerarch succession occurs in dry or terrestrial environments, such as sand dunes, rocky cliffs, or bare
rock surfaces. It begins with the colonization of pioneer species, such as lichens and mosses, that can
tolerate harsh, dry conditions and help in soil formation. These pioneer species are known as xerosere.

As these pioneer species grow and die, they add organic matter to the soil, which gradually improves soil
fertility and moisture retention. This allows for the establishment of larger, more complex plant species,
such as grasses, herbs, and shrubs. These intermediate species are known as psammosere.

Over time, as the soil continues to develop and the environment becomes more stable, larger woody
plants, such as trees and bushes, begin to dominate the area. These late-successional species form the
climax community, which is well-adapted to the prevailing environmental conditions and represents a
stable endpoint of the succession process.

Hydrarch Succession
Hydrarch succession occurs in aquatic or wet environments, such as ponds, lakes, or wetlands. It begins
with the colonization of pioneer species, such as algae and floating plants, that can survive in the open
water and help in the accumulation of organic matter. These pioneer species are known as hydrosere.

As the pioneer species grow and die, they create conditions that favor the growth of submerged aquatic
plants, such as submerged grasses and rooted plants. These intermediate species help in the
accumulation of organic matter and sediment, leading to the formation of shallow areas suitable for the
growth of emergent plants, such as reeds and rushes.

Over time, as more organic matter and sediment accumulate, the water body begins to fill in, and the area
becomes shallower. This allows for the establishment of more terrestrial plants, such as shrubs and trees,
along the margins of the water body. These late-successional species eventually form the climax
community, which is a fully terrestrial ecosystem that has replaced the original aquatic environment.

Conclusion
In conclusion, succession is a dynamic process that leads to the gradual change in the composition and
structure of biological communities over time. Xerarch succession occurs in dry environments and is
characterized by the colonization of pioneer species followed by the establishment of larger, more
complex plant species. Hydrarch succession occurs in aquatic environments and is characterized by the
colonization of pioneer species in open water, leading to the development of shallow areas suitable for the
growth of emergent plants. Both types of succession ultimately lead to the development of stable climax
communities that are in equilibrium with their environments.
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4. What is the role of microbes in household food processing?

Microbes in Household Food Processing
Microbes play a crucial role in household food processing, contributing to the flavor, texture, and
preservation of various foods. Understanding their role is essential for safe and effective food preparation.

Fermentation: Enhancing Flavor and Preservation

One of the key roles of microbes in household food processing is fermentation. Microorganisms such as
bacteria and yeasts are used to ferment foods like yogurt, cheese, and sourdough bread. During
fermentation, these microbes break down carbohydrates and proteins in the food, producing compounds
that enhance flavor and texture. Additionally, the acidic environment created by fermentation helps
preserve the food by inhibiting the growth of harmful bacteria.

Food Preservation: Extending Shelf Life

Microbes are also used in food preservation. For example, lactic acid bacteria are used to ferment
vegetables and fruits into pickles, sauerkraut, and kimchi. This process not only enhances the flavor but
also preserves the food by lowering the pH and creating an acidic environment that inhibits the growth of
spoilage microbes.

Health Benefits: Probiotics and Digestion

Certain microbes used in household food processing can have health benefits. Probiotic bacteria, such as
those found in yogurt and kefir, can help maintain a healthy balance of gut bacteria and improve
digestion. These beneficial microbes can also enhance the immune system and contribute to overall
health.

Conclusion
In conclusion, microbes play a vital role in household food processing by enhancing flavor, texture, and
preservation. Understanding how microbes interact with food can help individuals safely and effectively
prepare a variety of foods at home.
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5. Describe latest technique to enhance the crop and fruit yield.

Enhancing Crop and Fruit Yield: Latest Techniques
Advancements in agricultural science and technology have led to the development of various techniques
aimed at enhancing crop and fruit yield. These techniques utilize innovative approaches to improve plant
growth, increase yield, and ensure food security.

Precision Agriculture: Optimizing Inputs

Precision agriculture involves the use of advanced technologies, such as GPS, sensors, drones, and data
analytics, to optimize the use of inputs like water, fertilizers, and pesticides. By precisely targeting these
inputs based on the specific needs of crops, farmers can reduce waste, improve efficiency, and increase
yield.

Genetic Engineering: Developing Resilient Crops

Genetic engineering techniques, such as CRISPR-Cas9, are being used to develop crops with improved
traits, such as disease resistance, drought tolerance, and increased yield. These genetically modified
crops have the potential to produce higher yields and reduce the need for chemical inputs.

Controlled Environment Agriculture: Maximizing Productivity

Controlled environment agriculture (CEA), including techniques like hydroponics, aquaponics, and vertical
farming, allows for the cultivation of crops in controlled indoor environments. CEA maximizes productivity
by providing optimal conditions for plant growth, such as light, temperature, and nutrient levels, regardless
of external factors.

Biostimulants and Biofertilizers: Enhancing Plant Health

Biostimulants and biofertilizers are natural substances that promote plant growth and improve nutrient
uptake. These products enhance plant health, increase resistance to stressors, and ultimately lead to
higher yields. They are considered environmentally friendly alternatives to traditional chemical fertilizers.

Conclusion
In conclusion, the latest techniques to enhance crop and fruit yield leverage advanced technologies and
innovative approaches to improve plant growth, increase yield, and ensure food security. These
techniques, including precision agriculture, genetic engineering, controlled environment agriculture, and
the use of biostimulants and biofertilizers, are revolutionizing modern agriculture and paving the way for
sustainable food production.
 Botany II Model Paper (Solved)

6. Explain gene amplification through PCR and mention any two applications.

Gene Amplification through Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a powerful technique used to amplify a specific segment of DNA,
making it possible to generate thousands to millions of copies of a particular gene or DNA region. The
PCR process involves a series of temperature-controlled steps that enable the selective amplification of
the target DNA sequence.

PCR Process:
Denaturation: The double-stranded DNA template is heated to near boiling temperatures (94-98°C),
causing the two strands to separate or denature into single strands.

Annealing: The reaction mixture is cooled to a temperature (typically 50-65°C) that allows short DNA
primers to bind to the complementary sequences flanking the target region on each strand.

Extension: The temperature is raised to around 72°C, and a DNA polymerase enzyme extends the
primers by adding nucleotides to the 3' end of each primer, synthesizing a new DNA strand
complementary to the template.

Applications of PCR:
Medical Diagnostics: PCR is widely used in medical diagnostics to detect the presence of pathogens,
such as viruses or bacteria, in clinical samples. It is highly sensitive and specific, making it a valuable tool
for diagnosing infectious diseases.

Forensic Analysis: PCR is used in forensic analysis to amplify DNA from crime scene samples, such as
blood or hair, for genetic profiling. This technique has revolutionized forensic science by enabling the
identification of individuals based on their DNA profiles.

Environmental Monitoring: PCR can be used to detect and quantify microorganisms in environmental
samples, such as soil or water. This application is important for studying microbial diversity and
understanding ecosystem dynamics.

Genetic Research: PCR is a fundamental tool in genetic research, allowing researchers to amplify and
study specific genes or DNA regions. It is used in a wide range of applications, including gene cloning,
sequencing, and genetic engineering.

In conclusion, PCR is a versatile technique for gene amplification that has revolutionized molecular
biology and biotechnology. Its applications in medical diagnostics, forensic analysis, environmental
monitoring, and genetic research have significantly advanced our understanding of genetics and have
practical implications in various fields.
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7. Define Mendel’s law of Independent Assortment and explain with the help of checker board.
Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment
Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment states that during the formation of gametes (sex cells), the
alleles (different forms of a gene) for one gene segregate or assort independently of the alleles for other
genes. This means that the inheritance of one gene does not influence the inheritance of another gene,
and each pair of alleles segregates independently of other pairs of alleles during gamete formation.

Explanation with Checkerboard:

To understand Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment, consider a hypothetical example involving two
genes, one for flower color (with alleles R for red and r for white) and another for seed texture (with alleles
S for smooth and s for wrinkled). In a dihybrid cross between two heterozygous plants (RrSs x RrSs), the
possible gametes produced by each parent are RS, Rs, rS, and rs, representing all possible combinations
of alleles for the two genes.

Using a checkerboard method, we can determine the possible genotypes of the offspring resulting from
the cross. Each square in the checkerboard represents a possible combination of alleles from the two
parents. According to Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment, the alleles for flower color (R or r)
segregate independently of the alleles for seed texture (S or s), resulting in four equally likely
combinations of alleles in the offspring:
● RS (red and smooth),
● Rs (red and wrinkled),
● rS (white and smooth), and
● rs (white and wrinkled).
The checkerboard demonstrates that the inheritance of one trait (flower color) is independent of the
inheritance of the other trait (seed texture), supporting Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment.

In conclusion, Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment explains how genes located on different
chromosomes or far apart on the same chromosome are inherited independently of each other, leading to
genetic variation and the diversity of traits observed in offspring.
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8. Describe the process of Translation in gene expression.

Translation in Gene Expression
Translation is the process in gene expression where the genetic information carried by mRNA
(messenger RNA) is decoded to produce a specific sequence of amino acids, forming a polypeptide
chain. This process occurs at ribosomes, complex cellular structures composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
and proteins.

Steps of Translation:
Initiation: The mRNA binds to a ribosome, and the ribosome scans the mRNA for the start codon (AUG),
which signals the beginning of the protein-coding sequence. The initiator tRNA (carrying the amino acid
methionine) binds to the start codon on the mRNA.

Elongation: The ribosome moves along the mRNA in a 5' to 3' direction, and a new tRNA carrying the
complementary amino acid binds to the mRNA at the A site of the ribosome. The ribosome catalyzes the
formation of a peptide bond between the amino acids carried by the tRNAs at the A and P (peptidyl) sites,
forming a growing polypeptide chain.

Translocation: The ribosome moves along the mRNA to the next codon, shifting the tRNAs from the A
and P sites to the P and E (exit) sites, respectively. The empty tRNA at the E site is released, and the
tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain remains at the P site.

Termination: The process continues until a stop codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA) is reached on the mRNA.
When a stop codon enters the A site, a release factor binds to the ribosome, causing the release of the
completed polypeptide chain from the ribosome.

Role of tRNA and Ribosomes:

Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules play a crucial role in translation by carrying specific amino acids to the
ribosome, where they are added to the growing polypeptide chain according to the mRNA sequence.
Each tRNA molecule has an anticodon region that base-pairs with the complementary mRNA codon,
ensuring that the correct amino acid is added to the growing chain.

Ribosomes serve as the site of translation, providing the necessary environment for the interaction
between mRNA and tRNA. They also catalyze the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids,
allowing for the sequential addition of amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain.

In conclusion, translation is a complex process that converts the genetic information carried by mRNA into
a functional polypeptide chain. It is a fundamental process in gene expression, essential for the synthesis
of proteins that perform various functions in cells.