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Operating
System CHAPTER 2

Overview
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Operating System

 A program that
 controls the execution of application programs
 acts as an interface between applications and
hardware

 OS
 masks the details of the hardware from the
programmer
 provides the programmer with a convenient interface
for using the system
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User/Computer Interface

Application programs
Application
programming interface
Application Libraries/utilities Software
binary interface
Operating system
Instruction Set
Architecture
Execution hardware

Memory
System interconnect
translation Hardware
(bus)

I/O devices
Main
and
memory
networking

Figure 2.1 Computer Hardware and Software Structure

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User/Computer Interface (2)

 Services Provided by the Operating System

 Program development
 Program execution
 Access I/O devices
 Controlled access to files
 System access
 Error detection and response
 Accounting
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Resource Manager

 OS is responsible for controlling the use of a

computer’s resources
 I/O
 Main memory
 Secondary memory
 Processor execution time

 Kernel
 Portion of operating system that is in main memory
 Contains most frequently used functions
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Evolution of Operating Systems

Time
Sharing
Multiprogramme Systems
d Batch Systems
Simple
Batch
Serial Systems
Processing
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Uniprogramming

 Processor must wait for I/O instruction to complete

before preceding

Program A Run Wait Run Wait

Time
(a) Uniprogramming

Program A Run Wait Run Wait

Program B Wait Run Wait Run Wait

Run Run Run Run

Combined Wait Wait
A B A B
 Time
(a) Uniprogramming

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Multiprogramming
Program A Run Wait Run Wait

Program B Wait Run Wait Run Wait

Run Run Run Run

Combined Wait Wait
A B A B
 When one job needs Timeto wait for I/O, the processor
can switch to the other job (multitasking)
(b) Multiprogramming with two programs

Program A Run Wait Run Wait

Program B Wait Run Wait Run Wait

Program C Wait Run Wait Run Wait

Run Run Run Run Run Run

Combined Wait Wait
A B C A B C
Time
(c) Multiprogramming with three programs

Figure 2.5 Multiprogramming Example

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Time Sharing

 Using multiprogramming to handle multiple

interactive jobs
 Processor’s time is shared among multiple users
 Multiple users simultaneously access the system
through terminals

Batch Multiprogramming Time Sharing

Principal objective Maximize processor use Minimize response time
Source of directives to Job control language Commands entered at the
operating system commands provided with the terminal
job
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Major Achievements

 Processes

 memory management

 information protection and security

 scheduling and resource management

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Modern Operating Systems

 Microkernel architecture
 Assigns only a few essential function to the kernel and
other OS services are provided by processes that run in
user mode

 Multithreading
 A technique in which a process, executing an
application, is divided into threads that can run
concurrently
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Modern Operating Systems (2)

 Symmetric multiprocessing (SMP)

 OS must provide tools and functions to exploit the parallelism of
an SMP system
 SMP  Multicore  Many-core

 Distributed operating systems

 Provides the illusion of a single main memory space and a single
secondary memory space, plus other unified access facilities,
such as a distributed file system

 Object-oriented design
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Windows Architecture

Service processes
System support Applications
processes
Service control
SVChost.exe Environment
manager
Task manager subsystems
Lsass Winmgmt.exe Windows
Winlogon Spooler Explorer POSIX
User
Session Services.exe application
manager Win32
Subsytem DLLs

Ntdll.dll
System
threads User mode

Kernel mode
System service dispatcher
(Kernel-mode callable interfaces)
Win32 USER,
I/O manager GDI

manager (registry)
Security reference
File system cache

Local procedure
Object manager

Virtual memory
Power manager

Configuration
Processes and
Plug and play
manager

monitor

threads

call
Device
and file Graphics
system drivers
drivers
Kernel
Hardware abstraction layer (HAL)

Lsass = local security authentication server Colored area indicates Executive

POSIX = portable operating system interface
GDI = graphics device interface
DLL = dynamic link libraries

Figure 2.14 Windows Architecture

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UNIX Architecture

User Programs

Trap
Libraries
User Level
Kernel Level
System Call Interface

Inter-process
communication
File Subsystem
Process
Control Scheduler
Subsystem
Memory
Buffer Cache
management

character block
Device Drivers

Hardware Control
Kernel Level
Hardware Level
Hardware

Figure 2.16 Traditional UNIX Kernel

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Modern UNIX Architecture

coff
a.out elf

exec
switch
NFS
file mappings
FFS
virtual
device memory vnode/vfs
mappings framework interface
s5fs

anonymous
RFS
mappings

Common
Facilities

disk driver time-sharing

block processes
device scheduler
switch framework

tape driver system

processes
STREAMS

network tty
driver driver

Figure 2.17 Modern UNIX Kernel [VAHA96]

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Linux Kernel Components

user level
processes

signals system calls

processes
& scheduler
file network
systems protocols
virtual

kernel
memory
char device block device network de-
drivers drivers vice drivers

traps & physical

interrupts
faults memory

hardware
system network inter-
CPU terminal disk
memory face controller

Figure 2.19 Linux Kernel Components

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Android System Architecture