Adama Science

University School and

of Technology
Civil Engineering
and Architecture Civil
Program Engineering
Construction Material
By Sileshi A.(MSc.)
Chapter
NATURE – PROPERTIES
1
CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL OF
2
AND
• Classification
Mechanical of Construction
properties of Materials
construction
•
materials
Nature
•
load and performance of materials under
Classification of Construction Materials….
Classification
3

Materials… of Construction
One of the most important task of an
engineer is toa select the most suitable
material for given civil engineering
structure.
• There are numbers of materials available for
construction purpose.
• Classification based on chemical
composition.
• Organic materials: are those which have
carbon as the basic element.
Eg.: Timber, bitumen, plastics, etc.
• Inorganic materials: are metals, alloys,
calcareous, silicacious and argillaceous
materials.
Eg.: Iron, steel, lime, sand, clay
Classification
4

Materials of Construction
• Classification based on metallic nature.
Classification
5

Materials of Construction
• Classification based on physical nature.
• Solids, (Crystalline or amorphous)
• Liquids and
• Gas
 • Classification based on mode of
manufacture
• Naturally Occurring Materials
• Industrially Produced Materials
• Materials Produced at construction site.
• Classification based on use.
• Binding Materials
• Building Materials
• Finishing Materials
• Insulating Materials

Classification
Materials … of Construction
6

Properties of Materials
• Properties which relate to materials generally
are;
a. Physical Properties
• Density and Specific gravity
• Mechanical Properties
• Thermal Properties
• Acoustical Properties
a. Chemical Properties
• Corrosion

Classification
Materials… of Construction
7

Mechanical Properties (Static Stress-Strain

Properties)
The properties of materials when subjected to
stresses and strains are called “mechanical
properties”
Stress:
When astretch
material is subjected to external forces
which it and make it extend, then it is
said to be in tension.
When a material is subjected to forces which
squeeze it and make it contract, then it is said to
be in Compression.
An
bothobject in some situations can be subjected to
tension and compression.
Mechanical
constructionproperties
8

materials of
Mechanical
constructionproperties
9

materials of
 Mechanical
constructionproperties
10

materials of
Mechanical Properties (Static Stress-Strain
Properties)…
When forces are applied to a solid body in
equilibrium;
I. Internal resisting forces are developed in the
body which balance the external applied forces
II. The body will deform to a varying degree.

Mechanical
11

construction properties
materials of
The internal forces and deformations are called
stresses and strain respectively.
Stress
Strain per Unit area== Unit
per unit area Unit Stress
•
• Strain.
Mechanical Properties (Static Stress-Strain
Properties)…
• Stress-Strain
The behavior ofBehavior
materialsforces
subject to be
•
tensile
describedand compressive can
in terms of their stress-strain
behavior.
If gradually increasing tensile forces
•
are
then applied
initially to, say,
when a
the strip of
forces Mild
are steel,
released
its originalthe material
shape. The springs
material back
is to
said
to be ELASTIC.
Within the elastic limit, the material
•
returns
removal to
ofits
theoriginal
load. dimension
The elastic on
modulus is referred
stress-strain behavior to in
thethe
slope of the
elastic
region
constant andof itproportionality
is also referred to as the
between
stress
Law. and strain according to Hooke’s
Mechanical
constructionproperties
12

materials of
Mechanical Properties (Static Stress-Strain
Properties)… • Stress-Strain Behavior:
(Cont.…)
 Mechanical
constructionproperties
13

materials of
Mechanical Properties (Static Stress-Strain
Properties)… • Stress-Strain Behavior:

Point ‘A’ indicates the (Cont.…)

proportional limit.
I.
Stress-strain
this point. behavior is linear only up to
II. Point ‘B’ represents the point at which
the material starts yielding.
• Between point A and B, the stress strain
behavior is not linear, though it is in
elastic region.
I. Point
point.• ‘C’ is referred to the upper yield
The material behavior after point ‘D’ is
highly nonlinear in nature.
I. Point ‘E’ is the maximum stress that
the material can withstand.
II. Point ‘F’ schematically indicates the
point of rupture.
Mechanical
constructionproperties
14

materials of
Mechanical Properties (Static Stress-Strain
Properties)… • Stress-Strain Behavior:

Yield Strength: is the stress at (Cont.…)

which
I.
yielding
of most occurs. The
materials do stress-strain
not show relations
specific
yield
to points;
define the hencestrength
yield other means
and are used
consequently the elastic strength.
Mechanical
constructionproperties
15

materials of
Mechanical Properties (Static Stress-Strain
Properties)… • Stress-Strain Behavior:

Modulus of Elasticity: also known(Cont.…)

as
I.
young’s modulus, is the slope of the initial
linear portion of the stress strain curve.
 Three
define different
the methods
modulus of are employed
elasticity for to
materials
diagrams. with curved
These are: stress-strain
a. Initial tangent modulus
b. Secant modulus
c. Tangent modulus
Mechanical
constructionproperties
16

materials of
Determination of modulus of elasticity for materials
with non-linear stress-strain curves
Mechanical
constructionproperties
17

materials of
Depending upon the arrangement and direction
of the external forces, the stresses produced in a
body may be:
a. Tensile Stress,
b. Compressive Stress,
c. Shearing Stress,
d. Bending Stress,
e. Torsional Stress, and
f. Various Combinations.
Deformation:
I. Elastic if it recovers when the external
force is released.
II. Plastic if it fails to recover when the
external force is released.
Nature
18
and
materials performance
under load of
• Testing of Materials for Mechanical
Properties
• Selection of material for a particular structural
application depends on its mechanical properties. There
are standard mechanical tests to measure these
properties.
• Mechanical tests are those tests used to examine the
performance of materials of construction under the action
of external forces.
• Standardization is necessary in order to make test results
comparable wherever or by whomsoever they are made.
Mechanical tests may be classified under
several headings;
I. With reference to the arrangement and direction of
external forces:
• Tension Test
 • Compression Test
Nature
19

materialsand performance
under load… of
Shear Test
•
• Bending Test
• Torsion Test
• Testing of Materials for Mechanical
Properties…
I. With reference to the rate and duration of the load
application:
• Static Tests
• Dynamic Tests
• Wear Tests
I. With reference to the effect of the test on the
specimen:
• Destructive Tests
• Non-Destructive Tests

Nature
20

materialsand performance
under load… of
Long time Test
•
• Fatigue Test
• Testing of Materials for Mechanical
Properties…
I. Type of tests with reference to the arrangement and
direction of the external forces:
a. Tension test: A specimen under tension test is subjected to
an axial tensile force. (pulling)
b. Compression test: A specimen under compression test is
subjected to an axial compressive force.(pushing)
c. Shear test: the shearing stress in a specimen is
determined on cross sectional areas parallel to the line of
action of the external forces which are themselves
parallel. (shoving/sliding)
d. Bending test: A specimen under bending is subjected to
forces that give rise to bending moments. Tension (below
neutral axis) and Compression (above).
e. Torsion test: An indirect test used to determine the
shearing strength of a material.
Nature
21
and
materials performance
under load… of
Nature
22
and
materials performance
under load… of
• Testing of Materials for Mechanical
Properties…
I. Type of tests with reference to the rate and duration of
the load application:
a. Static tests: Tests are made with gradually increasing
load, such as the ordinary test in compression, tension,
etc.
b. Dynamic tests: These are made with suddenly applied
loads, as by failing weight or pendulum. E.g. Drop impact
test.
c. Wear tests: These are made to determine resistance to
abrasion and impact. E.g. Los Angeles abrasion test,
attrition test, etc.
d. Long-time tests: These are made with loads applied to
the object under test for long period of time.
e. Fatigue tests: These are made with fluctuating stresses
repeated a large number of times.
Nature
23
and
materials performance
under load… of
• Testing of Materials for Mechanical
Properties…
I. Type of tests with reference to the effect of the
test on the specimen:
a. Destructive tests: Under these test methods the specimen
are either crushed or ruptured and made useless at the
end of the tests. E.g. Tensile test for reinforced bar,
compression test for concrete.
b. Non-destructive
used to test the tests: These
strength of are usually
members of
existing structures
performance. E.g. with out
Rebound affecting
hammer theirof
test
concrete structures.
Nature
24
and
materials performance
under load… of
Nature
25
and
materials performance
under load… of
Destructive Test (Bending Test)
Nature
26

materials and performance

under load… of
Destructive Test (Compressive Test)