PROPERTIES OF

ENGINEERING
MATERIALS
 INTRODUCTION

⬩ The practical application of engineering materials in manufacturing

engineering depends upon through knowledge of their particular
properties under wide range of conditions.
⬩ The term “property” is a qualitative or quantitative measure of
response of materials to externally imposed conditions like forces
and temperature.
⬩ However, the range of properties found in different classes of
materials is very large.

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CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIAL PROPERTY
Mechanical magnetic
thermal chemical
optical technological
physical electrical

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 1.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES:
The properties of materials that determines its behavior under
applied forces are called mechanical properties.

They are usually related to the elastic and plastic behavior of the
material.

These properties are expressed as the function of stress-strain etc.

A sound knowledge of mechanical properties of materials provides

the basis for predicting behavior of materials under different load
conditions and designing the components out of them.

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 CLASSIFICATION OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

⬩ ELASTICITY ⬩ IMPACT STRENGTH

⬩ PLASTICITY ⬩ DUCTILITY
⬩ TOUGHNESS ⬩ HARDNESS
⬩ RESILIENCE ⬩ FATIGUE
⬩ TENSILE STRENGTH ⬩ CREEP
⬩ YIELD STRENGTH ⬩ WEAR RESISTANCE

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STRESS - STRAIN

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 STRESS - STRAIN

⬩ Experience shows that any materials subjected to a load may either

deform , yield or break , depending upon-
❑ The magnitude of load
❑ Nature of the material
❑ Cross sectional dimension
⬩ The engineering stress and strain are based on the original sample
dimension which changes during test

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 STRESS - STRAIN

⬩ True stress and strain on other hand based on actual or

instantaneous dimensions and are better representation of
deformation behavior of the material.

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 STRESS - STRAIN
⬩ Engineering stress and strain
curve is based on original area ,it
descends after maximum load as
the load bearing capacity of
sample decrease due to reduction
in area.
⬩ True stress-strain curve, continue
to go up till fracture as it is based
on actual area True stress-strain
curve Engineering stress – strain
curve

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1. ELASTICITY
⬩ The property of material by virtue
of which deformation caused by
applied loads disappears upon
removal of load.
⬩ Elasticity of the material is the
power of coming back to its
original position after deformation
when the stress or load is
removed.

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 1. ELASTICITY

• The physical reasons for elastic behavior can be quite different for
different materials. In metals, the atomic lattice changes size and
shape when forces are applied (energy is added to the system).
When forces are removed, the lattice goes back to the original
lower energy state.
• In engineering, the amount of elasticity of a material is determined
by two types of material parameter.

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 1. ELASTICITY

• The first type of material parameter is called a modulus, which

measures the amount of force per unit area (stress) needed to
achieve a given amount of deformation. The units of modulus are
pascals (Pa).
• A higher modulus typically indicates that the material is harder to
deform.

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 1. ELASTICITY

• The second type of parameter measures the elastic limit. The limit
can be a stress beyond which the material no longer behaves
elastic and deformation of the material will take place.
• If the stress is released, the material will elastically return to a
permanent deformed shape instead of the original shape.

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2. PLASTICITY
⬩ The plasticity of a material is its
ability to undergo some degree of
permanent deformation without
rupture or failure.
⬩ Plastic deformation will take only
after the elastic limit is exceeded.
⬩ It increases with increase in
temperature.

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STRESS-STRAIN CURVE FOR SHOWS
ELASTICITY AND PLASTICITY FOR
MATERIALS

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3. DUCTILITY
⬩ It is the ability of a material to
undergo plastic deformation
without fracture.
⬩ Example: Mild steel is ductile
material.

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 There are two common measure of
ductility:
1). Percentage elongation:
% elongation describes the extent to
which specimen structure before rapture.

where,
Lf = final gauge length
Lo = initial/original gauge length

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 There are two common measure of
ductility:
2). Percentage reduction:
% reduction is a measure % change in cross
sectional area at point of fracture before and
after the test.

where,
Af = final cross sectional area
Ao = initial cross sectional area

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• The amount of ductility is an important factor when considering forming operations
such as rolling and extrusion. Ductility is also used a quality control measure to assess
the level of impurities and proper processing of a material.
• For ductile material, breaking strength this less than UTS ,and necking precedes
fracture.
• For brittle material, fracture usually occur before necking and possibly before the onset
of plastic flow.

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4. TOUGHNESS
⬩ Toughness is the ability of the
material to absorb energy during
plastic deformation unto fracture.
⬩ A material with high strength and
high ductility will have more
toughness than a material with low
strength and high ductility.
⬩ Toughness is a good combination
of strength and ductility.

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⬩ one way to measure toughness is by calculating the area under the stress strain curve from a
tensile test. This value is simply called “material toughness” and it has units of energy per
volume.
⬩ Material toughness equates to a slow absorption of energy by the material.

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Several variables that have a profound influence on the toughness of a material:

⬩ Strain rate ⬩ Temperature ⬩ Notch effect

metal may possess satisfactory
toughness under static loads but
may fail under dynamic loads or
impact. toughness decrease as the
rate of loading increases.
Temperature is the second variable
to have a major influence on its
toughness. As temperature is
lowered, the ductility and toughness
also decrease.
The third variable is termed notch
effect, has to due with the
distribution of stress. A material
might display good toughness when
the applied stress is uniaxial.

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Two of the toughness properties that
will be discussed in more detail are:
1).Impact toughness
2). Notch-Toughness
 1).Impact toughness

⬩ The impact toughness of a material can be

determined with a Charpy test.
⬩ Impact tests continue to be used as a quality
control method to assess notch sensitivity and for
comparing the relative toughness of engineering
materials.

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Toughness is greatly affected
by temperature, a Charpy
test is often repeated
numerous times with each
specimen tested at a
different temperature.

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This produces a graph of impact toughness
for the material as a function of
temperature.
It can be seen that at low temperatures the
material is more brittle and impact
toughness is low. At high temperatures the
material is more ductile and impact
toughness is higher.
The transition temperature is the boundary
between brittle and ductile behavior and
this temperature is often an extremely
important consideration in the selection of
a material.

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 2). Notch-Toughness

⬩ Notch toughness is the ability that a material

possesses to absorb energy in the presence of a
flaw.
⬩ Notch-toughness is measured with a variety of
specimens such as the Charpy V-notch impact
specimen or the dynamic tear test specimen

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 2). Notch-Toughness

⬩ impact testing the tests are often repeated

numerous times with specimens tested at a
different temperature.

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 2). Notch-Toughness

⬩ With these specimens and by varying the loading

speed and the temperature, it is possible to
generate curves such as those shown in the graph.
⬩ The material develops plastic strains as the yield
stress is exceeded in the region near the crack tip.

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The amount of plastic deformation is
restricted by the surrounding material,
which remains elastic. When a material is
from deforming plastically, it fails in a
brittle prevented manner.

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4. HARDNESS
⬩ It is the property of a metal, which
gives it the ability to resist being
permanently deformed when a
load is applied.
⬩ The greater the hardness of the
metal, the greater resistance
against the deformation.

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 Various hardening process

❖ Hall- Petch strengthening (Grain boundary)

❖ Work hardening
❖ Solid solution strengthening
❖ Precipitation hardening
❖ Martensitic transformation

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 ❖ Rockwell hardness test ❖ Shore
❖ Brinell hardness test ❖ Mohs test
❖ Vickers hardness test ❖ Barcol hardness test

MEASUREMENT ❖ Knoop hardness

METHODS

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HARDNESS DEPENDS ON

❖ Ductility
❖ Elastic stiffness
❖ Plasticity
❖ Strain
❖ Toughness
❖ Viscosity

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5. FATIGUE
⬩ Metal fatigue is the progressive
and localized structural damage
that occurs when a material is
subjected to cyclic loadings.
⬩ The highest stress that a material
can withstand for an infinite
number of cycles without breaking
called also endurance limit
⬩ The greater the applied stress
range, the shorter the life.

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6. CREEP
⬩ The tendency of a solid material to
deform permanently under the
influence of mechanical stresses.
⬩ It can occur as a result of long-term
exposure to high levels of stress that
are still below the yield strength of the
material.
⬩ Creep is more severe in materials that
are subjected to heat for long periods,
and generally increases as they near
their melting point.

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 INFLUENCING FACTORS

Diffusion Dislocation Temperature Stress

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6. WEAR
⬩ Wear is related to interactions between
surfaces and specifically the removal
and deformation of material on a
surface as a result of mechanical action
of the opposite surface.

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CLASSIFICATION OF WEAR

1)Adhesive wear
2) Abrasive wear
3)Surface fatigue
4)Fretting wear
5)Erosive wear
6)Corrosive and oxidation wear

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 THANKS!
Any questions?

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