INTRODUCTION

TO
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND
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TESTING

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Course Title: Construction Materials and Testing
Course Code: CE 223
Credit Units: 3 units = 2 hours lecture and 3 hours laboratory/week
Course Description: The course deals with the properties of common
construction materials primarily metals, plastics, wood, concrete,
coarse and fine aggregates, asphalt‘- and synthetic materials;
examination of material properties with respect to design and use
of end product, design and control of aggregates, concrete and
asphalt mixtures, principle of testing; characteristics of test;
properties of materials and materials testing equipment.

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COURSE OUTLINE

1. Introduction to Construction Materials & Testing

2. Familiarization with apparatus & equipment used in testing of materials
3. General Properties of Materials
4. Specific Weight, Water Absorption, Abrasion, Density and Uniformity of Aggregates;
5. Preparation and Curing of Concrete Test Specimens;
6. Determination of Setting Time of Hydraulic Cement; ‘-
7. Familiarization with the Parts and Functions of the Universal Testing Machine;
8. Testing of Wood: Samples for Bending, Compression, Shear, Tension, and Water Content;
9. Determine the Compressive Strength of Concrete Hollow Blocks;
10. Determining the Time of Setting of Portland Cement
11. Testing the Tensile Strength of Steel Bars
12. Field Tests of Construction Materials

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GRADING SYSTEM:
To pass this course, one must accumulate at least 75 percent through
the course requirements discussed above. The maximum points that a student
can obtain through each requirement are shown below:

Requirement/Assessment Task ‘- Percent (%)

Projects (Lab Reports) 30
Quizzes 20
Major Exam 30
Class Standing (Participation, Exercises.) 20
TOTAL 100

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REFERENCES
1. Basic Civil Engineering, 2010, Satheesh Gopi
2. Basic Civil Engineering, 2010, S. S. Bhavikatti
3. Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, 3 rd Edition, 2011,
Michael S. Mamlouk and John P. Zaniewski
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4. Simplified Construction Handbook, DPWH

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CLASSROOM POLICIES

1. Make – up quizzes/exams will be given provided that the reason for not
taking the exam is excused and as approved by the Dean of the College of
Engineering and Architecture.
2. Regular attendance is expected which is stipulated
‘- in the student handbook
will be followed.
3. Avoid boisterous conduct or any action tends to distract on on-going
activities in class.
4. Always observe classroom policies, such as turning electrical devices and
cleaning the classroom.
5. Always observe laboratory regulations and safety precautions.
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ENGINEERING MATERIALS

NON-METAL
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METALS
COMPOSITES

POLYMERS
CERAMICS 7
INTRODUCTION
 The practical application of engineering materials in manufacturing
engineering depends upon through knowledge of their particular
properties under wide range of conditions.
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 The term “property” is a qualitative or quantitative measure of
response of materials to externally imposed conditions like forces
and temperature.
 However, the range of properties found in different classes of
materials is very large.
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CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIAL PROPERTY:

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NONMECHANICAL PROPERTIES:
properties refer to characteristics of the material, other than load
response, that affect selection, use, and performance. There are several
types of properties that are of interest to engineers, but those of the
greatest concern to civil engineers are mechanical
‘- properties, thermal
properties and surface characteristics.

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MECHANICAL PROPERTIES:
 The properties of materials that determines its behaviour under applied
forces are called mechanical properties.
 They are usually related to the elastic and plastic behaviour of the material.
‘- stress-strain.etc
 These properties are expressed as the function of
 A sound knowledge of mechanical properties of materials provides the basis
for predicting behaviour of materials under different load conditions and
designing the components out of them.

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STRESS –STRAIN DIAGRAM
 Experience shows that any materials subjected to a load may either
deform , yield or break , depending upon-
The magnitude of load
Nature of the material ‘-
Cross sectional dimension
 The engineering stress and strain are based on the original sample
dimension which changes during test.
 True stress and strain on other hand based on actual or instantaneous
dimensions and are better representation of deformation behaviour of the
material. 12
 UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE

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2000 kN Capacity 100 kN Capacity

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Tension

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Compression

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ELASTIC LIMIT
The elastic limit is the limit beyond which the material will no longer go
back to its original shape when the load is removed, or it is the maximum
stress that may e developed such that there is no permanent or residual
deformation when the load is entirely removed.

ELASTIC AND PLASTIC RANGES

The region in stress-strain diagram from O to P is called the elastic range.
The region from P to R is called the plastic range.
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YIELD POINT
Yield point is the point at which the material will have an appreciable
elongation or yielding without any increase in load.

ULTIMATE STRENGTH
The maximum ordinate in the stress-strain diagram is the ultimate strength
or tensile strength.

RAPTURE STRENGTH
Rapture strength is the strength of the material at rupture. This is also
known as the breaking strength. 18
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CLASSIFICATION OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES:

1). ELASTICITY 7). IMPACT STRENGTH

2). PLASTICITY 8). DUCTILITY
3). TOUGHNESS 9). HARDNESS
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4). RESILIENCE 10). FATIGUE
5). TENSILE STRENGTH 11). CREEP
6). YIELD STRENGTH 12). WEAR RESISTANCE

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ELASTICITY
 The property of material by virtue of which deformation caused by applied loads disappears upon removal of load.
 Elasticity of the material is the power of coming back to its original position after deformation when the stress or
load is removed.
 The physical reasons for elastic behavior can be quite different for different materials. In metals, the atomic lattice
changes size and shape when forces are applied (energy is added to the system). When forces are removed, the lattice
goes back to the original lower energy state.
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 In engineering, the amount of elasticity of a material is determined by two types of material parameter.
 The first type of material parameter is called a modulus, which measures the amount of force per unit area (stress)
needed to achieve a given amount of deformation. The units of modulus are pascals (Pa).
 A higher modulus typically indicates that the material is harder to deform.
 The second type of parameter measures the elastic limit. The limit can be a stress beyond which the material no
longer behaves elastic and deformation of the material will take place.
 If the stress is released, the material will elastically return to a permanent deformed shape instead of the original
shape. 21
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PLASTICITY:
 The plasticity of a material is its
ability to undergo some degree of
permanent deformation without
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rupture or failure.
 Plastic deformation will take only
after the elastic limit is exceeded.
 It increases with increase in
temperature.
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DUCTILITY
 It is the ability of a material to undergo plastic
deformation without fracture.
 The amount of ductility is an important factor
when considering forming operations such as
rolling and extrusion. Ductility is also used a ‘-
quality control measure to assess the level of
impurities and proper processing of a material.
 For ductile material, breaking strength is less
than UTS ,and necking precedes fracture.
 For brittle material, fracture usually occur
before necking and possibly before the onset of
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plastic flow.
TOUGHNESS
 Toughness is the ability of the material to absorb
energy during plastic deformation up to fracture.
 A material with high strength and high ductility will
have more toughness than a material with low
strength and high ductility.
 Toughness is a good combination of strength and ‘-
ductility.
 One way to measure toughness is by calculating the
area under the stress strain curve from a tensile test.
This value is simply called “material toughness” and
it has units of energy per volume.
 Material toughness equates to a slow absorption of
energy by the material.
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Several variables that have a profound influence on the toughness of a
material:-
1). Strain rate - metal may possess satisfactory toughness under static loads
but may fail under dynamic loads or impact. toughness decrease as the
rate of loading increases. ‘-
2). Temperature - Temperature is the second variable to have a major
influence on its toughness. As temperature is lowered, the ductility and
toughness also decrease.
3). Notch effect - The third variable is termed notch effect, has to due with the
distribution of stress. A material might display good toughness when the
applied stress is uniaxial. 26
HARDNESS
It is the property of a metal, which gives it the ability to resist being
permanently deformed when a load is applied. The greater the hardness of the
metal, the greater resistance against the deformation.
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FATIGUE
 Metal fatigue is the progressive and localized structural damage that occurs when a material is subjected to cyclic
loadings.
 The highest stress that a material can withstand for an infinite number of cycles without breaking called also
endurance limit
 The greater the applied stress range, the shorter the life.
Fatigue in steel
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CREEP
 The tendency of a solid material to deform permanently under the influence of mechanical stresses.
 It can occur as a result of long-term exposure to high levels of stress that are still below the yield strength of the
material.
 Creep is more severe in materials that are subjected to heat for long periods, and generally increases as they near
their melting point.

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CREEP INFLUENCING FACTORS
 Diffusion
 Dislocation
 Temperature
 Stress ‘-

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WEAR
Wear is related to interactions between surfaces and specifically the removal and deformation of material on a surface as a
result of mechanical action of the opposite surface.
WEAR CLASSIFICATION
 Adhesive wear
 Abrasive wear
 Surface fatigue
 Fretting wear
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 Erosive wear
 Corrosive and oxidation wear

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