MATERIALS

TESTING

Armenio, Aljebson
Fernandez, Jeny Mae
Manalaysay, Art Andre
Muel, Maria Camela
BSEE 3A
MATERIAL
TESTING Materials testing is a respected and established
technique that is used to ascertain both the
physical and mechanical properties of raw
materials and components.

It refers to the measurement of the

characteristics and behavior of materials to be
used in specifying the suitability of materials to
various applications.
MATERIAL
TESTING
Why is it performed?
Materials Testing is performed for a variety of
reasons and can provide a wealth of
information about the tested materials,
prototypes or product samples. The data
collected during testing and the final test
results can be very useful to engineers,
designers, production managers and others.
MATERIAL
TESTING
Materials testing helps us to understand and
quantify whether a specific material or
treatment is suitable for a particular
application. With the wide variety of materials
and treatments available in the marketplace,
testing can help narrow down the choices to
the most appropriate selection for the intended
use.
 Some typical fixtures used in material testing

Compression Platens Peel Rig Three-point Bend Rig

 Some typical fixtures used in material testing

Tensile Grips Self-tightening Roller Pneumatic Grips

Grips
 MATERIAL TESTING

Coefficient of Thermal
Tension Test Compression Test Expansion
 MATERIAL TESTING

Beam Deflection Shear/ Torsion Test

TENSION
TEST
In tension test /tensile test, a piece
(specimen) is extended, usually to fracture,
with gradually increasing uniaxial load, to
determine the resistance of the material to
the force. It is also used to determine yield
strength, ultimate tensile strength,
ductility, strain hardening characteristics,
Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio.

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TENSION TEST
Ultimate Tensile
Strength (UTS) Ductility Yield Strength

Is the maximum stress that a

Is the ability of a material to The yield strength decides
material can withstand while
be drawn or plastically whether an object is
being stretched or pulled
deformed without fracture. It stubborn or malleable. It is
before breaking. In brittle
is therefore an indication of the point at which an object
materials, the material
how 'soft' or malleable the ceases to be elastic and
breaks soon after the yield
material is. becomes plastic.
point have been reached

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TENSION TEST

Strain Hardening Modulus of Elasticity

Strain hardening is a process The modulus of elasticity
to promote the metal harder also known as Young's
and stronger due to plastic modulus measures the
deformation. The dislocations stiffness of a specimen
are generated when plastic whereby the material will
deformation occurs in the return to its original
metal. condition once the load has
been removed

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TENSION TEST Tensile testing has a variety of
uses, including:
• Selecting materials for an application
Tension/Tensile testing provides details of
• Predicting how a material will perform
the tensile mechanical properties of a
under different forces
material. These properties can be plotted
• Determining whether the requirements of a
on a graph as a stress/ strain curve to show
specification, contract or standard are met
details such as the point at which the
• Demonstrating proof of concept for a new
material failed as well as providing details of
product
properties such as the modulus of
• Proving characteristics for a proposed
elasticity, strain and yield strength.
patent
• Providing standard quality assurance data
for scientific and engineering functions
• Comparing technical data for different
material options
• Material testing to provide evidence for use
in legal proceedings
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TENSION TEST Advantage

Flaws in equipment can prove costly and

dangerous to the manufacturer and end
user of a product. Tensile testing can greatly
reduce this danger by determining the
engineering stress and other properties of a
material or part. Tensile testing also gives
designers and manufacturers data on new
materials and their properties so they can
determine qualities for future use.

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 Types of Tension Test
01 This type of tensile stress test measures 03 A peel or peeling test is conducted to
Adhesion/ Bond Test Peel Test

the strength of the bond of a coating to a determine the strength of adhesion or

surface or item. This test is commonly
associated with adhesives, laminates,
tapes, sealants, electronics, and
general packaging seal strength.
stickiness between two materials bonded
with an adhesive. This measures the
resistance to detachment from one
another after the application of adhesive to
the tensile test samples.

02 Also known as crimp pull testing, this 04 This test uses a tensile test apparatus to
Crimp Pull-off Test Tear Resistance Test

test uses a tensile testing equipment to
measure how much tensile force is
needed to remove a crimped ferrule,
connector, or terminal from a wire.
apply a force to an item that already has an
initial tear until it completely fails or breaks.
This test measures the tear resistance or
the ability of tensile testing samples to
resist the progress of a partial tear.
 TENSILE TESTING
Aerospace Industry
Applications of tensile testing in the
aerospace industry include:
• Peel tests on airframe composites•
Shear and tensile strength testing of
fasteners e.g. bolts, nuts and screws
• Tensile & material strength testing of
adhesive bonds, aircraft textiles and
carpets, cables, hoses and tubing,
gaskets and o-rings, seat belts, welded
and crimped joints, wiring looms and
harnesses
Application
Automotive Industry
Applications of tensile testing in the
automotive industry include:
• Quality assessment through tensile testing of
interior fittings including: airbags, carpets,
dashboards, electrical harness (incl. crimped
terminals pull-off force), handles, laminated
trim, mirrors, seals and seatbelts and
handbrake levers.
• Quality assessment through tensile testing of
exteriors fittings including: bumper
mouldings and trims, door and window seals,
emblems and number plates, mirrors and
mud flaps
 TENSILE TESTING Application

Beverage Industry Construction Industry

Applications of tensile testing in the Applications of tensile testing in

beverage industry include: theconstruction industry include:

• Peel strength of induction-sealedfoils • Bond strength testing of adhesives, mastics,

and labels sealants and bonds between brick and foam
• Tensile force required to open 'ring-pulls' layers
on bevcans • Tensile and material strength testing of
• Testing cork extraction force geotextiles and safety support netting
 TENSILE TESTING
Electrical and Electronics Industry
Applications of tensile testing in the
electrical and electronics industry include:
• Connector withdrawal force
• Pull-off forces of crimped, welded or
soldered electrical contacts
• Component-to-PCB pull-off force
• PCB material tensile strength
Application
Medical Device Industry
Applications of tensile testing in the
medical device industry include:
• Hypodermic needle-to-hub retention force
• Tensile strength and elongation at break of
medical tubing, bandages, dressings and
tapes Joint strength of IV connector fittings
Suture-to-needle crimp pull out test
• Tensile strength of suture material and
knotting Joint strength and material
elongation of respiratory masks Elongation
and tensile strength of examination loves
• Mechanical strength of orthopedic implant
components
 TENSILE TESTING Application

Packaging Industry Paper and Board Industry

Applications of tensile testing in Applications of tensile testing in

thepackaging industry include: thepaper and board industry include:

• Adhesive/peel testing of adhesivebonds, • Openability of card and paper-based

container seals and labels packaging
• Force associated with opening snap- • Folding characteristics of boxes and cartons
caps, pop-caps and other pushpull • Force to separate multi-part documents
closures • Durability of documents
• Elongation of plastic packaging
materials
 TENSILE TESTING Application

Pharmaceuticals Industry Plastics, Rubber and Elastomers Industry

Application of tensile testing in the Applications of tensile testing in the

pharmaceuticals industry include: plastics, rubber and elastomers industry
include:
• Pull off force of phial caps
• Joint strength of interlocking
plasticcomponents
• Assessment of material tensileproperties
• Adhesion / peel testing of plastic labels, ID
and credit cards
 TENSILE TESTING Application

Safety, Health, Fitness andLeisure Textiles Industry

Industry
Applications of tensile testing in the
Applications of tensile testing in textiles industry include:
thesafety, health, fitness and
leisureindustry include: • 'Pull-off' characteristics of buttons, stitched-
on decorations, press studs, poppers, zip
Tensile testing of safety supportnetting fasteners, hook-and-loop fasteners
Ergonomic risk evaluations • Strength testing of vulnerable seams
Elastic properties of racquet strings
COMPRESSION
TEST
A compression test is conducted in a
manner similar to the tensile test, except
that the force is compressive and the
specimen contracts along the direction of
the stress.
By convention, a compressive force is taken
to be negative, which yields a negative
stress.

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COMPRESSION
TEST
Compression tests are important to
measure the elastic and compressive
fracture properties of brittle materials or
low-ductility materials. Compression tests
are also used to determine the modulus of
elasticity, proportional limit, compressive
yield point, compressive yield strength, and
compressive strength

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 Types of Compression Test
01 Bend testing, sometimes called flexure 02 Springs are common objects that have
Flexure/Bend Spring Test

testing measures or transverse beam many applications. Pens, tire gages,

testing, the behavior of materials staples, mattress, and electrical contacts
subjected to simple beam loading. It is are among the many objects that can
commonly performed on relatively incorporate the use of springs. A force can
flexible materials such as polymers, be applied to push a spring so that it
wood, and composites undergoes a displacement from its
unstrained length.
03 Top Load Testing, Crush Testing or Compressive
Top-load/Crush

Testing is a popular test used in the packaging

industry to measure the strength of bottles and
similar containers. It is most often used on PET plastic
bottles but can be used on virtually any container.
COMPRESSION
TEST LIMITATION
Using small samples
Friction between Long samples are prone
results in in accuracies
to buckling therefore the
the machine head in results and using
length of the specimen
and the sample. large samples requires
must be limited.
testing machines with
large capacities.

24
 COMPRESSION
TEST PROCEDURE
• Bearing blocks are used to
ensure the load is applied to the
specimen
• Spherical loading heads are
used to avoid applying the load
at a single point if the loading
surfaces are at a small angle

25
COMPRESSION
TEST Compressive testing has a
variety of uses, including:
Compression testing provides data on the • To determine batch quality
integrity and safety of materials, • To determine consistency in manufacture
components and products, helping • To aid in the design process
manufacturers ensure that their finished • To reduce material costs and achieve
products are fit-for-purpose and lean manufacturing goals
manufactured to the highest quality. • To ensure compliance with international
and industry standards

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COEFFICIENT OF
THERMAL EXPANSION

Utilized to predict how materials will expand

in response to a known temperature change.

A material with a higher coefficient of

thermal expansion will expand more per
degree of temperature rise.

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 THERMAL EXPANSION
• A coefficient of thermal expansion is the
Thermal expansion is the tendency of ratio of the fractional change in size of a
matter to change in volume in response to material to its change in temperature.
temperature alterations. When a • α (alpha) for solid
substance is heated, its particles move • Β (Beta) for liquid
more and thus maintain a greater average
separation. Since thermosets are used in
solid form, they undergo linear thermal
expansion

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 Types of Tension Test
01 Linea Expansion
Linear expansion is the expansion in the
03
length of the substance which is subjected
to increasing temperature. Linear expansion
mostly takes place in solids. Solids expands
when heated, contracts when temperature
decreases
02 Volume Expansion
04
Volumetric expansion is the expansion in the
volume of the substance which is subjected
to increasing temperature. For an open solid,
volumetric expansion refers to the expansion
of the volume enclosed by it. Volume expand
three times as much as lengths do.
Areal Expansion
Areal expansion is the expansion of the
surface area of the substance which is
subjected to increasing temperature.
Areal expansion is also called superficial
expansion. Area expand twice as much as
lengths do.
Gases
Behavior of gases is more complicated;
gases will expand as much as pressure
will allow.
 APPLICATION
• Gas expand a lot when heated.
• Bridges are built with joints, so they
don't crack when the temperature
changes
• Because steel has a relatively high
coefficient of thermal expansion,
standard railroad tracks are
constructed so that they can safely
expand on a hot day without derailing
the trains traveling over them.
• Ice fishing - because of the unique
thermal expansion properties of water,
ice forms at the top of a lake rather
than the bottom, thus allowing marine
life to continue living below its surface
during the winter.
• They are often used as thermometers
and thermostats.
• Lower metals expands more than upper
metal when heated.
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THERMAL
EXPANSION
The amount that a material expands can be
explained by considering a coefficient
corresponding to the fractional growth of
the material per degree change in
temperature.
Where:
ɣt = thermal deformation (mm, inches)
α = coefficient of thermal expansion (per oC, per
oF)
L = length (mm, inches)
Δt = change in temperature ( oC , oF)
Δt = tf – ti (positive Δt produces positive strain or
elongation and negative Δt produces negative
strain or contraction)
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THERMAL
EXPANSION
The amount that a material expands can be
explained by considering a coefficient
corresponding to the fractional growth of
the material per degree change in
temperature.
Where:
ɣt = thermal deformation (mm, inches)
α = coefficient of thermal expansion (per oC, per
oF)
L = length (mm, inches)
Δt = change in temperature ( oC , oF)
Δt = tf – ti (positive Δt produces positive strain or
elongation and negative Δt produces negative
strain or contraction)
36
THERMAL
EXPANSION
The amount that a material expands can be
explained by considering a coefficient
corresponding to the fractional growth of
the material per degree change in
temperature.
Where:
ɣt = thermal deformation (mm, inches)
α = coefficient of thermal expansion (per oC, per
oF)
L = length (mm, inches)
Δt = change in temperature ( oC , oF)
Δt = tf – ti (positive Δt produces positive strain or
elongation and negative Δt produces negative
strain or contraction)
37
THERMAL
EXPANSION
The amount that a material expands can be
explained by considering a coefficient
corresponding to the fractional growth of
the material per degree change in
temperature.
Where:
ɣt = thermal deformation (mm, inches)
α = coefficient of thermal expansion (per oC, per
oF)
L = length (mm, inches)
Δt = change in temperature ( oC , oF)
Δt = tf – ti (positive Δt produces positive strain or
elongation and negative Δt produces negative
strain or contraction)
38
THERMAL
EXPANSION
The amount that a material expands can be
explained by considering a coefficient
corresponding to the fractional growth of
the material per degree change in
temperature.
Where:
ɣt = thermal deformation (mm, inches)
α = coefficient of thermal expansion (per oC, per
oF)
L = length (mm, inches)
Δt = change in temperature ( oC , oF)
Δt = tf – ti (positive Δt produces positive strain or
elongation and negative Δt produces negative
strain or contraction)
39
THERMAL
EXPANSION
The amount that a material expands can be
explained by considering a coefficient
corresponding to the fractional growth of
the material per degree change in
temperature.
Where:
ɣt = thermal deformation (mm, inches)
α = coefficient of thermal expansion (per oC, per
oF)
L = length (mm, inches)
Δt = change in temperature ( oC , oF)
Δt = tf – ti (positive Δt produces positive strain or
elongation and negative Δt produces negative
strain or contraction)
40
THERMAL
EXPANSION
The amount that a material expands can be
explained by considering a coefficient
corresponding to the fractional growth of
the material per degree change in
temperature.
Where:
ɣt = thermal deformation (mm, inches)
α = coefficient of thermal expansion (per oC, per
oF)
L = length (mm, inches)
Δt = change in temperature ( oC , oF)
Δt = tf – ti (positive Δt produces positive strain or
elongation and negative Δt produces negative
strain or contraction)
41
THERMAL
EXPANSION
The amount that a material expands can be
explained by considering a coefficient
corresponding to the fractional growth of
the material per degree change in
temperature.
Where:
ɣt = thermal deformation (mm, inches)
α = coefficient of thermal expansion (per oC, per
oF)
L = length (mm, inches)
Δt = change in temperature ( oC , oF)
Δt = tf – ti (positive Δt produces positive strain or
elongation and negative Δt produces negative
strain or contraction)
42
THERMAL
EXPANSION
The amount that a material expands can be
explained by considering a coefficient
corresponding to the fractional growth of
the material per degree change in
temperature.
Where:
ɣt = thermal deformation (mm, inches)
α = coefficient of thermal expansion (per oC, per
oF)
L = length (mm, inches)
Δt = change in temperature ( oC , oF)
Δt = tf – ti (positive Δt produces positive strain or
elongation and negative Δt produces negative
strain or contraction)
43
TORSIONAL
TEST
Torsional forces produce a rotational motion about the
longitudinal axis of one end of the member relative to the
other end.
Torsional tests are normally performed on cylindrical solid
shafts or tubes.

44
TORSIONAL
TEST
Torsional forces produce a rotational motion about the
longitudinal axis of one end of the member relative to the
other end.
Torsional tests are normally performed on cylindrical solid
shafts or tubes.

45
TORSIONAL
TEST
Torsional forces produce a rotational motion about the
longitudinal axis of one end of the member relative to the
other end.
Torsional tests are normally performed on cylindrical solid
shafts or tubes.

46
TORSIONAL
TEST
Torsional forces produce a rotational motion about the
longitudinal axis of one end of the member relative to the
other end.
Torsional tests are normally performed on cylindrical solid
shafts or tubes.

47
TORSIONAL
TEST
Torsional forces produce a rotational motion about the
longitudinal axis of one end of the member relative to the
other end.
Torsional tests are normally performed on cylindrical solid
shafts or tubes.

48
SHEAR TEST

Shear testing is performed to determine the

shear strength of a material. It measures the
maximum shear stress that may be sustained
before a material will rupture. Shear is
typically reported as MPa (psi) based on the
area of the sheared edge.

51
STRESS AND
STRAIN
If a load is static or changes relatively slowly with time
and is applied uniformly over a cross section or surface
of a member, the mechanical behaviour may be
ascertained by a simple stress–strain test; these are
most commonly conducted for metals at room
temperature.

There are three principal ways in which a load may be

applied, namely: tension, compression, and shear.
CONCEPTS OF STRESS AND STRAIN
FOR LOADING IN TENSION AND
COMPRESSION:
• Engineering stress 𝜎 is defined as the • Engineering strain 𝜀 is expressed as the
instantaneous load divided by the original change in length (in the direction of load
specimen cross-sectional area. application) divided by the original length.
STRESS-STRAIN
BEHAVIOR
The degree to which a structure deforms or
strains depends on the magnitude of an
imposed stress. For most metals that are
stressed in tension and at relatively low
levels, stress and strain are proportional to
each other through the relationship.

54
 SUMMARY
• Material Testing a measurement to obtain
physical and mechanical properties of
materials.
• Importance: To helps us understand and
quantify whether a specific material or
treatment is suitable for a particular
application.
• Tension Test is used to find out how strong
a material is and also how much it can be
stretched before it breaks.
Test Properties: Yield strength, Ultimate
Tensile Strength, Ductility, Strain
Hardening, and Modulus of Elasticity.
Types: Adhesion or Bond Strength Test,
Crimp, Pull-off Test, Peel Test, Tear
Resistance Test.
Importance: Tensile testing helps ensure
that a weld meets the required levels of
strength and ductility
 SUMMARY
• The goal of a compression test is to
determine the behavior or response of
a material while it experiences a
compressive load by measuring
fundamental variables.
• Mechanical properties such as
compressive strength, yield strength,
yield point, elastic modulus, and
stress-strain curve may also be
determined from compressive tests.
With the understanding of these
different parameters and the values
associated with a specific material it
may be determined whether or not the
material is suited for specific
applications or if it will fail under
specified stresses.
Application of Compression Test in
industries: Aerospace, Automotive,
Construction, Cosmetics, Electrical and
Electronics Medical Device, Packaging,
Pharmaceuticals Industries.
 SUMMARY
• Deflection is designed for a specific
purpose: getting the right individuals to
the right place so they can get the right
services they need at the right time for
the right reason.
• Deflection is important for measuring
the weight of a structure and how it
affects the supporting beams. A beam
is necessary to ensure the structure of
building floors, and too much
movement can affect the overall
structural integrity of the building.
Beam deflection means the state of
deformation of a beam from its original
shape under the work of a force or load
or weight.
One of the most important applications
of beam deflection is to obtain
equations with which we can determine
the accurate values of beam deflections
in many practical cases. Deflections are
also used in the analysis of statically
indeterminate beams.
 SUMMARY
• Torsion is an important type of loading
that can produce critical stresses in
engineering applications
• Torsion is an important structural
action that increases member shear
strength. It occurs when it is twisted
causing twisting force acting on the
member, known as torque, and the
resulting stress is known as shear
stress.
The purpose of a torsion test is to
determine sample behaviour when
twisted, or under torsional forces, as a
result of applied moments that cause
shear stress about the axis
The three common forms that torsion
testing take include failure, proof and
operational.
Torsional testing machines are used to
simulate real life service conditions and
to check product quality for products