Materials Science

Industrial Engineering

Professor: PhD Malka Mora Cárdenas

Course: 2018 - 1

Email: mmora10@cuc.edu.co
Engineered materials are selected by matching their
mechanical properties to the design specifications and service
conditions required of the component.

The first step in the selection process

requires an analysis of the material’s application to determine

its most important characteristics.

 Should it be strong, stiff, or ductile?

 Will it be subjected to an application involving high stress or

sudden intense force, high stress at elevated temperature,
cyclic stresses, and/or corrosive or abrasive conditions?
 STRESS
The force acting per unit area over which the force is applied.
STRAIN
The change in dimension per unit length
Elastic strain is defined as fully recoverable
strain resulting from an applied stress. In many
materials, elastic stress and elastic strain are linearly
related. The slope of a tensile stress-strain curve in
the linear regime defines the Young’s modulus or
modulus of elasticity (E) of a material.
Permanent or plastic deformation in a
material is known as the plastic strain. In this
case, when the stress is removed, the material does
not go back to its original shape.
The Tensile Test: Use of the Stress–Strain Diagram
The tensile test measures the resistance of a material to a
static or slowly applied force. The strain rates in a tensile
test are typically small (10-4 to 10-2 s-1). A typical specimen
has a diameter of 0.505 in and a gage length of 2 in.

Typically, a tensile test is conducted on metals, alloys, and plastics.

Tensile tests can be used for ceramics; however, these are not very
popular because the sample may fracture while it is being aligned.
stress–strain curves
 Engineering stress =

Engineering strain =

The modulus of elasticity, or Young’s modulus (E), is the slope of the

stress-strain curve in the elastic region. This relationship between
stress and strain in the elastic region is known as Hooke’s Law:
 The critical stress value needed to initiate plastic The proportional limit is defined as the level of
deformation is defined as the elastic limit of the stress above which the relationship between
material. stress and strain is not linear.

The engineering stress–strain curve for an aluminum alloy

The stress value corresponding to the intersection of the line parallel to the linear portion
and the engineering stress-strain curve is defined as the offset yield strength.
 The stress obtained at the highest
applied force is the tensile strength.

The engineering stress–strain curve for an aluminum alloy

Failure occurs at
a lower
engineering
stress after
necking has
reduced the
cross-sectional
area supporting
the load.

The tensile strength is the stress at which necking

begins in ductile metals.
Typical yield strength values for different engineering materials
Se aplica una fuerza de 850 lb a un cable de níquel de 0.15 plg de diámetro teniendo
esfuerzo de cedencia de 45.000 psi y una resistencia a la tensión de 55.000 psi. Determinar
si el material a) se deformará plásticamente y b) sufrirá encuellamiento.
Las dimensiones de una barra polimérica son 1 in x 2 in x 15 in. El polímero tiene un
módulo de elasticidad de 600.000 psi. ¿Qué fuerza se requiere para estirar la barra
elásticamente hasta 15.25 in?
Un cable de 1.25 plg de diámetro y de 50 pie de largo debe levantar una carga de 20
toneladas. ¿Cuál será la longitud del cable durante el levantamiento? El módulo de
elasticidad del acero es 30 x 106 psi.
 The Bend Test for Brittle Materials
In more brittle materials, failure occurs at the maximum load, where the
tensile strength and breaking strength are the same.

In many brittle materials, the normal tensile

test cannot easily be performed because of the
presence of flaws at the surface. Often, just
placing a brittle material in the grips of the
tensile testing machine causes cracking.
These materials may be tested using the bend
test. By applying the load at three points and
causing bending, a tensile force acts on the
material opposite the midpoint.
The Bend Test for Brittle Materials

Stress-deflection curve for an MgO ceramic

obtained from a bend test
El módulo de flexión de la alúmina es 45 x 106 psi y su resistencia a la flexión es 46.000 psi.
Si una barra de alúmina que tiene una altura de 0.3 plg, un ancho de 1.0 plg y una longitud
de 10.0 plg se coloca sobre un soporte de 0.7 plg de longitud, determine la cantidad de
deflexión al momento de que se rompa la barra, asumiendo que no ocurre deformación
plástica.
Un polímero termoestable reforzado con esferitas d e vidrio debe flexionarse 0.5 mm al
aplicársele una fuerza de 500 N. La pieza de polímero tiene un ancho de 2 cm, un espesor de
0.5 cm y 10 cm de largo. Si el módulo en flexión es de 6.9 GPa, determine la distancia mínima
entre soportes. ¿Se fracturará el polímero si su resistencia a la flexión es de 85 MPa?
Suponga que no ocurre deformación plástica.
 Hardness of Materials

The hardness test measures the resistance to penetration of the surface of a material by a
hard object. A variety of hardness tests have been devised, but the most commonly used
are the Rockwell test and the Brinell test.
 In the Brinell hardness test, a hard steel sphere (usually 10 mm in diameter) is
forced into the surface of the material. The diameter of the impression, typically 2
to 6 mm, is measured and the Brinell hardness number (abbreviated as HB or
BHN) is calculated from the following equation:

where F is the applied load in kilograms, D is the

diameter of the indenter in millimeters, and Di is
the diameter of the impression in millimeters. The
Brinell hardness has units of kg/mm2.

Brinell hardness is related to

the tensile strength of steel
by the approximation:
The Rockwell hardness test uses a small-diameter steel ball for soft materials
and a diamond cone, or Brale, for harder materials. The depth of penetration
of the indenter is automatically measured by the testing machine and
converted to a Rockwell hardness number (HR).
Para cierto experimento se determinó que la dureza de Brinell de un material es de 34.8
cuando se utiliza una carga de 500 kg. Si el diámetro del indentador es de 10 mm,
determinar el valor del diámetro dejado por la huella en el material.