FACULTY OF MECHANICAL & AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERING

TECHNOLOGY
“In the name of Allah, The Most Beneficent, The Most Merciful”

Lab
Tensile Test
#01
Prepared By
Noraini Mohd Razali
Edited By
Mohd Ruzaimi Mat Rejab

Fakulti Teknologi Kejuruteraan Mekanikal & Automotif,

Universiti Malaysia Pahang

Lab Location
Strength of Materials Lab

Lab Outcome:

By the end of this lab, students should be able to:

• Conduct tensile test for different material and obtain stress-strain curve for each
material
• Use stress-strain curve to determine the modulus of elasticity, yield strength,
ultimate tensile strength, breaking strength, ductility, and toughness of each
material.

Date: 22/12/22
Group Members Student ID Section
NUR SARA ANISHAH BINTI MOHD TM21023 01
FAESHAR
20 NUR HAZWANIE BINTI MOHD SAFUL TM21028 01
HISAM
AINA NURDINA BINTI SHARUDDIN TM21031 01
MUHAMMAD AMMAR SYAABAN BIN ZAIN TM21027 01
AZMAN
1.0 INTRODUCTION

For safe design of structural components in bridges, railway lines, marine’s ships, aircrafts,
pressure vessels etc, the tensile properties of materials used should be analysed. Hence the
tensile strength of the materials should meet the strength requirements of the structural
applications. The mechanical properties of the metals determine the kind of engineering
application to be used for. Experiments on tensile tests can be used to predict the tensile
properties and they are conducted by application of axial or longitudinal forces to a specimen
with known dimensions. These forces are applied on the specimen until deformation causes
failure. The tensile load and corresponding extensions are then recorded for calculations and
determination of stress-strain relationship of the material specimen. The tensile test experiment
can be used to determine other mechanical characteristics of the specimen like yield strength,
percentage elongation, and ultimate strength among others. The original gauge length, Lo,
diameter, Do or cross-sectional area also used in calculations hence should be recorded.
Stress- strain relationship Tensile loading on material causes the material to undergo
deformations. The kind of deformation can either be elastic or plastic deformation. The elastic
deformation is characterised by linear relationship between the extension and applied load.
Engineering stress σ is given by the ratio of load applied to the original cross-sectional area,
while engineering strain ε is given by change in length (extension) ∆L (L-L0) over the original
length L.

Hence ;
𝑃
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠, σ = 𝐴

𝐿−𝐿0
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛, ε = 𝐿0

Where,
σ = engineering stress
P = applied axial load
Ao is the original cross-sectional area
ε = engineering strain
∆L = extension
Lo = original length

The engineering stress- strain relationship for elastic deformation is based on Hooke’s law.
The gradient on this curve gives a modulus of elasticity called The Young’s Modulus E.

σ
𝐸= ε

Where;
E = Youngs modulus
σ = engineering stress and
ε = the engineering strain.
 In engineering applications of materials or metals that are subjected to deflections, Young’s
modulus is of critical importance.

From the data of a tension test, it is possible to compute various values of the stress and
corresponding strain in the specimen and then plot the results. The resulting curve is called the
stress-strain diagram. The yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, breaking strength and elastic
or Young’s modulus of a material can all be determined from this curve. The curve shown in
Figure 1 is typical of metallic behaviour. At small strain values (the elastic region), the relationship
between stress and strain is nearly linear. Within this region, the slope of the stress-strain curve
is defined as the elastic modulus. Since many metals lack a sharp yield point, i.e., a sudden,
observable transition between the elastic region and the plastic region, the yield point is often
defined as the stress that gives rise to a 0.2% permanent plastic strain. By this convention, a line
is drawn parallel to the elastic region of the material, starting at a strain level of 0.2% strain (or
0.002 mm/mm.). The point at which this line intersects the curve is called the yield point or the
yield stress. The ultimate tensile strength, in contrast, is found by determining the maximum
stress reached by the material. The total work of elastic deformation is a measure of resilience,
2
σ 𝑝𝑙
where Modulus of Resilience, 𝑈𝑟 = 2𝐸
. The total work to fracture is a measure of toughness
σ𝑝𝑙+σ𝑢𝑡
and is given by total area under curve, UTotal Modulus of Toughness, 𝑈𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 2
𝑥ε𝑓.

Where;

σ𝑝𝑙 = Yield Strength

E = Modulus of Elasticity

2.0 OBJECTIVE

● To compare the tensile strengths of Brass and Aluminium specimens.

● To study the deformation and fracture characteristics of Brass and Aluminium when
they are subjected to uniaxial loading.
● To observe the load extension and stress – strain relationships in both Brass and
Aluminium.
● To study the basics of uniaxial tensile testing.
3.0 THEORY OF TENSILE TEST, STRESS, STRAIN, BRITTLE & DUCTILE
MATERIAL

TENSILE TEST

The basic idea of a tensile test is to place a sample of a material between two fixtures called "grips"
which clamp the material. The material has known dimensions, like length and cross-sectional area.
We then begin to apply weight to the material gripped at one end while the other end is fixed.

STRESS

Tensile stress (σ) is the resistance of an object to a force that could tear it apart. It is calculated with
the highest tension endured by the object in question without tearing, and is measured in
Newtons/mm2, but was originally denoted in tons/inch2. Tensile stress can be defined as the
magnitude of force applied along an elastic rod, which is divided by the cross-sectional area of the
rod in a direction perpendicular to the applied force. Tensile means the material is under tension and
that there are forces acting on it trying to stretch the material.

STRAIN

Tensile strain is defined as the deformation or elongation of a solid body due to the application of a
tensile force or stress. In other words, tensile strain is produced when a body increases in length as
applied forces try to "stretch" it. Tensile strain can be expressed mathematically by the formula:
ε = ΔL / L

BRITTLE

Brittle materials, when subjected to stress, break with little elastic deformation and without
significant plastic deformation. Brittle materials absorb relatively little energy prior to fracture, even
those of high strength. In brittle fracture (trans granular cleavage), no apparent plastic deformation
takes place before fracture. Cracks propagate rapidly.

DUCTILE MATERIAL

Ductility is the ability of a material to be elongated in tension. Ductile material will deform (elongate)
more than brittle material. Ductile materials show large deformation before fracture. In ductile
fracture, extensive plastic deformation (necking) takes place before fracture. Ductile fracture (shear
fracture) is better than brittle fracture, because there is slow propagation and an absorption of a
large amount energy before fracture. Ductility is desirable in the high temperature and high-pressure
applications in reactor plants because of the added stresses on the metals. High ductility in these
applications helps prevent brittle fracture.
4.0 APPARATUS AND SPECIMEN

● INSTRON 3369 with capacity of 50kN

● Vernier Calliper
● Test specimen: Aluminium & Brass
● Ruler

5.0 EXPERIMENT PROCEDURE

1. The “Bluehill” icon on the computer has been double-clicked.

2. The specimen is loaded into the lower and upper grips. The specimen is ensured to be straight.

3. "Method" icon is clicked, and specimen parameters and crosshead speed are set.

4. The "Test" icon is clicked, and the name of the sample file is entered, then the name of the
operator.

5. The test method is selected according to our application (Tension, compression, Bending, etc.).

6. The load and strain have been reset.

7. “Start Test” clicked.

8. Once the test is complete, the utility in the main screen is clicked to see the results

Experiment.

9. Table 2 is filled with load and displacement data from the Instron output.

These data are converted to stress and strain and a stress-strain diagram is plotted.

10. The experiment was repeated for other materials. (Aluminium)

6.0 RESULT

Table 1: Specimen Dimension

Material Length (L0) / mm Cross section Area
(A0)/(mm)2
Brass 70 871.5
Aluminium 66 825

Table 2: Result for Brass

Table 3: Result for Aluminium
Table 4: Summary of Properties obtained from the stress-strain diagram
Properties Material
Brass Aluminium
Modulus of elasticity, E 477.29×10³ Pa 136.71×10³ Pa
3.064×10ˉ³ 1.758×10ˉ³
Proportional limit,
Nm² Nm²
3.421×10ˉ³ 2.086×10ˉ³
Yield stress,
Nm² Nm²
Ultimate Tensile Strength, 4.611×10ˉ³ 2.945×10ˉ³
Nm² Nm²
Breaking strength (fracture point) 4.586×10ˉ³ 2.749×10ˉ³
Nm² Nm²
7.0 DISCUSSION

Discuss the elastic & plastic behaviour for each graph. Attach picture of the failure specimen

This difference in the behaviour of the materials is based on their elastic and plastic nature. The
rubber band has high elasticity. Elasticity is the ability of a body to resist any permanent changes to it
when stress is applied. The body regains its original shape and size when stress application ceases. All
materials have an elastic limit beyond which, if continuous stress is applied, they will start losing
their ability to exhibit perfect elastic behaviour and start deforming. In contrast, plastic deformation
is the non-reversible deformation of solid materials on the application of forces. Looking at the
elasticity at the atomic level, solids are made of atoms (or molecules). They are surrounded by other
such atoms, which are held in a state of equilibrium by interatomic forces. When an external force is
applied, these particles are displaced, resulting in the deformation of the solid. When the application
of the deforming force is stopped, interatomic forces drive the atoms to regain their state of
equilibrium. The concept of elasticity is an idealisation as no material is perfectly elastic.

Determine the permanent strain that remains in the specimen when the load is released

Permanent strain is a strain that develops within a body upon rapid or nonuniform solidification and
that may be removed by careful annealing tensile test a permanent strain that is usually left on a
material is the chipping of material at the place where the material splits when it into the
deformation state or plastic region.
Compute the modulus of resilience

The area under the elastic portion of the stress-strain curve for that compound and the modulus of
resilience as μ or Ur for a given compound is given as:

The unit of the modulus-of-resilience is nothing, but the quantity of energy absorbed by per unit
volume of a body and the unit will clearly be Joule per cubic meter (J.m-3) in the SI system. The area
underneath the stress-strain (σ–ε) curve up to yield = μ = σ × ε.

Compute the modulus of toughness

The modulus of toughness is the amount of strain energy per unit volume that a material can absorb
just before it fractures. It is calculated as the area under the stress-strain curve up to the fracture
point.
Explain in your own word why tensile testing is important in manufacturing industry

Tensile testing is used in the manufacturing industry to help monitor the quality of the products. The
data from the testing on the products will be adjusted and determined whether the product is
suitable for the applications. The product will be improved from the data collected from the testing
to produce a better product.

8.0 CONCLUSION

From the results of the tensile test, it can be concluded that brass have high tensile strength while
aluminium does not have high tensile strength. Brass is stiffer and stronger than aluminium. Brass is
hard and brittle while aluminium is ductile. Form the results obtained, stress, strain and Young’s
modulus can be calculated.

The data measured may not be accurate as the raw data is generated by machine and computer.
Thus, the dimension’s measurement for both specimens may not be accurate as error while reading
the scale on vernier calliper can take place.
 References
Francis, K. (n.d.). What Is Tensile Testing and Why Is It Important ? Retrieved from Hobart Filler
Metals:
https://www.hobartbrothers.com/resources/technical-articles/what-is-tensile-testing-and-w
hy-is-it-important/#:~:text=Tensile%20testing%20helps%20ensure%20that,to%20help%20mo
nitor%20process%20quality.

Admin (2022) Elastic behaviour of solids - properties and applications: Byju's, BYJUS. BYJU'S.
Available at: https://byjus.com/physics/elastic-behavior-of-solids/ (Accessed: December 30,
2022).

Ramiz, E. (2021) Modulus of resilience - full guide: Civilclick, Civil Click. Available at:
https://www.civilclick.com/modulus-of-resilience/#:~:text=The%20unit%20of%20the%20mo
dulus,3)%20in%20the%20SI%20system.&text=The%20area%20underneath%20the%20s
tress,%3D%20%CE%BC%20%3D%20%CF%83%20%C3%97%20%CE%B5 (Accessed: December
30, 2022).