Lecture 13-14 : Mechanical

Properties of metals & Discussion

 Mechanical Behavior of Materials
a) b)

c) d)
Features of a tensile curve in Metals - RT
Elastic & Plastic deformation
Elastic properties
 Modulus of Resilience, Ur

Important in elastic elements like

springs
 Tensile Behaviour

Force vs. atomic

separation

Elastic Modulus vs. temperature

 Elastic elongation

Since the deformation is elastic, strain is dependent on stress according to

equation
Furthermore, the elongation is related to the original length as
Combining these two expressions and solving for yields
The values of and are given as 276 MPa and 305 mm, respectively, and
the magnitude of E for copper is 110 Gpa. Elongation is obtained by
substitution into the expression above as
 Poisson’s ratio

Direction of tensile loading : Along Z axis.

Negative sign compensates for a negative lateral
strain (lateral contraction) in the presence of
axial tension.
Thus the Poisson’s ratio is always positive.

Νu (ν ) Ranges between 0.25-0.35. Most

calculations use 0.3 as the value.

Relation between Youngs Modulus and shear modulus

Usually G is approximately 0.4E (taking ν = 0.25)

Tensile properties : yield point
Plastic Properties
 Resilience and Toughness
• Resilience : Refers to the energy
consumed per unit volume of the
deforming material during ELASTIC
DEFORMATION
• Toughness : Refers to the energy
consumed per unit volume of the
deforming material during PLASTIC
DEFORMATION

Toughness = Energy absorbed in plastic deformation per unit volume of deforming

metal

= o∫ε σdε = o∫ε Kεn dε = Kεn+1 / (n+1) = σε/(n+1)

Hollomon Constants of a few metals
σ=Kεn
 Indices of Ductility

• Percentage Elongation

• Percentage reduction in Area

Ductility and Temperature

Iron
 Loading and Unloading

Elastic strain
Cu-Ge Alloy
recovery
after plastic
deformation
Normal and shear stresses on a plane inclined at angle
θ with the tensile axis
 Mechanical Behaviour
• Response under different kinds of loading and
environments in which loading occurs
• External loading creates stress in the material
• Stress is the cause and strain is the effect
• Strains are of two types – fully recoverable strain
(elastic strain) and irrecoverable strain (plastic strain)
• Stress upto which strain is fully recoverable is called
the yield point. Beyond this point an additional
irrecoverable strain is obtained. The total strain
comprises recoverable and irrecoverable strains
Different Types of Monotonic Loading
Different materials respond differently

Newtonian and non-Newtonian

materials
Relative densities
 Compressive strain
Tensile strain

Shear strain torsional strain (twist)

Yield strength & Elastic properties
Room temperature stiffness
Room Temperature tensile strength
Ductile and Brittle materials
Hardness
Hardness tests
 Rockwell hardness scales

Superficial Rockwell hardness scale

Tensile Strength and hardness
Hardness values in different tests
Impact behaviour
Information from an Impact test
Variability of material Properties
 Bending

3 point bend 4 point bend 4 point bend

 Using Properties in Design
N’ is design factor > 1
σd = Design stress, i.e., the minimum value
of yield strength the material should have
σc = calculated stress

σw = Safe working stress – This is the

maximum value of yield strength that is
considered to avoid yielding under the
calculated stress, i.e., σc < σw
σy = Yield strength of the material
N = Factor of safety

Factors N and N’ cover (a) Variability in material properties (b) variability of

loading conditions (c) presence of unavoidable defects (d) stress variation
withing the body due to its geometry
 Example
• A tensile-testing apparatus is to be constructed that must withstand a maximum load
of 220,000 N. The design calls for two cylindrical support posts, each of which is to
support half of the maximum load. Furthermore, plain-carbon (1045) steel ground
and polished cylindrical shafts are to be used; the minimum yield and tensile
strengths of this alloy are 310 MPa and 565 MPa, respectively. Specify a suitable
diameter for these support posts.

• Answer : The diameter of each of the two rods should be 47.5 mm for a factor of
safety N = 5