ME 306 – Applied Thermodynamics

[Division S3]
Prof. Shankar Krishnan
ME Department, IIT Bombay

ME 306 (section - s3) - Applied Thermodynamics

2A - Mon - - 09:30:00 - 10:25:00

2B - Tue - - 10:35:00 - 11:30:00
2C - Thu - - 11:35:00 - 12:30:00
 Grading (as of 05/01/2024)
• Assignments – 6%
• Quizzes – 3 (4 quizzes and best 3 will be carried
forward for grading)
– 27% total (9% each)
– Two before and two after midsem. Date and time to be
announced in class.
• Mid-Sem – 25%
• End-Sem – 42%

TAs: Shashank Inamdar, Guguloth Praveen, Nitin Roge

All communications via Moodle
Attendance: No DX will be given. Attendance record will
be maintained.
 Lectures Materials, Books, etc.
• Lecture materials
– A combination of slides, handwritten notes, and
excerpts from books will be posted
• Recommended Book
1. Moran, Shapiro, Boettner, Bailey, ‘Principles of
Engineering Thermodynamics’, 8th Edition, SI Version,
Wiley, 2015.
• Additional Reference
– Eastop & McConkey, Applied Thermodynamics for
Engineering Technologists
 Regarding ME 306
• The course ME 306: Applied Thermodynamics
builds on the concepts and laws learnt in ME 209:
Thermodynamics.
• The focus of ME306 is on introducing
thermodynamic analyses of several processes
and systems of practical use in Mechanical
Engineering.
– Think about the technology, equipment, machines
that you use on a daily basis/often that are designed
based on the principles of thermodynamics.
– First introduction to the analysis of “thermal
machines”, with the use of principles and laws of
thermodynamics
 Topics to be covered
• Steam/Vapor Power Systems (Power)
• Gas Power Systems (Power/Propulsion)
• Introduction to Compressible Flows
(Propulsion)
• IC Engine Cycles (Propulsion/Power)
• Refrigeration and Heat Pumps (Cooling)
• Ideal Gas Mixtures and Psychrometry
• Reacting Mixtures and Combustion
 ME 209 Review
• Primarily chapters 1 – 6 from the textbook (or
any other similar reference).
– First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics, and
their applications to
• closed systems
• open systems/control volumes.
– Evaluation of properties of ideal gases and water
substance (steam tables).
• Review materials available at ME209x (see
posted word document)
Examples
1. IC Engines
Examples
1. IC Engines
 Moran et al. Engg Thermo
Examples
2. Steam Power Plant

https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=34cXKlP39Pg
 Moran et al. Engg Thermo
Examples
2. Steam Power Plant

https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=34cXKlP39Pg
Examples
3. Gas Turbine Engine
Examples
3. Gas Turbine Engine
Examples
4. Refrigeration System

Ninwell
Summary: 1st and 2nd Law
PROPERTIES
 Example 1 (Steam Tables)
Example: Superheated water vapor is entering the steam turbine with a mass
flow rate of 1 kg/s and exhausting as saturated steam, as shown. Heat loss from
the turbine is 10 kW under the following operating condition. Determine the
power output of the turbine.
P=1.4 Mpa From superheated vapor table:
T=350 C hin=3149.5 kJ/kg
V=80 m/s 2 2
dQ V V dW
10 kw z=10 m + m ( h + + gz
in ) = 
m ( h + + gz
out) +
dt 2 2 dt
dW
= ( −10) + (1)[(3149.5 − 2748.7)
dt
80 2 − 50 2 (9.8)(10 − 5)
+ + ]
2(1000) 1000
P=0.5 Mpa = −10 + 400.8 + 1.95 + 0.049
100% saturated steam
= 392.8( kW )
V=50 m/s
z=5 m
From saturated steam table: hout=2748.7 kJ/kg
 Saturated Steam

f-liquid phase g-vapor phase

• These properties are all dependent: specify one to determine all

(because they are in a saturation state)
• Liquid and vapor phases coexist, the total mass of the mixture, m,
is the sum of the liquid mass and the vapor mass: m=mf+mg, The
ratio of the mass of vapor to the total mass is called the quality of
the mixture: x=mg/m
Total volume is the sum of liquid volume and vapor volume:

V = Vf + Vg = mfvf + mgvg, where v is the specific volume or 1/r.

[V = m(1/r) = mv]

V/m = v = Vf/m + Vg/m = (mf/m)vf + (mg/m)vg

= [(m-mg)/m]vf + (mg/m)vg
= (1-x)vf+xvg= vf + x(vg-vf) = vf + xvfg, where vfg = vg-vf

Similarly, all other saturated thermodynamic properties can be

expressed in the same manner:

Ex: internal energy: u = (1-x)uf+xug= uf + x(ug-uf) = uf + xufg

since U = Uf + Ug = mfuf + mgug

 Saturated Steam Table hfg (kJ/kg) hg (kJ/Kg)
p (Mpa) hf (kJ/kg)

hg(p=0.5 Mpa) = 2746.4 + (2758.1-2746.4)/(0.6178-0.4758)*(0.5-0.4758)

=2748.4 kJ/kg for 100% quality saturated vapor

Example: If the quality is 50% and the temperature is 150 C

hf = 632.2, hfg = 2114.2, hg = 2746.4
h = (1-x) hf + x hg = (1-0.5)(632.2) + 0.5(2746.4)
= 1689.3 (kJ/kg)
 Superheated Steam

h(p=1MPa, T=350C)=3157.7 kJ/kg

h(p=1.5MPa, T=350C)=3147.4 kJ/kg

h(p=1.4MPa, T=350C)=3157.7+(3147.7-3157.7)*(0.4/0.5)
=3149.7 (kJ/kg)