HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

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HO CHI MINH UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY-HO CHI MINH

EXPERIMENTAL REPORT
Subject: General Chemistry Lab

Subject code: CH1004

Instructor: Nguyễn Tuấn Anh

Class: CC12

Group: 08

Semester: 212

Group’s member: Lê Nguyên Khoa 2153462

Hoàng Hưng 2152097

Contents
Unit 2 ...................................................... 3
Unit 4 ...................................................... 8
Unit 8 ...................................................... 11
 UNIT 2: HEAT OF REACTION
I. Experimental results:

Experiment 1: Determine m0c0.

Temperature 0C 1st 2nd 3rd

t1 28.5 28 29
t2 61 62 60
t3 45 45.5 45
m0c0 1.5625 3.0303 3.3333

 m0c0 ave = 2.64(cal/K)

 m = 50 (g) (mass of 50 ml water);
 c = 1 (cal/g.K)(heat capacity of water);
-Caculation of m0c0 for the first time:

(𝑡3 − 𝑡1) − (𝑡2 − 𝑡3)

𝑚0𝑐0 = 𝑚𝑐 ∗
𝑡2 − 𝑡3

 m0c0 = 1.5625

Experiment 2: Enthalpy change of reaction HCL & NaOH.

Temperature 0C 1st 2nd 3rd

T1 27.7 27 27.5
T2 29 27.25 28.3
T3 34 32.51 31.5
Q(cal) 303.37 288.32 201.15
Qave(cal) 264.277
ΔH (cal/mol) -10571.08
 𝑡2+𝑡1
-Calculation of ΔT = T3 - ( ) (If t1≠t2 then ∆𝑡 is calculated as the difference
2
𝑡2+𝑡1
between 𝑡0 and( ))
2

 m= p.V= 1.02 x 50= 51(g), c= 1(g/ml)

-Calculation for the first time:

Q= (m0c0 + mc). Δt= (2.64+51).(| Δt1 |) = 303.066 (cal)

𝑄1+𝑄2+𝑄3
 Qavg= (cal)
3
 nNaCl= nHCl= nNaOH= M.V= 1 *0.025= 0.025 mol
Qavg
 ΔH= - = -10571.08 cal/mol
𝑛
 ΔH < 0  exothermic process.

Experiment 3: Enthalpy change of dissolution CuSO4.

Temperature 0C 1st 2nd 3rd

t1 28 27.5 28
t2 31 31.5 32.1
m (g) 4.0 4.07 4.05
Q (cal) 169.92 226.84 232.43
∆𝐻(𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑚𝑜𝑙) -6796.8 -8917.54 -9182.38
∆𝐻𝑎𝑣𝑒(𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑚𝑜𝑙) -8298.91

 Caculation for one value of Q and ∆𝐻.

*The first time:
-msolution = mwater + mCuSO4= 50+4.0= 54(g)
-c= 1 cal/g.K
 4
-n CuSO4= = 0.025 mol
160
-Q = (m0c0 +msolutioncsolution) (t2 – t1) = (2.64+54).(31-28)= 169.92(cal)
−𝑄 −169.92
-∆𝐻= = = -6796.8(cal/mol)
𝑛 0.025
-∆𝐻 < 0  exothermic process.

Experiment 4: Enthalpy change of dissolution NH4Cl.

Temperature 0C 1st 2nd 3rd

t1 27.8 28 27
t2 24 23.9 23.8
m (g) 4.04 4.06 4.0
Q (cal) -215.38 -232.47 -181.25
∆𝐻(𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑚𝑜𝑙) 2852.24 3063.34 2424.19
∆𝐻𝑎𝑣𝑒(𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑚𝑜𝑙) 2779.92

 Caculation for one value of Q and ∆𝐻.

*The first time:
-msolution = mwater + mNH4Cl = 50+4.04= 54,04(g)
-c= 1 cal/g.K
4.04
-nNH4Cl = = 0.075514 mol
53.5
-Q = (m0c0 +msolutioncsolution) (t2 – t1) = (2.64+54.04).(24-27.8)= -215.384(cal)
−𝑄 −215.384
-∆𝐻= = = 2852.23932(cal/mol)
𝑛 0.075514
-∆𝐻 > 0  endothermic process.
II. Answer the questions:
 1. ∆𝐇 of the reaction 𝐇𝐂𝐥 + 𝐍𝐚𝐎𝐇 → 𝐍𝐚𝐂𝐥 + 𝐇𝟐𝐎 is calculated based on
the molar of HCl or NaOH when 25 mL of HCl 2M solution reacts with 25
mL of NaOH 1M solution? Explain.
REACTION PROCESS HCL + NaOH  NaCL + H20
Mol before reacting 0.05 0.025
Mol used to reacting 0.025 0.025

Mol after reacting 0.025 0

 ∆𝐇 is calculated based on the molar of NaOH

 nHCl = CHCl . VHClreact = 2 × 0.025= 0.05 mol
 nNaOH = CNaOH . VNaOHreact = 1 × 0.05= 0.05 mol
- In this reaction, number moles of NaOH is completely participating in
the reaction to create salt solution, while HCl still remains 0.025 mol
which does not attend to the reaction so ∆𝐇 should be calculated base
on the molar of NaOH.
2. If HCl 1M is replaced by 𝐇𝐍𝐎𝟑 1M, the result of experiment 2 will change
or not?
 The result is unchanged.
-After balancing the equation the mol ratio between 𝐇𝐍𝐎𝟑 , NaOH and
NaNO3, we will have n𝐇𝐍𝐎𝟑 = nNaOH = nNaNO3 = 0.025 × 1 = 0.025 mol.
-moco is the calorimeter constant.
-mNaNO3.cNaNO3 = mHCl.cHCl = V × d × c = 50(ml) × 1.02(g/mol) × 1(cal/g.K) = 51
cal/K  This is a neutralized reaction.
-t1 and t2 are the temperatures of NaOH and HNO3 at the room
temperature.
 -The temperature of both NaCl and NaNO3 be nearly the same.  Q still be
the same.
−𝑄
--∆𝐻= , the change in enthalpy when we replace HCl by HNO3 is the
𝑛
same.
3. Calculate ∆𝐇𝟑 based on Hess’s law. Compared to the value of
experimental results. Considering six factors that might cause the error:
- Heat loss due to the calorimeter
- Thermometer
- Volumetric glassware
- Balance
- Copper (II) sulfate absorbs water
- Assume specific heat of copper (II) sulfate is 1 cal/mol.K
In your opinion, which one is the most significant? Explain your answer?
Are there any other factors?
Base on Hess’s law: ∆H3 = ∆H1 + ∆H2 = -15900 (cal/mol)
Result from experiment: ∆H3 = -8298.906667 (cal/mol)
 The most significant factor is that CuSO4 absorbs water (CuSO4.5H2O) so
this process will lose an amount of heat.
 The placing eyes and Heat loss due to the calorimeter are also be the
factor that affecting on the value in the result of experiment.
 UNIT 4: DETERMINE REACTION ORDER

I. Experiment results:

Experiment 1: Reaction order with respect to Na2S2O3.

Initial concentration (M)

No. Δt1 Δt2 Δt3 Δtave.
𝑁𝑎2𝑆2𝑂3 𝐻2𝑆𝑂4

1 4 8 70s 84s 60s 71.3s

2 8 8 66s 54s 55s 58.3s

3 16 8 42s 31s 33s 35.33s

From Δtave of experiment 1 and 2, determine n1 (a sample of calculation)

𝑟02 ∆tave1 71.3

= = = 2n1  n1 = 0.29
𝑟01 ∆tave2 58.3

From ∆𝑡𝑎𝑣𝑒 of experiment 2 and 3, determine n2

𝑟03 ∆tave2 58.3
= ∆tave3 = 35.33 = 2n2  n2 = 0.723
𝑟02

Reaction order with respect to 𝑁𝑎2𝑆2𝑂3

𝑛1+𝑛2
n= = 0.40355
2

Experiment 2: Reaction order with respect to 𝐻2𝑆𝑂4.

Initial concentration (M)

No. Δt1 Δt2 Δt3 Δtave.
𝑁𝑎2𝑆2𝑂3 𝐻2𝑆𝑂4

1 8 4 69s 44s 57s 57s

2 8 8 53s 52s 55s 53s

3 8 16 47s 48s 51s 49s

From Δtave of experiment 1 and 2, determine n1 (a sample of calculation)

𝑟02 ∆tave1 57
= = = 2m1  m1 = 0.105
𝑟01 ∆tave2 53
From ∆𝑡𝑎𝑣𝑒 of experiment 2 and 3, determine n2

𝑟03 ∆tave2 53
= = = 2m2  m2 = 0.113
𝑟02 ∆tave3 49

Reaction order with respect to 𝑁𝑎2𝑆2𝑂3

𝑚1+𝑚2
m= = 0.109
2

II. Answer the questions:

1. In the experiment above, what is the effect of the concentrations of
𝑁𝑎2𝑆2𝑂3 and 𝐻2𝑆𝑂4 on the reaction rate? Write the reaction rate
expression. Determine the orders of the reaction.
- The concentration of 𝑁𝑎2𝑆2𝑂3 has effect on the experiment reaction rate. (
proportional with the reaction rate)
- The concentration of 𝐻2𝑆𝑂4 has no effect on the reaction rate.
- Expression of reaction rate:
R = k.[ 𝑁𝑎2𝑆2𝑂3]n[𝐻2𝑆𝑂4]m
- Order of reaction: n + m = 0.40355 + 0.109 = 0.51255
2. Mechanism of the reaction can be written as
𝐻2𝑆𝑂4 + 𝑁𝑎2𝑆2𝑂3 → 𝑁𝑎2𝑆𝑂4 + 𝐻2𝑆2𝑂3 (1)
𝐻2𝑆2𝑂3 → 𝐻2𝑆𝑂3 + 𝑆 ↓ (2)
Base on the experimental results, may we conclude that the reaction (1) or (2)
is the ratedetermining step, which is the slowest step of the reaction? Recall
that in the experiments, the amount of the acid 𝐻2𝑆𝑂4 is always used in
excess.
- Reaction (1) is ion-exchange reaction with high rate.
- Reaction (2) is self-oxidation reaction with low rate.
- The rate-determining and lowest step is (2).
3. Base on the principle of the experimental method, the reaction rate is
considered as an instantaneous rate or average rate.
∆𝐶
- The reaction rate is as instantaneous rate defined by: , in which, ∆𝐶~0
∆𝑡
and ∆𝑡 is very small throughout the change of concentration of 𝐻2𝑆𝑂4.
 4. If the order of adding 𝐻2𝑆𝑂4 and 𝑁𝑎2𝑆2𝑂3 is reversed, does the reaction
order change? Explain.
- The reaction order will not change, because it depends on the temperature
and the concentration of each substance and some natural environment so
reversing the order of reactant does not have effect on it.
-
UNIT 8: VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS

I. Experimental results

1. Titration curve of HCl by NaOH.

Vnaoh 0 2 6 9 9.6 9.8 10 11 13

pH 0.96 1.14 1.59 2.38 3.36 7.26 10.56 11.7 12.01

PH at equivalence point 7,26

Titration jump : pH 3,36 -> pH 10,56
Suitable indicator : phenolphtalein
Ex 2: Titration of HCL by phenolphthalein

NO. VHCL (ml) VNaoH ( ml) CNaoH ( N) CHCL ( N) Deviation

1 10 9,5 0,1 0,095 -0,001
2 10 9,4 0,1 0,094 0,0015
3 10 9,9 0,1 0,099 0,0005

Cavg = 0,096 (N) , Devavg =0,001 => C= 0,096 +-0,001 (N)

CHCl =0,1145 (N)
EX3 :titration of HCL by Methyl orange

NO. VHCl(ml) VNaoH ( ml) CnaoH (N) CHCl (N) Deviation

1 10 9,9 0,1 0,099 -0,0015
2 10 10,05 0,1 0,1005 0
3 10 9,5 0,1 0,095 0,0015

Cavg = 0,3831 (N) , DEV avg = 0 => C=0,3831

CHCl = 0,1005(N)
EX4 : Titration of CH3 COOH by phenolphthalein and Methyl orange

NO. Indicator VCh3CooH VNaoH CNaoH CCh3CooH

(ml) (ml ) (N) (N)
1 phenolphthalein 10 10 0,1 0,1
2 Methyl orange 10 2,9 0,1 0,029

Questions
1) When changing the concentration of HCl or NaOH, does the titration curve
change? Explain.

· Not change (HCL + NaOH -> NaCl + H2O)

· CHCl.VHCL = CNaOH.VNaOH => Constant. When CHCl rises, VHCL falls and the
same CHCl.VHCL falls. Therefore, the titration curve will not change, only the
pH will change.

2) The determination of the concentration of HCl in experiment 2 and 3, which

one is more precise.

· Phenolphthalein is more precise than orange methyl because it helps us

easily determine the change in the color, and gives us the exact result.

3) From the result of experiment 4, for the determining concentration of acid

acetic solution, which indicator is more precise?

· Phenolphthalein is more precise than orange methyl because in an acid

environment, phenolphthalein is non-color, which will change into purple in
a particular environment (base environment) so we can easily notice with
normal eyes and give out the correct result. Orange methyl changes from
red in the acid environment into yellow in the base on environment which
makes it hard to classify.
4) In volumetric titration, if NaOH and HCl are interchanged, does the result

change? Explain?

· The result won’t change.

· As it is added, the HCl slowly reacts away. The point at which exactly
enough titrant (NaOH) has been added to react with all of the analyte (HCl) is
called the equivalence point. Up to the equivalence point, the solution will be
acidic because excess HCl remains in the flask.