VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY – HO CHI MINH CITY

HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

EXPERIMENT REPORT
SUBJECT: GENERAL CHEMISTRY

Lecturer: Nguyễn Minh Kha

Group 2: Nguyễn Duy Anh
Trần Gia Bảo Duy
Bùi Quốc Cường
EXPERIMENTAL REPORT OF UNIT 2
Experiments are conduct three times, if the result of two times are similar, the
third time is not necessary.

I. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
Experiment 1
Temperature oC First time Second time Third time
t1 31 31
t2 50 48
t3 41 40
m 0 c0 5.55 6.25

(Detail calculation of one value of m0c0)

 V =50 ml
 p=1 g/ml
 c=1 cal /g . K
 m= p ×V =50 g
( t 3−t 1) −(t 2−t 3 )
m 0 ×c 0=m× c ×
t 2−t 3
( 41−31 )−(50−41)
m0 ×c 0=50 ×1 × =5.55
50−41
( 40−31 )− ( 48−40 )
m0 ×c 0=50 ×1 × =6.25
48−40

m0c0 ave= 11.75 cal/K

Experiment 2
Temperature oC First time Second time Third time
t1 31 32
t2 31 30
t3 38 37
Q 432.25 370.5
Qave 401.375
H( cal/mol) -16055
If t1≠t2 then Δt is calculated as the difference between t0 and t1+2t2

(Detail calculation of one value of Q)

Diluted salt solution:

(
 Q1=( m0 c 0 +mhcl c hcl +mnaoh c naoh ) t 3− )
t 1+t 2
2

¿ ( 11.75+ 25× 1+25 ×1 ) 38− ( 31+31

2 ) =432.2 5

(
 Q2=( m0 c 0 +mhcl c hcl +mnaoh c naoh ) t 3− )
t 1+t 2
2

¿ ( 11.75+ 25× 1+25 ×1 ) 37− ( 30+32

2 ) =370.5

Q1+ Q2 432.25+370.5
 Qave = = =401.37 5
2 2
−Q ave −401.375
 ∆ H= = =−16055 cal/mol
n 0.025

Experiment 3

Temperature oC First time Second time Third time

t1 32 32
t2 37 38
m(g) 4.14 4.08
 Q (cal) 329.45 394.98
H( cal/mol) -12732.36715 -15489.41176
Have( cal/mol) -14110.88946

(Detail calculation of one value of Q and ΔH)

 Q1=(m ¿ ¿ 0 c 0+ mH O c H O +mCuS O cCuS O ) ( t 2−t 1 ) ¿

2 2 4 4

¿ ( 11.75+ 50× 1+ 4.14 × 1 )( 37−32 )=329.45

−Q −329.45
Δ H1= = =−12732.36715
n 4.14
160

 Q2=(m ¿ ¿ 0 c 0 +mH O c H O +mCuS O cCuS O ) ( t 2−t 1 ) ¿

2 2 4 4

¿ ( 11.75+ 50× 1+ 4.08 ×1 ) ( 38−32 )=394.98

−Q −394.98
Δ H 2= = =−15489.41176
n 4.08
160
∆ H 1+ ∆ H 2 −12732.36715+15489.41176
 Δ H ave = = =14110.88946 cal/mol
2 2

Experiment 4
Temperature oC First time Second time Third time
t1 32 32
t2 25 26
m(g) 4.02 4.02
Q (cal) -460.39 -394.62
H( cal/mol) 6127.080846 5251.783582
Have( cal/mol) 5689.432214
(Detail calculation of one value of Q and ΔH)
 Q1=(m ¿ ¿ 0 c 0+ mH O c H O +m N H Cl c N H Cl ) ( t 2−t 1 ) ¿
2 2 4 4

¿ ( 11.75+ 50× 1+ 4.02 ×1 ) ( 25−32 )=−460.39

 −Q −−460.39
∆ H1= = =6127.080846
n 4.02
53.5
 1
Q =(m ¿ ¿ 0 c 0 + m H O c H O +m N H Cl c N H Cl ) ( t 2−t 1 ) ¿
2 2 4 4

¿ ( 11.75+ 50× 1+ 4.02 ×1 ) ( 26−32 )=−394.62

−Q −−394.62
∆ H1= = =5251.783582
n 4.02
53.5
∆ H 1+ ∆ H 2 6127.080846+5251.783582
∆ H ave= = =5689.432214 cal/mol
2 2

II. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS

1. H of the reaction HCl + NaOH  NaCl + H2O is calculated
based on the molar of HCl or NaOH when 25ml of HCl 2M
solution reacts with 25ml of NaOH 1M solution? Explain
your answer.
Answer:
H of the reaction HCl + NaOH  NaCl + H2O is
calculated based on the molar of NaOH because its
smaller than the molar of HCl.

2. If HCl 1M is replaced by HNO3 1M, the result of experiment

2 will change or not?
Answer:
The result of experiment 2 will not change because
HCl and HNO3 are strong acid complete dissociation.
In addition, both of them is neutralization reaction.
 3. Calculate H3 based on Hess’s law. Compare the
calculated value to the experimental results. Considering
six factors that might cause the error
- Heat loss due to the calorimeter
- Thermometer
- Volumetric glassware
- Balance
- Copper (II) sulfate absorbs water
- Assume specific heat of copper (II) sulfate 1 cal/mol.K
In your opinion, which one is the most significant? Explain your
answer? Are there any other factors?
Answer:
The result of experiment is smaller than its theory.
The most significant factor cause the error is copper (II) sulfate
absorbs water make H1
CuSO4 + 5H2O  CuSO4.5H2O

Or the form of Hydrated salts create heat less than the theory, on
the other hand, copper (II) sulfate absorbs water so the molar is
different from the theorical calculation.
 EXPERIMENTAL REPORT OF UNIT 4
I. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
1/ Reaction order with respect to Na2S2O3
No. Initial concentration (M) t1 t2 t3 tave
Na2S2O3 H2SO4
1 0.1 0.4 120s 117s 118.5
2 0.1 0.4 65s 62s 63.5
3 0.1 0.4 31s 34s 32.5
From Δtave of experiment 1 and 2, determine m1 (sample calculation)
m1=log 2
() ( )
t1
t2
=log 2
118.5
63.5
=0.90

From Δtave of experiment 2 and 3, determine m2

m2=log 2
() ( )
t2
t3
=log 2
63.5
32.5
=0.96

m1+ m2 0.90+0.96
Reaction order with respect to Na2S2O3 = = =0.93
2 2

2/ Reaction order with respect to H2SO4

No. Initial concentration (M) t1 t2 t3 tave
Na2S2O3 H2SO4
1 0.1 0.4 63 65 64
2 0.1 0.4 60 61 60.5
3 0.1 0.4 52 53 52.5
From Δtave of experiment 1 and 2, determine n1 (sample calculation)

n1=log 2
() ( )
t1
t2
=log 2
64
60.5
=0.08

From Δtave of experiment 2 and 3, determine n2

 n2 =log 2
() ( )
t2
t3
=log 2
60.5
52.5
=0.2

n1 +n2 0.08+0.2
Reaction order with respect to H2SO4 = = 2 =0.14
2

I. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS

1) In the experiment above, what is the affect of the
concentrations of Na2S2O3 and H2SO4 on the reaction rate? Write
the reaction rate expression. Determine the orders of the
reaction.
Answer:
- The concentration of Na2S2O3 is proportional to the reaction
rate.
- The concentration of H2SO4 has almost no effect on the
reaction rate.
- Expression for calculating reaction rate:
V = k.[ Na2S2O3 ]m.[ H2SO4 ]n
- Orders of the reaction: m + n

2) Mechanism of the reaction can be written as

H2SO4 + Na2S2O3  Na2SO4 + H2S2O3
H2S2O3  H2SO3 + S
Based on the experimental results, may we conclude that the
reaction (1) or (2) is the rate-determining step, which is the
slowest step of the reaction? Recall that in the experiments, the
amount of the acid H2SO4 is always used in excess.
Answer:
- Reaction 1 is an ion exchange reaction, so the speed of the
reaction is fast.
- Reaction 2 occurs slower than reaction 1.
 Reaction 2 determine the rate of reaction, which is the
slowest reaction, because the order of reaction is the order of
reaction of reaction 2.

3) Base on the principle of the experimental method, the

reaction rate is considered as an instantaneous rate or average
rate.
Answer:
On the basis of the experimental method, the velocity
determined in the above experiments is considered the
instantaneous velocity because the reaction velocity is
determined by the ratio C/t. As C ≈ 0 (Sulfur does not
change significantly) so C ≈ dC.

4) If the order of adding Na2S2O3 and H2SO4 is reversed, does the

reaction order change? Explain your answer.
Answer:
The reaction order does not change because it depends only on
the temperature and substance of the reaction and does not
depends on the process
 EXPERIMENTAL REPORT OF UNIT 8
I. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
1/ Titration curve of HCl by NaOH

Determine:
pH at equivalence point : pH=7

pH jump: from pH 3.36 to pH 10.56

Approriate indicator: phenolplthalein

2/ Experiment 2: Titration of HCl by Phenolphtalein

No. VHCl(ml) VNaOH(ml) CNaOH(N) CHCl(N) Deviation
1 10 10.9 0.1 0.109 0.009
2 10 11 0.1 0.110 0.010
0.109+ 0.110
C HCl average= =0.595 M
2
 0.009+ 0.010
Deviation average= =0.009 5
2
C HCL=0.595 ± 0.0095 M

3) Experiment 3: Titration of HCl by Metyl orange

No. VHCl(ml) VNaOH (ml) CNaOH (N) CHCl (N) Deviation
1 10 10.7 0.1 0.107 0.007
2 10 10.6 0.1 0.106 0.006

0.107+ 0.106
C HCl average= =0.1065 M
2
0. 007+ 0.006
Deviation average= =0. 006 5
2
C HCL=0. 1065 ± 0.006 5 M

4) Experiment 4: Titration of CH3COOH

No. Indicator VCH3COOH(ml) VNaOH(ml) CNaOH(N) CCH3COOH(N)
1 Phenolphtalein 10 11.8 0.1 0.118
2 Methyl orange 10 5.8 0.1 0.580

II. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS

1) When changing the concentration of HCl or
NaOH, does the titration curve change? Explain.
Answer:
When the concentration of HCl and NaOH is changed, the
titration curve does not change because the HCl titration
method with NaOH is determined based on the equation:
HCl + NaOH  NaCl + H2O
CHCl.VHCl=CNaOH.VNaOH
With VHCl and CNaOH remain constant , when HCl increases
or decreases, VNaOH also increases or decreases. From
there we deduce that only the aperture changes, widens
or shrinks the titration curve remains constant. The same
for NaOH.

2) The determination of the concentration of HCl in

experiments 2 and 3, which one is more precise?
Answer:
The experiment 2 gives the result more precise because
the phenolphthalein is identify color clearer.
3) From the result of experiment 4, for the
determining concentration of acetic acid solution,
which indicator is more precise?
Answer:
From the experimental results 4 the determination of the
concentration of acetic acid solution by phenolphthalein
is more accurate, because in the acid medium
phenolphthalein acid has no color and turns purple in the
basalt medium. We can make a more precise distinction.
As the methyl orange changes from red in acidic
medium, to orange-yellow in basalt medium, it is difficult
to distinguish precisely.

4) In a volumetric titration, if NaOH and HCl are

interchanged, does the result change? Explain.
Answer:
In volumetric analysis, if the positions of NaOH and acid
are changed, the result does not change, since the
indicator always changes color at the equivalent point.
However, when changing like this, it is more difficult to
determine the color, so there is not much error.