Journal of King Saud University – Computer and Information Sciences 34 (2022) 2151–2160

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Computer and Information Sciences
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Characteristics of Malay translated hadith corpus

Siti Syakirah Sazali a,⇑, Nurazzah Abdul Rahman a, Zainab Abu Bakar b
a
Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
b
Faculty of Computer and Information Technology, Al-Madinah International University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Annotated corpus can greatly assist in the natural language processing field. For example, computers can
Received 23 February 2020 understand more of the document context, and indexing and clustering in information retrieval can be
Revised 7 July 2020 done precisely with less or no ambiguity of words. However, there are only a few annotated corpora
Accepted 27 July 2020
in Malay language, which are not publicly shared. In this paper, we delve into analysing and annotating
Available online 31 July 2020
Malay translated hadith documents in terms of tagging and entities. There are three phases, which are
manual filtering and cleaning, analysing the corpus and creating the benchmark. As the result, an analysis
Keywords:
and benchmark of Malay translated hadith corpus were produced in term of part-of-speech and named
Malay language
Linguistic analysis
entities tags that follows the Zipf’s law distribution.
Malay translated hadith corpus Ó 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University. This is an open access
Natural language processing article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Corpus linguistic

1. Introduction an unsupervised part-of-speech tagger that achieved 98.86%

Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a branch under Artificial
Intelligent which aims to give the computer the ability to process
the human language (Jurafsky, 2009; Liddy, 2001; Zamin et al.,
2012b). Liddy (2001) states that NLP aims to make the computer
process the language like a human does with a range of tasks
and applications. NLP applications include Information Retrieval
(IR), Information Extraction (IE), Question and Answering (Q&A),
Summarization, Machine Translation (MT) and Dialogue Systems
(DS).
To date, there exists many novelty applications which were
developed using state-of-the-art techniques. There are also many
existing off-the-shelf resources available for use, such as named
entity recognizer, part-of-speech taggers, corpora, stemmers, and
parsers. Astoundingly, some areas of the NLP research are being
considered as solved problems, where the performance of the
application outreaches that of human processing (Manning,
2011). For example, Toutanova and Manning (2000) developed
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: syakirahsazlie@gmail.com (S.S. Sazali), nurazzah@tmsk.uitm.
edu.my (N.A. Rahman), zainab.abubakar@mediu.edu.my (Z.A. Bakar).
Peer review under responsibility of King Saud University.
Production and hosting by Elsevier
accuracy by using the Wall Street Journal (WSJ) section of the Penn
Treebank for English language. However, most of these off-the-
shelf applications and researches are focusing on resource-rich lan-
guage, such as English, French, and German. On the contrary, there
is less research focusing on the resource-poor language such as
Hebrew, Urdu, Bengali, and Malay.
This paper delves into relevant NLP research involving Malay, one
of the resource-poor languages. It is a language under the Austrone-
sian language-tree and the most spoken language in South East Asia
with over 300 million native speakers (Alfred et al., 2014; Zamin
et al., 2012b). A summary of existing research in NLP by using Malay
language as the data are summarized in the Table 1 below.
Malay language related research has garnered significant
increase in the early 2000s. The above table illustrates only the
recent research in the field to prove that researches related to
Malay language are still in the spotlight. There has also been a
spike in Information Retrieval (IR) field on hadith related research.
Techniques such as clustering and theme-related are being tested
to increase the retrieval result. Only in 2013 the first research in
Information Extraction (IE) appeared. It started with rule-based
named entity recognition (NER), and then followed by a few statis-
tical methods for Malay language. There are also researches in text
summarization and machine translation for Malay language. For
part of speech tagger, Malay language started with stochastic part
of speech tagger in 2012, followed by rule-based part of speech in
2013.
Annotated corpus can help a lot in natural language processing
field. For example, computers can understand more of the

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksuci.2020.07.011
1319-1578/Ó 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
2152 S.S. Sazali et al. / Journal of King Saud University – Computer and Information Sciences 34 (2022) 2151–2160

Table 1 Table 2
Existing Research using Malay Corpus. Existing Malay Corpora.

Area Research Researchers Domain Publicly Annotated?

Information Retrieval
Malay Hadith Retrieval Systems (Mohamed
Hanum et al., 2014; Rahim et al., 2016;
Zulkefli et al., 2016, 2015)
Information Extraction
Named Entity Recognizers (Alfred et al., 2014;
Mohd Noor, Sulaiman, & Noah, 2016; Sazali,
Abdul Rahman, & Abu Bakar, 2016; Sulaiman,
Abdul Wahid, Sarkawi, & Omar, 2017;
Ulanganathan et al., 2017)
Summarization
Malay Text Summarizer (Aliaset al., 2016b)
Machine Translation
Lazy-man Part-of-speech Tagger (Zamin et al.,
2012a),

Named Entity Recognition using Cross-lingual
Annotation (Zamin & Abu Bakar, 2015)
Language Analysis,
Malay Journalistic Corpus (Zamin et al.,
Corpus Construction 2012b), Durian Dataset (Azizan et al., 2019).
Part-of-speech Tagger
Rule-based Part-of-speech (Alfred et al.,
2013b; Noor Ariffin & Tiun, 2018)

Stochastic Part-of-speech (Xian et al., 2016;
Zamin et al., 2012a)
document context using part-of-speech tagging, named entity
recognition in information extraction field, and indexing and clus-
tering in information retrieval can be done precisely with less or no
ambiguity of words. However, there are only a few annotated cor-
pora in Malay language, which are not publicly shared. As of today,
there are only two existing published research papers that produce
a language analysis for the corpus collection which are based on
journalistic corpus, and durian dataset. There is a total of three
phases, which are manual filtering and cleaning, analysing the cor-
pus and creating the benchmark.
In this paper, Section 2 will describe the corpus in detail, includ-
ing the first observation, followed by the first phase which is man-
ual filtering and cleaning in Section 3. Then, the second phase
which is analysis of the corpus is presented in Section 4, in form
of word forms, Zipf’s law, followed by the third phase which is
benchmark of part-of-speech tags and named entities, and Sec-
tion 5 will conclude the paper.
2. The corpus
A corpus plays a vital role in NLP text-based research. Com-
monly, corpora (plural for corpus) are unstructured. In terms of
availability, there are only a few numbers that are made available
publicly, while the others are mostly developed for academic use
and are not publicly available. For example, Institute of Language
and Literature (Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka) have recently made
their corpus available for researchers on their website (http://
sbmb.dbp.gov.my/korpusdbp). They consist of newspaper articles,
books, magazines, literature texts and paper works. Table 2 below
illustrates some of the existing corpora that can be used for natural
language processing tasks based on their availability.
There exist some corpora that are publicly available, such as
from the Institute of Language and Literature, where they provide
multi domains such as newspaper excerpt, magazines, novels and
many others. However, these corpora are not annotated. Similarly,
Mutiara Hadis UiTM also provides translated Quran and Hadith
documents publicly, but they are also not annotated. There are
few existing corpora that are annotated but are not publicly avail-
able. For example, terrorism-related corpus, news and biomedical
articles, and twitter excerpt. These corpora are built for experi-
ments in natural language processing.
In the religion of Islam, there are two main sources of reference:
Quran and hadiths. Quran is a booked collection the word of Allah
revealed to the Prophet Muhammad PBUH. Hadith is referring to
available?
Institute of Language Multiple domains Yes No
and Literature
Mutiara Hadith UiTM Malay Translated Yes No
(Abdul Rahmanet al., Quran and Hadith
2006) documents
(Zamin et al., 2012b) Terrorism-related No Yes
journalistic articles
(Alfred et al., 2013a) News articles, No Yes
Biomedical articles
(Noor Ariffin & Tiun, Malay Twitter Excerpt No Yes
2018)
(Azizan et al., 2019) Durian-related No No
documents
be the record of actions, words, and silent approvals of Prophet
Muhammad PBUH. There are two main components in a hadith:
the ‘isnad’ and the ‘matn’. ‘Isnad’ refers to the chain of narrators
who have transmitted the hadith, and ‘matn’ refers to the context
or the body of the hadith. Muslim clerics identifies hadith in three
categories, which are ‘sahih’ (authentic), ‘hasan’ (good) or ‘da’if’
(weak). Hadiths are written in Arabic but are then translated into
many other languages across the world such as English, Indone-
sian, and Malay.
In this paper, Malay translated hadith document is selected as
the collection. Malay Translated Hadith Document (MTHD) corpus
was gathered from Malay translated hadith documents from
Mutiara Hadis UiTM. Hadiths were chosen because there are recent
spikes in researches that uses hadiths as the data in Malay natural
language processing field (Abdul Rahman et al., 2010; Alias et al.,
2016a; Mahmood et al., 2018; Mohamed Hanum et al., 2014;
Zulkefli et al., 2016, 2015).
Mutiara Hadis UiTM1 is one of the websites that offers Malay
translated hadiths for public references. Fig. 1 illustrates the home-
page interface for Mutiara Hadis UiTM. The hadiths available are
Sahih Bukhari (2028 hadiths), Sahih Muslim (2521 hadiths), Sunan
At-Termizi (4179 hadiths), Sunan An-Nasai (5700 hadiths), Sunan
Ibnu Majjah (4340 hadiths), and Sunan Abu Daud (1002 hadiths).
For this research experiment, the book Sahih Bukhari is chosen to
be the test collection for this because of its authenticity and popular-
ity among the Malay speakers. The original collection consists of
6961 sentences, 146,654 total words and 18,622 unique words.
The example of the hadith document is shown in the Fig. 2 below
followed by English translation of the hadith.
English translation for Fig. 2: From Umar bin al-Khattab (peace
and blessings of Allah be upon him) said, I heard the Messenger of
Allah (peace be upon him), say: ‘‘Actions are according to inten-
tions, and everyone will get what was intended. Whoever migrates
with an intention for Allah and His messenger, the migration will
be for the sake of Allah and his Messenger. And whoever migrates
for worldly gain or to marry a woman, then his migration will be
for the sake of whatever he migrated for.”
(Sahih Bukhari Volume Number 1, Hadith Number 1)
Fig. 3 illustrates the Malay Translated Hadith Document
(MTHD) raw file. After the initial observation and tokenization,
there exists errors in the collection. Errors such as typos are extre-
mely in need of correction as it will affect the overall performance
of some of the NLP techniques, such as part-of-speech tagger.
Hence, the first step was to clean the collection. The step we call
here is manual filtering and cleaning.
1
https://sigir.uitm.edu.my/webhadis/
 S.S. Sazali et al. / Journal of King Saud University – Computer and Information Sciences 34 (2022) 2151–2160 2153

Fig. 1. Mutiara Hadis UiTM Homepage.

Fig. 2. Example of Hadith Excerpt.

Fig. 3. Malay Translated Hadith Document Raw File.

3. Manual filtering and cleaning
The collection first needs to undergo a normalization process to
eliminate noise and errors. For this collection, the process includes
address code addition, tokenization, word normalization, symbol,
and number removal and lastly, human-made error correction.
Fig. 4 below illustrates the flow of the manual filtering and
cleaning for the collection.
The process starts with retrieved document from the Mutiara
Hadis UiTM, named Raw Malay Translated Hadith Documents
(RMTHD). It first undergoes address code addition process, fol-
lowed by tokenization. After tokenization, the collection undergoes
2154 S.S. Sazali et al. / Journal of King Saud University – Computer and Information Sciences 34 (2022) 2151–2160

Fig. 4. Process Flow for Manual Filtering and Cleaning.

word normalization, special characters and numbers removal, B. Word Normalization

and human-made error correction. These processes are looped
until the data in the collection are cleaned and saved in a collec- Word normalization in this experiment refers to the collection
tion named Malay Translated Hadith Document (MTHD). All the of abbreviations that refers to the same word but are written in
processes in manual filtering and cleaning are done semi- slightly different forms. This process is done to protect the abbre-
supervised, which means the processes are done by using a pro- viations from symbol removals and to reduce the ambiguity of the
gram, or regular expression, and then supervised and validated abbreviations. The examples for these words are shown in Table 4
by humans. with their corresponding occurrences throughout the collection.
There are twelve words that shared four same meanings and
A. Address Code Addition and Tokenization can be grouped together. The first abbreviation is ‘r.a.’ which in
Arabic stands for RadhiAllahu’anhu. There are four other extracted
When the Raw Malay Translated Hadith Documents (RMTHD) patterns which are ‘r.a.,’ with 1234 occurrences, ‘r.a’ with 15 occur-
were first compiled, there were different files for each of the rences, ‘r.a.’ with 593 occurrences, and ‘r a/r(space)a’ with 114
hadiths indicated by a number for each hadith collection; from 1 occurrences. All these abbreviations are then normalized with
to 2028, grouped by the volume number. For illustration, word ‘ra’.
taken from the hadith example above, the hadith indicated by The next abbreviation is ‘s.a.w.’ which in Arabic stands for
number ‘10 : SallallahuAlayhiWaSalaam. There was a total of six patterns
observed. The first pattern is ‘saw.’ with 1804 occurrences, ‘s.a.
‘‘1, Dari Umar bin Khathab r.a., katanya dia mendengar Rasulullah
w.’ with 593 occurrences, ‘s.a.w.,’ with 293 occurrences, ‘s.a.w.,’
saw. bersabda: . . .”
with 48 occurrences, ‘s a w/s(space)a(space)w’ with 59 occur-
rences and ‘s aw/s(space)aw’ with one occurrence. The normalized
word for representing the abbreviation ‘s.a.w.’ is the word ‘saw’.
To differentiate between the hadith number and the actual
Next abbreviation is ‘s.w.t.’ which in Arabic refers to Sub-
number existing in the collection, an address code was introduced.
hanahuWaTa’ala. There is only one extra pattern for this abbrevia-
It includes hadith number, and hadith volume. The address code
tion which is ‘swt.’ with 38 occurrences. The word ‘swt’ is used to
was made by adding ‘H’ in front of the hadith number, and fol-
represent this abbreviation. The last abbreviation is ‘a.s.’ which in
lowed by 5-digit numbers, which represents the volume number
Arabic refers to AlayhisSalaam and written as ‘a s/a(space)s’ with
(0–4), and hadith number (1–2028).
13 occurrences. For this abbreviation, the word ‘as’ is used to rep-
Table 3 illustrates some examples of the address code. For
example, hadith number 1933 is written as H31399. Adding the resent it.
address code is a crucial step for tracking purposes that can be used
in information extraction and information retrieval. C. Special Characters and Numbers Removal
After adding the address code, the collection is then tokenized After normalization, the next step was to remove special char-
by detecting the word boundary, and the unique words are sorted acters and numbers. The removal of special characters and num-
to check for error. Tokenization is the task of separating out word bers are done to reduce the non-alphabet characters. The process
from the running text. Like English, Malay words are often sepa-
rated from each other by blanks (whitespaces or commonly known
Table 4
as space). Sorting by unique word, it is discovered that the collec- Normalized Word with Replacement.
tion needs word normalization, symbol and numbers removal, and
Abbreviation Word Replaced with Occurrences
typos correction. These processes are looped until there are no
more errors and noises to be cleaned. r.a. r.a., ra 1234
r.a 15
r.a. 593
r(space)a 114
Table 3
s.a.w. saw. saw 1804
Address Code Used.
s.a.w. 593
Volume Hadith Number Example s.a.w., 48
saw., 293
1 1–525 H10001, H10342
s(space)a(space)w 59
2 526–1125 H20678, H21105
s(space)aw 1
3 1126–1581 H31146, H31487
s.w.t swt. swt 38
4 1582–2028 H41640, H42000
a.s. a(space)s as 13
 S.S. Sazali et al. / Journal of King Saud University – Computer and Information Sciences 34 (2022) 2151–2160
Table 5
Special Characters and Numbers Removal.
Description Example Occurrences
Special characters Exclamation mark (!), 37,547
Open/close brackets (/),
Semi colon (;),
Stand-alone dash (),
Quote (‘)
Single characters Number (0–9), 259
Single alphabet (a-z)
Spelling errors syarika1ahu 5 Khaththab
Al1ah
diha1angi
penyesa1annya
keci1
revealed that there are a few typos of words which are combined
with numbers. This process is done by using regular expression
matching. The symbols and typos included are tabulated in the
Table 5 below with their corresponding occurrences.
There were 37,547 occurrences in total for all the special char-
acters. The special characters included are exclamation mark (!)
with 1715 occurrences, double quotes (‘‘ and ”) with 9496 occur-
rences, comma (,) with 8736 occurrences, colon (:) with 4277
occurrences, open bracket ‘(‘ and closing bracket ‘)’ with occur-
rences of 1545 and 1515 respectively, question mark (?) with
879 occurrences, two single quotes (‘ and ‘) with 30 occurrences,
period or dot (.) with 9027 occurrences, semi colon (;) with 160
occurrences, single quote (‘ and ’) with 38 occurrences and lastly
single dash () symbol with 36 occurrences. Only the single dashes
are removed, because in Malay language, there are also some spe-
cial characters attached with a word. In Malay language, there is
one type of word that uses dash in the word. The type is called
as reduplication, which will be discussed later in the next section.
While removing the dash symbol, there were also some words
which were duplication words but written separately. Hence, for
this kind of symbol, the words were glued back together. For
example, the word ‘-perempuan’ was detected in H10023. It was
combined back with the other half to become ‘perempuan-perem
puan’. The same goes for the word ‘al-’ with one occurrence. Other
than that, symbols that were included in a word were removed.
The symbol dash was spotted in the word ‘7-’, quotes are spotted
in the word ‘aisyah, ‘ra and ‘oAsar all with one occurrence,
respectively.
Next, the single characters are removed. A total of 197 numbers
are removed by recognizing all the digits 0 to 9. Similarly, there
were also some words that are combined with a number. For cases
like the ‘ke-90 and ‘ke-520 , the numbers are translated into words
rather than digits. Additionally, there were also cases of typos.
From the table above, we can see that there were typos where
the letter L is written as digit 1 with 5 total occurrences. This is
probably the result of image translating from the previous
research. For this case, the numbers in the word ‘syarika1ahu’,
‘Al1ah’, ‘diha1angi ‘, ‘penyesa1annya’, and ‘keci10 were translated
into the correct letter. Lastly, single alphabet characters were
removed as they were a result of typos, did not have any meanings,
and were not legitimate words. There was a total of 60 single
alphabets removed as they were results of mistranslation from
the raw collection.
D. Human-made Errors Correction
Human-made errors in this process consists of errors that have
been overlooked by human. Table 6 below illustrates some of the
human-made errors.
Most of the errors from the table above are the result of image-
to-text translation error. However, it is called human-made errors
2155
Table 6
Human-made Errors.
Word Correct Word
ahdullah abdullah
ai al, air
ai-khudri al-khudri
kedil kecil
alhamdu lillah alhamdulillah
Mahi Maha
Persi Parsi
Khathab
jalan-jalan-jalan jalan-jalan
karena kerana
correction in this research because this is the result of human fail-
ing to notice the errors.
The first four rows in the table shows the example for where a
single alphabet letter was mistakenly translated. The word ‘ahdul-
lah’ on the first row where the ‘b’ was mistakenly for ‘h’, the second
and third row shared the same error, where the alphabet ‘l’ was
mistakenly for ‘i’ and the word ‘kedil’ on the fourth row, where
‘d’ was the result of ‘c’ and ‘i’ being too closed together.
The next six rows were the result from human errors. The errors
were in form of additional alphabet in the word (fifth row), spacing
(sixth row), wrong alphabet or typo (seventh row), extra repeated
pattern (eight row), and extra word in the duplication (ninth row).
The last row (tenth row) is translation error. The word ‘karena’ is in
Indonesian, where in Malay the word is ‘kerana’. Both words refer
to the word ‘because’. This step is crucial as to ensure that all the
words in the collection belong to the Malay language to get accu-
rate result for any NLP related techniques. Next, the cleaned corpus
will be analysed.
4. Analysis of Malay Translated Hadith Document
In this section, the Malay Translated Hadith Document (MTHD)
is analysed based on the word distribution, Zipf’s law, part of
speech and named entities. All the analysis is further discussed
in their sub-sections below. Before the pre-processing, the word
count for the collection is 146,654 total words with 18,622 total
unique words. The result of MTHD after the pre-processing is illus-
trated in Fig. 5 and the word count is tabulated in Table 7 below.
The number of documents remained the same, which is 2028
documents, where the total word count was reduced by 500 from
146654 to 146154. The unique word has a big difference with 8135
reduction from 18622 to 10487.
It is essential for a corpus to be semantically annotated to serve
more NLP tasks in the future. Therefore, all the 146,154 words are
sent to language experts to be annotated with part-of-speech tags.
The notation of part of speech tags used for this collection are cre-
ated based on Tatabahasa Dewan (Nik Safiah, Farid, Hashim, &
Abdul Hamid, 2015); a reference book for Malay grammar pub-
lished by Malaysia’s Institute Language and Literature (Dewan
Bahasa dan Pustaka). The tags are then matched with the Penn Tree
Bank (PTB) tags. Table 8 below shows the part of speech tags used
in this collection.
In Tatabahasa Dewan, the tags are divided into four main
groups, which are adjectives, verbs, nouns and the rest of the
words are grouped based on their heterogenous property (17 small
tags) under one big category: function words. However, in this col-
lection, the small groups are counted as their own tags rather than
under one big tag. In total, there are 24 tags used in the collection,
including one tag for foreign word. In 24 tags, there are 15 tags that
have their own corresponding Penn Tree Bank tag, whereas the
remaining nine tags do not. There is kata nama tunjuk which is
used to indicate point towards something such as human, animal
2156 S.S. Sazali et al. / Journal of King Saud University – Computer and Information Sciences 34 (2022) 2151–2160

Fig. 5. Malay Translated Hadith Document Input File.

Table 7 word ‘paling’ (most). ‘Kata perintah’ is used with the intention of
Word Counts of Malay Translated Hadith Document Corpus. commanding or giving instruction such as ‘jangan’ (don’t) and ‘to-
long’ (please).
Documents Total Word Count Unique Words
Before Pre-processing 2028 146,654 18,622
A. Word Forms
After Pre-processing 2028 146,154 10,487

In Malay language, the form of words are divided into four main
forms; which are single word form, affixed word form, compound
Table 8 word form and reduplication form (Nik Safiah et al., 2015). Word
Part of Speech Tags Used. forms plays an important role in NLP tasks, such as stemming
Part-of- Tags in Tatabahasa Corresponding Penn Additional
and part-of-speech tagging. In this collection, only three of the four
speech Dewan Treebank Tag Tags forms are being analysed. Compound word forms are excluded
Adjective Adjektif Adjective (JJ)
from the analysis because it required more language expert exper-
Verb Kata kerja Verb (VB) tise and due to time constraints. Single word form is a form in
Noun Kata nama Noun (NN) which a word can stand on its own without any kind of affixes or
Kata ganti nama Pronoun (PRP) mixed with any other word. For example, the word ‘saya’ (me). A
Kata nama tunjuk TJK
sentence can be formed by only using the word ‘saya’ and it is con-
Kata nama khas Proper noun (NNP)
Function Adverba Adverb (RB) sidered as a valid sentence. The next form is affixed form, in which
Words Kata arah ARH the base word undergoes the affixing process. For example, the
Kata bantu Auxiliary (AUX) base word ‘makan’ (eat), can be changed into the affixed form by
Kata bilangan Cardinal number (CD) adding the circumfix (-an), and producing the word ‘makanan’
Kata hubung Coordinating
(food). The next form is the reduplication form. Like English lan-
conjunction (CC)
Kata nafi NEG guage, word in Malay language can undergo a reduplication pro-
Kata pangkal ayat PKL cess either in full reduplication, half reduplication and with
Kata pembenar PBR affixes or without affixes. The word such as ‘kanak-kanak’ (chil-
Kata pembenda Possessive Ending (POS)
dren) and ‘lelaki’ (man) are the example of reduplication in Malay
Kata pemeri PMR
Kata penegas Particle (RP) language.
Kata penekan PNK Fig. 6 shows the distribution of unique words of MTHD Corpus,
Kata penguat PGT whereas Fig. 7 illustrates the total words distribution for total
Kata perintah PRH words in the collection. For the unique word, the highest percent-
Kata sendi nama Preposition (IN)
age of the unique words are made up from affixed word form
Kata seru Interjection (UH)
Kata tanya Wh-pronoun (WP) (62%), with a total of 5230 words. Follow by single word form
Other Foreign word Foreign Word (FW) which represent 33% of the total unique word count, with a total
of 2776 words. Reduplication form only consists of 453 words
which only represent 5% of the total unique words count.
or thing. For example, like ‘itu’, ‘ini’, ‘sana’ and ‘sini’. Kata arah is However, in total words distribution of MTHD, the difference
used to indicate direction, such as ‘utara’ (north), ‘sisi’ (side) and between single word form and affixed word form is tiny (3%
‘luar’ (outside). Kata nafi is a collection of words used for negation.
For example, ‘tak’ (no), and ‘bukan’ (not). Kata pangkal ayat are
words that appear at the beginning of a sentence, seldomly used
to indicate continuity from the previous sentence. It is mostly used
in the classical Malay language. For example, the word ‘kalakian’,
‘hatta’ and ‘alkisah’. ‘Kata pembenar’ is a word to express agree-
ment or validation in a sentence, such as ‘ya’, and ‘benar’. ‘Kata
pemeri’ is a word that links a subject to its predicate adjective or
predicate noun. In Malay language, there are two ‘kata pemeri’
which is ‘ialah’ and ‘adalah’. ‘Kata penekan’ is used to highlight
the importance of the word that it is combined with. The word
become ‘kata penekan’ when it combines with suffix ‘-nya’. For
example, ‘sesungguhnya’, and ‘nampaknya’. ‘Kata penguat’ is used
to strengthen the adjective used in the sentence. For example, the Fig. 6. Unique Words Distribution of MTHD Corpus.
 S.S. Sazali et al. / Journal of King Saud University – Computer and Information Sciences 34 (2022) 2151–2160 2157

indexing. These words can be detected by plotting the data gained

from the Zipf’s Law as a graph. Consequently, computational
resources can be reduced by eliminating both extremely common
and uncommon words (Talvensaari, 2008; Zamin et al., 2012b).
The graph is commonly known as Zipf’s Curve.
Fig. 8 illustrates the distribution of words frequency in MTHD
Corpus. It is observable that MTHD Corpus follows the Zipf’s Law
pattern observed in most English corpora. The frequency of word
occurrence is approximately an inverse power law function of its
rank. However, both extremely common and uncommon words
were not removed from this collection, as these words are crucial
Fig. 7. Total Words Distribution of MTHD Corpus. to be used in aiding in other NLP-related tasks such as part-of-
speech tagger and relation extraction in Information Extraction
field.
difference). With 73,651 counts in single word form, it represents
the highest percentage of the total word distribution (51%), fol- C. Part-of-speech
lowed by affixed form (47%) with 68,311 counts. Reduplication
remain the least percentage of the total word distribution with After the word form and frequency distribution, the next thing
2144 counts, representing 2% of the total words count. to analyse was the part-of-speech. Part-of-speech or more com-
monly known as POS is a term used to represent the lexical items
B. Zipf’s Law in a collection. The term POS is interchangeable with ‘‘word cate-
gory” and also ‘‘word class”. Despite being in different terms, these
Zipf’s Law is a statistically formulated law that can be used to terms are all used to describe the grammar of the language. In Eng-
evaluate the distribution of words in a natural language corpus, lish, there are eight commonly used part-of-speech, which are
where various types of data studied in the physical and social adjective, adverb, verb, noun, pronoun, preposition, conjunction,
sciences follow a Zipfian’s distribution (Manning & Schütze, and interjection. Some languages are harder to analyse compared
2000; Zamin et al., 2012b). It is named after one of Harvard linguis- to others. There are languages that divide based on the gender,
tic professor; George Kingsly Zipf (1902–1950). The law indicates masculine and feminine in French for example. There are also lan-
that given a large sample of words used; the frequency of any word guages that are classified into singular, dual, and plural, such as in
is inversely proportional to its rank in the frequency table. Hence, Arabic. Malay language is one of the easiest languages to learn, as
the word number n has a frequency proportional to 1/n. For exam- this language is tense-free, number-free, and gender-free. The part-
ple, the law was applied to the Brown corpus, a frequently used of-speech tags are discussed in the Table 8 before, hence in this
English-language corpus containing roughly one million words, it section, only the result will be discussed.
was discovered that the word ‘‘the” is the highest frequented word Table 10 illustrates the distribution of part-of-speech tags in
in the corpus where it appeared 69,971 times. The law uses the fre- Malay Translated Hadith Document corpus. In the collection, nouns
quency of a word in a corpus (f), a constant (k), and the rank of the have the highest frequency with 48710, representing 33.80% of the
word (r) (Ha et al., 2002; Zamin et al., 2012b). Eq. (1) illustrates the total collection. Top three highest occurrences nouns are ‘saw’ with
Zipf’s Law below: 2890 counts, ‘beliau’ with 2243 counts, and ‘nabi’ with 2215
counts. Verbs are the second highest percentage of the total collec-
k tion, that represents 16.34% of it with 23,553 total frequency. The
f ¼ ð1Þ
r verb ‘bersabda’ appeared the most with 1093 counts, followed by
Table 9 below shows the top 10 words in MTHD Corpus based the word ‘solat’ with 1024 counts, and the third highest frequency
on their frequency. The word ‘yang’ has the highest frequency of verb is the word ‘berkata’ with 768 counts. After verb, the third
3838, followed by the word ‘dan’ at the second rank with 3628 fre- highest percentage frequency is conjunctions, that represent
quency. The third rank is the word ‘itu’ with frequency of 2896, fol- 9.87% with 14,220 frequency. Preposition is that the fourth highest,
low by the word ‘saw’ with 2890 frequency. The word ‘dari’ is at with 7.78% and 11,216 frequency, followed by proper nouns with
the fifth rank with 2887 frequency, followed by the word ‘beliau’ 8616 (5.98%) frequency, adverb 4893 (3.39%) frequency, adjective
with the frequency of 2243. The word ‘nabi’ is at seventh rank, with 4015 (2.79%) frequency, ‘kata tunjuk’ with the frequency of 3940
2215 frequency, followed by the word ‘di’ with 2016 frequency. At (2.73%), pronouns 3847 (2.67%) frequency, possessive ending with
the eighth rank is the word ‘ra’ with frequency of 1963 and at the 3488 (2.42%) frequency, auxiliary with 3222 (2.24%) frequency,
tenth rank is the word ‘saya’ with 1961 frequency. cardinal number with 2566 (1.78%) frequency, ‘kata perintah’ with
In the field of Information Retrieval (IR), words that are extre- 2166 (1.50%) frequency, ‘kata arah’ with 1704 (1.18%) frequency,
mely common and extremely uncommon are not significant for ‘kata nafi’ with 1530 (1.06%) frequency, wh-pronouns with 1436
(1.00%) frequency, foreign word with 1418 (0.98%) frequency, par-
Table 9 ticle with 954 (0.66%) frequency, ‘kata pangkal ayat’ with 837
Highest Frequency Words of Malay Translated Hadith Document Corpus.
(0.58%) frequency, ‘kata pembenar’ with 521 (0.36%) frequency,
Word Frequency Rank POS Tags ‘kata penguat’ with 518 (0.36%) frequency, interjection with 408
yang 3838 1 CC (0.28%) frequency, ‘kata pemeri’ with 299 (0.21%) frequency, and
dan 3628 2 CC lastly at the 24th rank is ‘kata penekan’ with 49 frequency, repre-
itu 2896 3 TJK senting 0.03% of the collection.
saw 2890 4 NN
dari 2887 5 IN
beliau 2243 6 NN
D. Named entities
nabi 2215 7 NN
di 2016 8 IN In part-of-speech distributions, there were 920 proper nouns
ra 1963 9 NN that were tagged. The proper nouns were further analysed to
saya 1961 10 NN
include the named entities for each of the proper nouns. This anal-
2158 S.S. Sazali et al. / Journal of King Saud University – Computer and Information Sciences 34 (2022) 2151–2160

Fig. 8. Zipf’s Curve of Malay Translated Hadith Document Corpus.

Table 10 Table 11
Part-of-speech Distribution of MTHD. Named Entities in Malay Translated Hadith Document Corpus.

Tags Frequency Generic Entities Named Entities Occurrences Example

Noun (NN) 48,710 (33.80%) Person Person 563 Ansari, Dhiman
Verb (VB) 23,553 (16.34%) Family 18 Ghiffar, Luai
Conjunction (CC) 14,220 (9.87%) Tribe 16 Khatsaam, Rabiaah
Preposition (IN) 11,216 (7.78%) Nickname 4 Muhajjalin, Shabi
Proper Nouns (NNP) 8616 (5.98%) Race 1 Khawarij
Adverb (RB) 4893 (3.39%) Organization Organization 23 Quraizhah, Syanuah
Adjective (JJ) 4015 (2.79%) Location Location 180 Baitullah, Damsyiq
Kata Tunjuk (TJK) 3940 (2.73%) Other Surah 23 Al-Fatihah, An-Nisa
Pronoun (PRP) 3847 (2.67%) Month 13 Dzulhijjah, Muharram
Possessive Ending (POS) 3488 (2.42%) Day 13 Tasyriq, Aqabah
Auxiliary (AUX) 3222 (2.24%) War 10 Badr, Khandaq
Cardinal Number (CD) 2566 (1.78%) Prayer 9 Isyak, Maghrib
Kata Perintah (PRH) 2166 (1.50%) Religion 5 Yahudi, Nasrani
Kata Arah (ARH) 1704 (1.18%) Event 4 Isra, Jamratul
Kata Nafi (NEG) 1530 (1.06%) Entity 4 Dajjal,Yakjuj
Wh-pronoun (WP) 1436 (1.00%) Animal 4 Adba, Jazah
Foreign Word (FW) 1418 (0.98%) Tree 3 Dauhah, Gabah
Particle (RP) 954 (0.66%) Trade 3 Habalah, Muzabanah
Kata Pangkal Ayat (PKL) 837 (0.58%) Paradise 3 Firdaus, Aden
Kata Pembenar (PBR) 521 (0.36%) Idolatry 3 Hubal, Yamaniah
Kata Penguat (PGT) 518 (0.36%) Book 3 Al-Quran, Injil
Interjection (UH) 408 (0.28%) Object 2 Hajar, Manaat
Kata Pemeri (PMR) 299 (0.21%) Hajj 2 Wadak, Wida
Kata Penekan (PNK) 49 (0.03%) Fruit 2 Ajwah, Barni
Grand Total 144,126 (100.00%) Doa (Invocation) 2 Amin, Salaam
Year 1 Hijriyah
Water 1 Majannah
Nationality 1 Arabiy
ysis is crucial in Information Extraction (IE), where the first step of Language 1 Ibrani
IE is to recognize named entities. In the book Speech and Language Door 1 Ar
Processing by (Jurafsky and Martin, 2009), it is mentioned that Building 1 Kabah
Angle 1 Yamani
there is a common list of named entities such as person, organiza-
Grand Total 920
tion, location, geo-political entity, facility and vehicle. However,
the named entities group are not limited only to these, but it also
depends on the corpus itself. For this corpus, the named entities
are sorted following the generic list, but it is further detailed down Only three of six generic entities exist in Malay Translated
to each category. Table 11 below shows all the existing named Hadith Document corpus. There are person, organization, and loca-
entities in MTHD corpus. tion. Organization and location are both in the one named entities
 S.S. Sazali et al. / Journal of King Saud University – Computer and Information Sciences 34 (2022) 2151–2160
group, that have 23 occurrences for organization, example such as
‘Quraizhah’ and ‘Syanuah’, and 180 occurrences for location such as
‘Baitullah’ and ‘Damsyiq’. However, for the person group, it can be
further detailed down with five different named entities groups,
which are person name with 563 occurrences (example such as
‘Ansari’ and ‘Dhiman), family names with 18 occurrences like ‘Ghif-
far’ and ‘Luai’, tribe names with 16 occurrences such as ‘Khatsaam’
and ‘Rabiaah’, nicknames with four occurrences such as ‘Muhaj-
jalin’ and ‘Shabi’ and lastly person’s race with only one occurrence
of the word ‘Khawarij’.
In addition, there are 25 more named entities types that exist in
this collection. There are 23 surah names such as ‘Al-fatihah’, and
‘An-nisa’, 13 names of month such as ‘Dzulhijjah’ and ‘Muharram’,
13 names of days ‘Tasyriq’ and ‘Aqabah’, 10 names of wars such as
‘Badr’ and ‘Khandaq’, nine names of prayer such as ‘Isyak’ and
‘Maghrib’, five religion names such as ‘Yahudi’ and ‘Nasrani’, four
for each event (example such as ‘Isra’ and ‘Jamratul), entity such
as ‘Dajjal’ and ‘Yakjuj’ and animal names such as ‘Adba’ and ‘Jazah’.
Next, with three occurrences, there are five names entities group
which are tree (such as ‘Dauhah’ and ‘Gabah’), trade (such as
‘Habalah’ and ‘Muzabanah’), paradise (such as ‘Firdaus’ and ‘Aden’),
idolatry (such as ‘Hubal’ and ‘Yamaniah’ and book names such as
‘Al-Quran’ and ‘Injil’. There are four groups of entities with two
occurrences of each; object such as ‘Hajar’ and ‘Manaat’, hajj such
as ‘Wadak’ and ‘Wida’, fruit such as ‘Ajwah’ and ‘Barni’, and doa
(invocation) names such as ‘Amin’ and ‘Salaam’. Lastly there are
one occurrence for year ‘Hijriyah’, water ‘Majannah’, nationality
‘Arabiy’, language ‘Ibrani’, door ‘Ar’, building ‘Kabah’ and angle
‘Yamani’.
From the table, it is observed that more than half of the entities
belong to the person’s group. This is caused by the nature of the
hadith itself that contain two parts, which are ‘sanad’ (chains of
narrators) and ‘matn’ (the content). There are also proper names
that does not have any group which are grouped in the entity
group. For example, ‘Dajjal’ is portrayed as an evil figure in the Isla-
mic history, and ‘Yakjuj’ and ‘Makjuj’ (Gog and Magog in Hebrew
Bible), are referred as a group that inherit power as the destroyer
of life on earth. It is until to date unclear whether the term belongs
to a person or not. At the bottom of the Table 11, there are quite
several named entities group that have only one occurrence. They
are kept that way to accommodate the future researches that want
to analyse other types of hadiths, and the possibility of detecting
some signal words for the entity.
5. Conclusion
Corpus analysis can reveal the attributes of the corpus. In this
experiment, it is shown that nouns represent the largest percent-
age of the corpus with more than 33%, which is more than half
of the second largest group, which were verb that represents 16%
of the total corpus. For named entities, in MTHD corpus, there
are more than half of the total proper names which belong to the
person group because of the nature of the hadith structure that
consists of the narrator chain and the content. In hadith document,
the narrator chain is important to determine the authenticity of the
hadith. In this experiment, the most important phase is the manual
filtering and cleaning. Without the phase, the analysis can differ
greatly as the number of unique words were reduced by 8135
words after the filtering and cleaning. It is observable that affixes
represent the highest percentage in term of unique word, but sin-
gle form represents the highest percentage in the total word. Ten
highest frequency of words in MTHD are ‘yang’, ‘dan’, ‘itu’, ‘saw’,
‘dari’, ‘beliau’, ‘nabi’, ‘di’, ‘ra’, and ‘saya’ are all single form, which
tally with the representation of the total word percentage.
2159
In conclusion, corpus analysis is one of the crucial items to do
before a research. By having corpus analysis, a lot of NLP-related
tasks can be done, such as part-of-speech tagger, Information
Extraction, summarization, question and answers and many
others. With the analysed corpus, it provides a way for more hadith
related natural language processing researches and improve the
existing ones such as information extraction and information
retrieval field. For future works, an automated tagger and entity
recognizers can be evaluated with the existence of the benchmark
and topics distributions for the hadiths can be analysed as hadith
can be grouped into sections or similar groups based on human rel-
evance. With the analysis, information retrieval field will benefit
greatly where the very common and uncommon words can be
eliminated with Zipf’ law, and clustering and indexing technique
can benefit from the annotated corpus.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgement
This research was fully supported and funded by Malaysian
Government under Fundamental Research Grant
Scheme (FRGS/1/2015/ICT01/UITM/03/1) and Universiti Teknologi
MARA BESTARI Grant 600-IRMI/DANA 5/3/BESTARI (112/2018).
The author would also like to thank Mrs. Ros Silawati
Ahmad@Abdullah, Mr. Sazali Saidin and Mrs. Rokiah Karim from
Institut Perguruan Kampus Darul Aman and Kampus Perlis for
assistance with their expertise in language that we can analyse
the corpus. We also would like to thank the anonymous reviewers
for their insights.
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