DEDAN KIMATHI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS 2017/2018

THIRD SEMESTER EXAMINATION FOR DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN
INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT

EIE 4118: SIMULATION THEORY AND APPLICATION

DATE: 29th AUGUST, 2017 TIME: 10-1PM

INSTRUCTIONS

1. The examination contains a total of THREE (3) questions

2. ALL QUESTIONS ARE COMPULSORY
3. ALL questions carry 20 marks each
4. You are required to attempt ALL THE THREE (3) questions

QUESTION ONE. (20 MARKS)

a) (i) Define what a discrete event simulation is. (2 marks)

(ii) List any four components of a discrete event simulation Components of discrete
event simulation (2 marks)
b) Outline the functions of the following modules as used in Arena simulation(6 marks)
(i) Assign
(ii) Seize
(iii) Hold
(iv) Release
(v) Entities
(vi) Resources
c) Differentiate the functions of the following Arena modules:
(i) Remove and Pick Up (2 marks)
(ii) PickQ and QPick (2 marks)
d) In a simulation model, cycle times were measured and collected then fitted to a
distribution using the input analyzer. The distribution shown was found to be the best fit.

Page 1 of 7
 i) What is the function of the input analyzer in Simulation modelling. (2 marks)
ii) Interpret the above results. (4 marks)
QUESTION TWO. (20 MARKS)

We are modelling five hydraulic systems which undergo condition monitoring as the main
condition based maintenance strategy. Condition monitoring is done on the hydraulic fluid,
which now and then after an average of 150 hours is sampled and analyzed. The plant has five
technicians involved in maintenance hence, each is assigned to a system. After normal operation,
the fluid is sampled and tested by the available three diagnosticians who take a minimum of
1hour and maximum of 3hours.On inspection/diagnosis, the hydraulic fluid can either be okay
hence machine will require only some adjustments lasting an average of 1 hour. The system may
require hydraulic fluid change or top up which takes a minimum of 2 hours and maximum
5hours or further condition monitoring using a thermography which will take an average of
3hours. The final option is vibration analysis which may take an average of 5hours. The
Page 2 of 7
approximate distribution of the fluid states is 40% okay, 20% requiring hydraulic fluid change or
top-up, 20% thermography. After checking the conditions, system undergoes repair or
adjustment, where the system checked by thermography will require a minimum of 1.5, average
of 4 and maximum of 6.5 hours while for vibration analysis minimum of 2, average of 5 and
maximum of 8 hours. After the repair/adjustment, the machines will run back under normal
operations. Further assume that each of these five systems has a dedicated technician.

(a) Why are the half widths for sieve vibration analyser.Queue.WaitingTime indicated
“Corr” and Start process.Queue.WaitingTime “Insuf”? Explain why. (4 marks)
i) “Insuf”

ii) “Corr”
Page 3 of 7
(b) Can we trust these results? Explain why and how they results could be improved. (4
marks)
(c) The illustrated siman report was generated after using 50 replications on the same model.
Compare these results with the previous results. Do they match? If not, why? (2 marks)

(d) Do we consider this model as terminating or steady state simulation? Explain (4 marks)
(e) The maintenance team addressed some shortcomings and now would like to run the
systems for 200 hours before sampling is done and repair/adjustment after vibration
analysis will take a minimum of 1 hour and maximum of 3 hours, while for thermography
and average of 3hours. The performance measure of interest is percent maintenance time
for the five systems. The simulation was adjusted to have a new scenario B both using 50
replications. The results were analyzed using the output analyzer as below.

Page 4 of 7
 i) Explain what is being done here without interpreting the results (4 marks)
ii) Interpret the results (2 marks)

QUESTION THREE. (20 MARKS)

The model below is a sample mimicking the five systems undergoing the various condition
monitoring techniques.

After presenting the model to the maintenance department, the maintenance manager picked the
model deficiency of a major analysis of the hydraulic fluid. At 5,000 hours, samples are drawn
from each of the five hydraulic systems and sent for comprehensive analysis that involve particle
quantification and ISO cleanliness testing. When one system accumulates 5,000 hours, this
triggers sampling from all the systems, samples are bundled together and sent outside the
country. The logistics and analysis take an average of 20 hours during which the systems are
stopped. After the analysis, the fluid is either changed (Probability of 75%) or continued to be
used. Changing the fluid takes a minimum of 3 hours and maximum of 6hours.

Page 5 of 7
(a) Using the space provided, outline how you would modify the above model to incorporate
the additional information. Which modules will you add and what key parameters will
you ensure are captured. ( 12 marks)
(b) Define box and whiskers and how they are used in Process Analysis. (4 marks)

(c) In the previous question, the maintenance engineer sought to compare different scenarios
using the Process analyzer. The exercise involved incorporating the controls and response
as below with the results as below.

i) Interpret the results as shown (2 marks)

ii) The process analysis was done and the below box and whiskers representation was
attained. Interpret the results (2 marks)

Page 6 of 7
Page 7 of 7
 DEDAN KIMATHI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
UNIVERSITY SPECIAL/SUPPLEMENTARY EXAMINATIONS 2017/2018
FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN GEOTHERMAL TECHNOLOGY
EIE 4120: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

DATE: 13TH OCTOBER 2017 TIME: 02.00-04.00 P.M

INSTRUCTIONS: Attempt ALL Questions

QUESTION ONE (10 MARKS)

a) Define research (2 Marks)

b) Briefly explain the research process (5 Marks)
c) Differentiate between qualitative and quantitative research (3 Marks)

QUESTION TWO (10 MARKS)

a) Define a variable (1 Marks)
b) Literature review is important in accumulating pertinent knowledge and information in
your area of research. However for your write up to build into a logical story, you have to
structure your literature review to different sections. Discuss these sections briefly.
(5 Marks)
c) Kimenju was asked to write a term paper on scaling and corrosion in Geochemistry
Exploration unit. However a similar assignment had been given to the class in the
previous semester in Scaling and Corrosion unit. Excited Kimenju copied most of the
work he had done the previous semester. The lecturer however penalized John for doing
this and there was an argument between them. Kimenju could not understand why
copying from his work was a problem since he is still the one who did it. Identify and
explain the crime he had committed as he was furious and couldn’t listen to the
explanation the lecturer gave. (2 Marks)
d) Explain why empiricism is a better source of knowledge compared to personal
experience. (2 Marks)

QUESTION THREE (10 MARKS)

a) Discuss in detail the methodology of sampling (8 Marks)
b) Why is probability sampling preferred over non-probability sampling? (2 Marks)

QUESTION FOUR (10 MARKS)

a) Discuss two precautions to be taken in interpreting data (2 Marks)

1
b) You have used the following source of information for your literature review. Make a
reference on each of the following using the American Psychological Association (APA)
Format (2 Marks)

Book: P. Kundur, Power System Stability and Control. New York: McGraw-Hill,
1994

Journal Article: L. Gyugyi, Power electronics in electric utilities: static var

compensators, IEEE
, vol.76, No. 4, pp. 483-494, April 1988

c) Discuss the basic principles of tabulation (6 Marks)

2
 DEDAN KIMATHI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

University Examinations 2017/2018

FIRST YEAR SECOND SEMESTER EXAMINATION FOR THE DEGREE OF

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT

EIE 4113 PROJECT MANAGEMENT

DATE: AUGUST 2017 TIME: 3 HOURS

INSTRUCTIONS
1. This paper contains FOUR questions.
2. QUESTION 1 is COMPULSORY. Answer QUESTION 1 and any other two
questions.

QUESTION 1 - COMPULSORY (40 Marks)

(a) (i) Define the term project management and state any six important characteristics of
projects.
(ii) Explain in detail, the terminology management-by-projects.
(10 Marks)
(b) With the aid of a detailed sketch, show the typical cost and staffing levels accross a
project life cycle and explain the trend.
(5 Marks)
(c) With regard to network scheduling, define the following terminologies.
(i) Activity
(ii) Network
(iii) Activity on the node
(iv) Activity on the arrow
(4 Marks)
(d) Table 1 shows the project activity time and precedences. Using the table, generate a
table of expected activity times and respective standard deviations.
(6 marks)
(e) Table 2 shows details of Mkali project whose indirect cost is Sh. 400 per day. The
corresponding Figure 1(e) shows the network diagram for the project. The normal and
crash times for various activities are as shown.
(i) State the critical path and the normal duration for the project.
(ii) Determine the minimum project cost.
(15 Marks)

Page 1 of 4
 QUESTION 2 – (30 Marks)

(a) (i) Differentiate between a deliverable and a milestone as used in project

management.
(ii) When and how is subcontracting advantageous in projects.
(iii) Explain how change in business need affects a project.
(6 Marks)
(b) (i) Even if the scope of a project has been satisfied, the project may not be a success.
Explain three other basic objectives that must be traded off.
(ii) Explain how organization structure influences on project management.
(6 Marks)
(c) Sometimes projects are located in one of the functional divisions of the organization. At
other times, a pure project organization system is adopted.
(i) With the aid of organizational sketches, clearly differentiate between these two
structures.
(ii) Explain four disadvantages of each structure.
(13 Marks)
(d) Give a summary of five differences between a functional manager and a project
manager
(5 marks)

QUESTION 3 – (30 Marks)

(a) (i) Define a Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) and give three goals for developing it.
(ii) What are the functions of WBS dictionary within WBS?
(6 Marks)
(b) Differentiate between deliverable-oriented and process-centered WBS and explain two
key characteristics of each type.
(6 Marks)
(c) (i) In a paragraph, explain the key differences between CPM and PERT as project
scheduling techniques.
(ii) Briefly explain critical chain scheduling technique. When is it used and what is its
key advantage.
(6 marks)
(d) (i) Explain to some detail, the need for budgeting and cost estimation in project
management.
(ii) There are two fundamentally different strategies for data gathering in budgeting
and cost estimation: Top-down and Bottom-up. Clearly differentiate between the
two and give three advantages of each strategy.
(12 Marks)

QUESTION 4 - (30 Marks)

(a) (i) State any five principles of motoring in project management.

(ii) Differentiate between the two levels of monitoring.
(8 Marks)
(b) (i) List any six objectives of project evaluation.
(ii) Clearly differentiate between process and impact evaluation and state their
purposes.
(8 Marks)

Page 2 of 4
(c) (i) What are some of the specific questions that should be answered when writing
project objectives?
(ii) What do you understand by success measurements in project planning?
(4 Marks)
(d)
With regard to the project charter, what are the roles and specific responsibilities of the
following persons.
(i) Sponsor
(ii) Project manager
(iii) Team leader
(iv) Customer
(v) Subject matter expert
(10 Marks)

TABLES AND FIGURES

Table 1: Project Activity Time and Precedences

Table 2: Details of Mkali Project

Task Immediate Normal Crash

predecessor Time Cost Time Cost
(weeks) (Sh. 000) (weeks) (Sh. 000)
A None 10 20 7 30
B None 8 15 6 20
C B 5 8 4 14
D B 6 11 4 15
E B 8 9 5 15
F E 5 5 4 8
G A, D, C 12 3 8 4

Page 3 of 4
 Figure Q. 1(e)

END!!

Page 4 of 4
 Dedan Kimathi University of Technology

University Examinations 2015/2016

SUPPLEMENTARY EXAMINATION FOR DEGREE OF

MASTERS OF SCIENCE IN INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT

EIE 4108: MAINTENANCE ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT

DATE: 24TH MARCH 2016 TIME: 10.00AM – 1.00PM

INSTRUCTIONS

1. The exam has TWO sections

2. Section A is Compulsory
3. Choose ONE questions ONLY from section B

SECTION A: COMPULSORY

Q1. (20Mks)

a). Define what is maintenance? And briefly discuss FOUR (4) objectives of maintenance (4Mks)

b). Discuss FIVE (5) maintenance policies and give example in each. (4Mks)

c). Explain with example, at least FOUR (4) techniques used in predictive maintenance (4Mks)

d). what is FTA and key steps in FTA analysis. (4Mks)

e). Briefly discuss renewal theory and outline the TWO policies used in renewal theory. (4Mks)

Q2. (20Mks)

a). Briefly explain RCM concept and State the key seven questions that are asked in the RCM analysis

(5Mks)
Page 1 of 5
 b). Light and bright Company has three fairly similar departments making dye additives for the textile
industry. Currently there is an on-going discussion concerning the optimum maintenance policy for pump
type ZB83, a pump type used in all three departments. Two of the departments, for about 10 years now,
use a preventive maintenance policy with an interval of 20 weeks for their 4, and 6 pumps respectively.
They are very satisfied with the current PM frequency. The third department, with 10 pumps, uses the
same policy but is not happy with it. Two years ago they skipped a preventive maintenance campaign due
to budgetary restrictions and they did not encounter many problems until the 26th week: 1 pump failed in
week 26, 2 in week 29, 2 in week 34 and 3 in week 39. They suggest to change the PM frequency from 20
to 30 weeks.

The maintenance manager who coordinates the maintenance activities of the three departments is willing
to consider this suggestion. He collected some further information: from the records on 400 pump cyli
(while using a PM frequency of 20 weeks). Only 10 cycles were ended because of a pump failure: 1 after
5 weeks, 2 after 10 weeks, 4 after 15 weeks and 3 after 18 weeks. Costs for a PM are 8000 euro. For CM
interventions there is an additional cost of 2000 euro in 60% of the cases and of 4000 euro in 40% of the
cases.

Is it a good idea to switch from 20 to 30 weeks? Make an estimate of the yearly cost difference. (15Mks)

SECTION B: CHOOSE ONE QUESTION ONLY

Q3. (20Mks)

a). Explain at least THREE (3) maintenance concept (4Mks)

b). A manufacturer of electronics systems wishes to estimate the expected warranty cost of a new
customized system in order to decide, whether or not to invest in further reliability or maintainability
projects before releasing the product to the market. The client, for whom this system is developed, will
install 250 units at once. The warranty policy of the systems covers all repair cost during the first 3 years
of operations. The system is expected to operate 24 h/day. Based on current design and reliability testing
of the individual assemblies ‘’A’’ and ‘’B’’ the following maintainability and reliability data is estimated
and summarized (see table). Furthermore, the reliability block diagram of the system is also represented
in the figure. You can assume constant failures rates (CFR) failures and that repair times are independent
for both assemblies.

assembly MTBF [hrs] MTTR

[hrs]
A B
A 75000 12
B 45000 12
The system is designed to operate under a ‘’maintenance free’’ strategy with the five nines (99.999%)
availability target. Only in case of failures, corrective maintenance interventions are triggered. Every time
Page 2 of 5
a failure occurs a fixed travelling cost (C set-up) of 100€ is charged to mobilize a special team of two
technician costs (C labour) 30€ per hour. Furthermore, the total average cost of repair parts (C spares) depends
on the assembly that needs to be repaired. If the failure is caused by assembly "A" one would expect an
average cost of 250€ in spares. In case of assembly "B" 100€ on spares is estimated. The manufactures
uses the following expression to calculate the total warranty cost:

In order to reduce warranty cost, the manufacturer believes that one of the following two improvements is
possible:
a) Increase the reliability of the system by 20% increase of the MTBF using components of higher
quality.
b) Increase the maintainability of the system by 30% decrease of the MTTR. This is attained with
the combination of better diagnostics tools to assist the technicians and through the
implementation of quick- release fasteners for fast (dis) assembly.
You have been hired as maintenance engineer to recommend on the best course of action. You are
specifically asked the following:
Questions
1. What is the current (prior any improvement project) design reliability of the systems during the
warranty period? (3Mks)
2. Does the current availability meet the target (99,999%)? (3Mks)
3. What is the average cost per failure of spare parts during the warranty period? (4Mks)
4. If the manufacturer has a limited budget of 40.000€ to invest only in ONE of the two
improvement projects, which option would you recommend? Why? (6Mks)

Q4. (20Mks)

a). Briefly explain the bath-tube curve for equipment failure, explaining the failure distribution in each
phase. (4Mks)

b). A transporting company wants to determine its tires replacement policy for their 18 tires-wheeler
truck. It is known that tires that fail in service result in significantly higher replacement cost than those
replaced before failure. This is due to penalties from the customers due to delays and other overhead costs
experienced when the tire fails in service. A tire burst on the road costs $300 per failure. The replacement
cost per tire is $75 if all the 18 tires are replaced prior to failure.

The company has done a survey on the probability of tire failure with respect to the number of miles
travelled by the truck. The probability of failure is shown in the table below.

Page 3 of 5
 Period Number of Miles Probability of failure
1 0 - 5,000 0.05
2 5,001 - 10,000 0.15
3 10,001 - 15,000 0.20
4 15,001 - 20,000 0.40
5 20,001 - 25,000 0.20
The tires that fail in a period are replaced in the same period. The company is currently considering two
options. First, to determine the optimal replacement age (period) of all tires or second, replace tires as
they fail.

Questions
(a). What is the optimal replacement period of the tires and the total cost incurred at this period? (8Mks)

(b). What is the cost of replacing the tires as they fail? (4Mks)

(c). What optimal policy should the company adopt? (4Mks)

Q5. (20Mks)

a) What is RPN and which parameter of RPN are used in reliability assessment? (4Mks)

b) The Ever-alert Helicopter manufacturing company has a satisfactory preventive maintenance system. It
has installed a new Hot Air Generator based on electricity instead fuel oil for flying its clients. The hot
Air Generator requires periodic shutdown for maintenance. If the shutdown is scheduled yearly, the cost
of the maintenance will be as follows:

MAINTENANCE COST (KSH) PROBABILITY

150,000 0.30
200,000 0.40
250,000 0.30

The costs are expected to be almost linear, i.e. if the shutdown is scheduled twice a year the maintenance
cost will be double. There is no previous experience regarding the time taken between breakdowns.

Cost associated with breakdown will vary depending upon periodicity of maintenance. The probability
distribution of breakdown costs is estimated as follows:

Page 4 of 5
BREKEDOWN COSTS SHUTDOWN SHUTDOWN
PER ANNUM (KSH) ONCE A YEAR TWICE A YEAR
750,000 0.2 0.5
800,000 0.5 0.3
1,000,000 0.3 0.2

REQUIRED

Using the following random numbers, simulate total costs of maintenance and breakdown costs and
recommend whether shutdown should be done once a year or twice a year. (16Mks)

MAINTENANCE COST RANDOM NUMBERS – ONCE A YEAR BASIS

YEAR 1 2 3 4 5
RANDOM 25 44 22 32 97
NUMBERS

BREAKDOWN COST RANDOM NUMBERS - ONCE A YEAR BASIS

YEAR 1 2 3 4 5
RANDOM 03 50 73 87 59
NUMBERS

MAINTENANCE COST RANDOM NUMBERS –TWICE A YEAR BASIS

YEAR 1 2 3 4 5
RANDOM 42 04 82 32 91
NUMBERS

BREAKDOWN COST RANDOM NUMBERS - TWICE A YEAR BASIS

YEAR 1 2 3 4 5
RANDOM 54 65 49 03 56
NUMBERS

Page 5 of 5
 DEDAN KIMATHI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
University Examinations 2015/2016

SUPPLEMENTARY/SPECIAL EXAMINATION FOR THE DEGREE OF THE

MASTERS OF SCIENCE IN INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT /
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGY

EIE 4120: RESEARCH THEORY & METHODOLOGY

DATE:21ST MARCH 2016 TIME: 2.00PM – 5.00PM

INSTRUCTIONS
This paper contains FIVE (5) questions.

1. Question ONE (1) is compulsory.

2. Answer Question ONE (1) and attempt ONE (1) question from SECTION A and ONE
(1) question from SECTION B
3. Each Question carries 20 MARKS.

Page 1 of 3
QUESTION 1 [20 MARKS]
.
A. Box-Behnken designs were introduced in order to limit the sample size as the number of
parameters grows. Interpret the Box Behnken experimental design for k = 3 in the
Fig.1.QUESTION 1 A. [8 MARKS]

Fig.1.QUESTION 1 A
B. With aid of the statistical analysis and linear model, differentiate between completely
randomized design and randomized block design. [12 MARKS]

SECTION A

QUESTION 2 [20 MARKS]

A. A researcher must be sure that the data gathering instrument being used will measure
what it is supposed to measure and will do this in a consistent manner. With the aid of
example, discuss three basic approaches to the validity of tests. [8 MARKS]

B. Examine the following experimental values on the output due to four (4) different
training methods A, B, C, and D (Table 1 QUESTION 2B) for sales persons and find
out whether there is any significant difference in the training methods. [12 MARKS]
. .

Table 1 QUESTION 1B

Page 2 of 3
QUESTION 3 [10 MARKS]

A. Discuss the concepts of the following categories research designs and give the
considerations of the research design suitable for a specific research problem.
[12 MARKS]

(i) Exploratory research design

(ii) Descriptive and diagnosis research design
(iii) Hypothesis-testing research design

B. Research hypothesis must be capable of being tested using scientific methods that involve
independent and dependent variables. Discuss the characteristic features of the
hypothesis. [8 MARKS]

SECTION B

QUESTION 4 [10 MARKS]

A. Discuss the key sections in the Quantitative Research Checklist for study to be published
in a peer reviewed journal. [10 MARKS].

B. In the structure and components of research report, various frameworks can be used
depending on the content of the report, but generally the same rules apply. With the aid of
well labelled table discuss IMRaD framework. [10 MARKS]

QUESTION 5 [20 MARKS]

A. The reliability of a research instrument concerns the extent to which the instrument yields
the same results on repeated trials. Differentiate between, the split-halves method and
internal consistency method. [8 MARKS]

B. When changes in the values of a variable affect the values of another variable, we say
that there is a correction between the two variables. With the aid of the well labelled
diagram, discuss the principle of least square. [12 MARKS]

Good luck!!

Page 3 of 3
 DEDAN KIMATHI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
University Examinations 2015/2016
EXAMINATION FOR THE DEGREE OF THE MASTERS OF SCIENCE IN
/
INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
TECHNOLOGY
EIE 4120: RESEARCH THEORY & METHODOLOGY
DATE: 12TH SEPTEMBER 2015 TIME: 11.00AM-2.00PM

INSTRUCTIONS

1. This paper contains FIVE (5) questions.

2. Question ONE (1) is compulsory.
3. Answer Question ONE (1) and attempt ONE (1) question from SECTION A and ONE
(1) question from SECTION B
4. Question ONE (1) carries 20 MARKS, the rest carry 10 MARKS each.

1
QUESTION 1 [20 MARKS]

A. With aid of the statistic analysis and linear model, differentiate between
completely randomized design and randomized block design. [8 MARKS]

B. Examine the following experimental values on the output due to four (4) different
training methods A, B, C, and D (Table 1 QUESTION 1C) for sales persons and
find out whether there is any significant difference in the training methods. .
. [12 MARKS]

Table 1 QUESTION 1C

SECTION A

QUESTION 2 [10 MARKS]

A. Discuss the concepts of the following categories research designs and give the
considerations of the research design suitable for a specific research problem.
[6 MARKS]
(i) Exploratory research design
(ii) Descriptive and diagnosis research design
(iii) Hypothesis-testing research design

B. Research hypothesis must be capable of being tested using scientific methods that involve
independent and dependent variables. Discuss the characteristic features of the
hypothesis. [4 MARKS]

QUESTION 3 [10 MARKS]

A. When changes in the values of a variable affect the values of another variable, we say
that there is a correction between the two variables. With the aid of the well labelled
diagram, discuss the principle of least square. [4 MARKS]

2
 B. In the structure and components of research report, various frameworks can be used
depending on the content of the report, but generally the same rules apply. With the aid of
well labelled table discuss IMRaD framework. [6 MARKS]

SECTION B

QUESTION 4 [10 MARKS]

A. A researcher must be sure that the data gathering instrument being used will measure
what it is supposed to measure and will do this in a consistent manner. With the aid of
example, discuss three basic approaches to the validity of tests. [6 MARKS]
.
B. Box-Behnken designs were introduced in order to limit the sample size as the number of
parameters grows. Interpret the Box Behnken experimental design for k = 3 in the
Fig.1.QUESTION 4 B. [4 MARKS]

Fig.1.QUESTION 4 B

QUESTION 5 [10 MARKS]

A. The reliability of a research instrument concerns the extent to which the instrument yields
the same results on repeated trials. Differentiate between, the split-halves method and
internal consistency method. [4 MARKS]

B. Discuss the key sections in the Quantitative Research Checklist for study to be published
in a peer reviewed journal. [6 MARKS].
Good luck!!

3
 DEDAN KIMATHI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS 2016/2017 ACADEMIC YEAR

FIRST YEAR SECOND SEMESTER EXAMINATION FOR DEGREE OF

MASTERS OF SCIENCE IN INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT

EIE 4108: MAINTENANCE ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT

DATE: 18TH APRIL 2017 TIME: 8.00 AM – 11.00 AM

INSTRUCTIONS

1. The exam has TWO sections

2. Section A is Compulsory, attempt the two questions given
3. Choose ONE questions ONLY from section B

SECTION A: COMPULSORY

Q1.(20Mks)

a). Briefly discuss renewal theory and outline the TWO policies used in renewal theory with the
formulae used in each policy. (5Mks)

b). Textile Chemical Company LTD has three fairly similar departments making dye additives
for the textile industry. Currently there is an on-going discussion concerning the optimum
maintenance policy for pump type ZB83, a pump type used in all three departments. Two of the
departments, for about 10 years now, use a preventive maintenance policy with an interval of 20
weeks for their 4, and 6 pumps respectively. They are very satisfied with the current PM
frequency. The third department, with 10 pumps, uses the same policy but is not happy with it.
Two years ago they skipped a preventive maintenance campaign due to budgetary restrictions
and they did not encounter many problems until the 26th week: 1 pump failed in week 26, 2 in
week 29, 2 in week 34 and 3 in week 39. They suggest to change the PM frequency from 20 to
30 weeks.
The maintenance manager who coordinates the maintenance activities of the three departments is
willing to consider this suggestion. He collected some further information: from the records on
400 pump cycles (while using a PM frequency of 20 weeks). Only 10 cycles were ended because
of a pump failure: 1 after 5 weeks, 2 after 10 weeks, 4 after 15 weeks and 3 after 18 weeks. Costs
for a PM are 8000 euro. For CM interventions there is an additional cost of 2000 euro in 60% of
the cases and of 4000 euro in 40% of the cases.

Page 1 of 6
Is it a good idea to switch from 20 to 30 weeks? Make an estimate of the yearly cost difference.
(15Mks)

Q2. (20Mks)

a) Briefly explain RCM concept and State the key seven questions that are asked in the
RCM analysis (5Mks)

b) Briefly discuss FOUR (4) objectives of maintenance (4Mks)

c) With the use of a Diagram, explain the FMEA tool used in system reliability studies.
(4Mks)

d) What is FTA and key steps in FTA analysis? (3Mks)

e) The system shown in the diagram below is a critical installation in a chemical processing
plant and pumps some key ingredients into the reactor for product processing. Its failure
literally stops the operation of the whole industry. Develop a Fault Tree Diagram to help
troubleshoot the lack of chemical flow from the system. (5Mks)

SECTION B: ATTEMPT ONE QUESTION ONLY

Q3.(20Mks)
a).Explain at least THREE (3) maintenance concept (4Mks)
b). A manufacturer of electronics systems wishes to estimate the expected warranty cost of a new
customized system in order to decide, whether or not to invest in further reliability or
maintainability projects before releasing the product to the market. The client, for whom this
system is developed, will install 250 units at once. The warranty policy of the systems covers all
repair cost during the first 3 years of operations. The system is expected to operate 24 h/day.
Based on current design and reliability testing of the individual assemblies ‘’A’’ and ‘’B’’ the
following maintainability and reliability data is estimated and summarized (see table).
Furthermore, the reliability block diagram of the system is also represented in the figure. You

Page 2 of 6
can assume constant failures rates (CFR) failures and that repair times are independent for both
assemblies.

assembly MTBF [hrs] MTTR

[hrs]
A B
A 75000 12
B 45000 12
The system is designed to operate under a ‘’maintenance free’’ strategy with the five nines
(99.999%) availability target. Only in case of failures, corrective maintenance interventions are
triggered. Every time a failure occurs a fixed travelling cost (C set-up) of 100€ is charged to
mobilize a special team of two technician costs (C labour) 30€ per hour. Furthermore, the total
average cost of repair parts (C spares) depends on the assembly that needs to be repaired. If the
failure is caused by assembly "A" one would expect an average cost of 250€ in spares. In case of
assembly "B" 100€ on spares is estimated. The manufactures uses the following expression to
calculate the total warranty cost:

In order to reduce warranty cost, the manufacturer believes that one of the following two
improvements is possible:
a) Increase the reliability of the system by 20% increase of the MTBF using components of
higher quality.
b) Increase the maintainability of the system by 30% decrease of the MTTR. This is attained
with the combination of better diagnostics tools to assist the technicians and through the
implementation of quick- release fasteners for fast (dis) assembly.
You have been hired as maintenance engineer to recommend on the best course of action. You
are specifically asked the following:
Questions
1. What is the current (prior any improvement project) design reliability of the systems
during the warranty period? (3Mks)
2. Does the current availability meet the target (99,999%)? (3Mks)
3. What is the average cost per failure of spare parts during the warranty period? (4Mks)
4. If the manufacturer has a limited budget of 40.000€ to invest only in ONE of the two
improvement projects, which option would you recommend? Why? (6Mks)

Page 3 of 6
Q4. (20Mks)
a). Briefly explain the bath-tube curve for equipment failure, explaining the failure distribution in
each phase. (4Mks)
c). A Pharmaceutical company is making a special type of drug that is on high demand. To
maximize on availability of the production plant, they have adopted a production layout as
shown in the figure below. The arrows indicate the production flow in the given 7 workstations.
The production process runs around the clock, 24 hours per day, 7 days per week and has a
planning horizon of 365 days per year. The production rate is 40 pieces/minute and each piece
has a profit of $2 per drug. Planned shutdown maintenance of 3 weeks is carried out every year
and during this period nothing is produced. Through the year regular planned preventive
maintenance consumes 4% of yearly production time. The plant is also known to loose 6% of the
operating time due to speed losses and minor stoppages.

2 3
40 Pcs/min
1 4 7

5 6

Based on the historical data, the following characteristics for the 7 stations have been obtained.
Station MTBF (Hrs) MTTR (Hrs)
1 58 2.5
2 35 2
3 28 2.8
4 32 3
5 30 2
6 40 4
7 52 2.4
Additionally some of the production output does not meet the quality specifications and has to be
scrapped. Production stops due to machine failures are known to be the source of quality
problems. Based on the historical data, a positive correlation between the overall Availability
A(%) and good quality production yield Y(%) has been established as Y=67 + 0.3A.

Page 4 of 6
Questions
(a) Calculate the overall Availability (A) of the plant and the Overall plant effectiveness
(OEE). (7Mks)
(b) An investment of $500.000 is needed to increase the overall Availability (A) by 5%.
Would you advice the plant to undertake the investment? What would be the increase in
the OEE after the investment? (7Mks)

Q5. (20Mks)
a) What is RPN and which parameter of RPN are used in reliability assessment? (4Mks)
b) The Ever-alert Helicopter manufacturing company has a satisfactory preventive maintenance
system. It has installed a new Hot Air Generator based on electricity instead fuel oil for flying its
clients. The hot Air Generator requires periodic shutdown for maintenance. If the shutdown is
scheduled yearly, the cost of the maintenance will be as follows:
MAINTENANCE COST (KSH) PROBABILITY
150,000 0.30
200,000 0.40
250,000 0.30

The costs are expected to be almost linear, i.e. if the shutdown is scheduled twice a year the
maintenance cost will be double. There is no previous experience regarding the time taken
between breakdowns.
Cost associated with breakdown will vary depending upon periodicity of maintenance. The
probability distribution of breakdown costs is estimated as follows:
BREKEDOWN COSTS SHUTDOWN SHUTDOWN
PER ANNUM (KSH) ONCE A YEAR TWICE A YEAR
750,000 0.2 0.5
800,000 0.5 0.3
1,000,000 0.3 0.2

Page 5 of 6
REQUIRED

Using the following random numbers, simulate total costs of maintenance and breakdown costs
and recommend whether shutdown should be done once a year or twice a year.(16Mks)

MAINTENANCE COST RANDOM NUMBERS – ONCE A YEAR BASIS

YEAR 1 2 3 4 5
RANDOM 25 44 22 32 97
NUMBERS

BREAKDOWN COST RANDOM NUMBERS- ONCE A YEAR BASIS

YEAR 1 2 3 4 5
RANDOM 03 50 73 87 59
NUMBERS

MAINTENANCE COST RANDOM NUMBERS –TWICE A YEAR BASIS

YEAR 1 2 3 4 5
RANDOM 42 04 82 32 91
NUMBERS

BREAKDOWN COST RANDOM NUMBERS - TWICE A YEAR BASIS

YEAR 1 2 3 4 5
RANDOM 54 65 49 03 56
NUMBERS

Page 6 of 6
 DEDAN KIMATHI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
University Examinations 2015/2016

EXAMINATION FOR THE DEGREE OF THE MASTERS OF SCIENCE IN

INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT GEOTHERMAL ENERGY /
TECHNOLOGY

EIE 4120: RESEARCH THEORY & METHODOLOGY

DATE: 16TH APRIL 2016 TIME:9.00AM – 12.NOON

INSTRUCTIONS

1. This paper contains FIVE (5) questions.

2. You are required to attempt THREE (3) questions for this paper
3. Question ONE (1) is compulsory.
4. Answer Question ONE (1) and attempt ONE (1) question from SECTION A and ONE
(1) question from SECTION B
5. Each Question carries 20 MARKS.

1
QUESTION 1 [20 MARKS]
This Question is Compulsory
A. Assume - Two inputs X and Y and one output F, interpret the Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy
Inference Systems (ANFIS) architecture shown in Fig.1.QUESTION 1 A. [10 Marks]

Fig.1.QUESTION 1 A

B. With aid of well lebelled diagrams, differentiate between ANFIS architecture using the
Sugeno and ANFIS architecture using the Tsukamoto fuzzy model. [6 Marks]

C. Discuss the four (4) ways Neuro-Fuzzy system differs from Neural Network (NN) in the
Design of experiment (DoE). [4 Marks]

SECTION A

Attempt ONE question from this section

QUESTION 2 [20 MARKS]

A. Box-Behnken designs were introduced in order to limit the sample size as the number of
parameters grows. Interpret the Box Behnken experimental design for k = 3 in Figure .2
[6 Marks]

2
 Figure 2 (for Question 2A)

B. With aid of the statistical analysis and linear model, differentiate between completely
randomized design and randomized block design. [8 Marks]

C. In the structure and components of research report, various frameworks can be used
depending on the content of the report, but generally the same rules apply. With the aid of
well labelled table discuss IMRaD framework. [6 Marks]

QUESTION 3 [20 MARKS]

A. A researcher must be sure that the data gathering instrument being used will measure
what it is supposed to measure and will do this in a consistent manner. With the aid of
example, discuss three basic approaches to the validity of tests. [8 MARKS]

B. Examine the following experimental values on the output due to four (4) different
training methods A, B, C, and D (see Table 1) for sales persons and find out whether
there is any significant difference in the training methods. [12 MARKS

Table 1 (for Question1B)

3
SECTION B

Attempt ONE question from this section

QUESTION 4 [20 MARKS]

A. Discuss the concepts of the following categories research designs and give the
considerations of the research design suitable for a specific research problem.
[6 Marks]

(i) Exploratory research design

(ii) Descriptive and diagnosis research design
(iii) Hypothesis-testing research design

B. Research hypothesis must be capable of being tested using scientific methods that involve
independent and dependent variables. Discuss the characteristic features of the
hypothesis. [8 Marks]

C. Discuss the key sections in the Quantitative Research Checklist for study to be published
in a peer reviewed journal. [6 Marks].

QUESTION 5 [20 MARKS]

A. The reliability of a research instrument concerns the extent to which the instrument yields
the same results on repeated trials. Differentiate between, the split-halves method and
internal consistency method. [6 Marks]

B. When changes in the values of a variable affect the values of another variable, we say
that there is a correction between the two variables. With the aid of the well labelled
diagram, discuss the principle of least square. [ 8 Marks]

C. From main uses of design of experiments, differentiate between the followings:

[6 Marks]
 Discovering interactions among factors and Screening many factors
 Evolutionary operations (EVOP) and Designing robust products

Good luck!!

4
 DEDAN KIMATHI UNIVERSITY OF TECTHNOLOGY

UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS 2015/2016

EXAMINATIONS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE (INDUSTRIAL

ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT)

EIE 4118: SIMULATIONAND MODELING

DATE: 1ST SEPTEMBER 2015 TIME: 2.00PM-5.00PM

Instructions

This examination consists of Five Questions.

Answer Question ONE (1) and any other TWO (2) Questions

1. a) i) State the TWO classifications of Simulations (1 mark)

ii) State THREE types of models (3 marks)

b) Define Simulation (2 marks)

c) State four reasons that motivate application of simulation and modeling in
manufacturing (4 marks)
d) OutlineSeven Flow chart modules in Arena (14 marks)
e) Write short notes on the following (6 marks)
i) Static Vs Dynamic Simulation
ii) Continuous Vs Discrete Simulation
iii) Deterministic Vs Stochastic simulation

SECTION B

Answer any TWO (2) questions from this section

2. a) Clearly describe the steps taken for a discrete event simulation (12 marks)
 b) Outline three objectives of a logistics network management (3 marks)
3. a) Outline clearly TEN (10) benefits of using simulation (10 marks)
b) Outline Five fundamental principles of simulation (5 marks)
4. Mzalendo Engineering works has offered to produce customized door plates for Umoja
holdings. The key processes involved include: (15 marks)
i) Arrival of raw material
ii) Parting
iii) Machining
iv) Engraving
v) Cleaning
vi) Packaging
vii) Dispatching to Umoja holdings

Outline how you would systematically set up an arena simulation for this process.

5. With respect to Arena simulation software outline the following modules (15 marks)
i) Create
ii) Process
iii) Batch
iv) Decide
v) Entity
vi) Resource
vii) schedule
 DEDAN KIMATHI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
University Examinations 2015/2016 Academic Year

FIRST YEAR EXAMINATION FOR DEGREE OF MASTERS OF SCIENCE IN

INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT

EIE 4113: PROJECT MANAGEMENT

DATE: 18TH DECEMBER, 2015 TIME: 9.00 AM – 12.00 N00N

INSTRUCTIONS
1. This paper contains FIVE questions
2. Question 1 carries 30 marks, while the other questions carry 15 marks each.
3. Answer Question 1 and any other TWO questions

Section I: Question ONE is Compulsory

1. a) Define project and list common attributes present in all projects (5 marks)
b) Differentiate between PERT and CPM (6 marks)
c) Write short notes on the following
i. Timebound project
ii. Cost bound project
iii. Performance bound project
iv. Safety bound project (4 marks)

d) A small maintenance project consists of the jobs as outlined in the table below

i. Determine the critical path

ii. Duration of the project
iii. Determine the cost of the project
iv. Determine the total cost of crashing the project by 2days (15 marks)

Page 1 of 3
 Job Normal Normal Minimum Incremental
i j duration cost (crash) duration cost ksh/day
1 2 9 18,000 6 1,600
1 3 8 10,000 5 1,800
1 4 15 25,100 10 3,500
2 4 5 8,000 3 1,200
3 4 10 10,000 6 1,000
4 5 2 12,000 1 4,000

Section II: Answer any TWO Questions from this section

2. In a project management there are various risks involved. It is the mandate of the project
manager to identify, determine or minimize risks in a project undertaking. Identify and
outline the various stages involved in risk management (20 marks)

3. a) Outline the key elements that constitute estimated cost of an activity of a project
(12 marks)
b) Outline THREE approaches applied in planning for quality for project delivery
(8 marks)

4. a) Write short notes on the following

i) Activity
ii) Event
iii) Float (3 marks)

b) An engineering firm has been assigned the task of designing and manufacturing a gear
housing. The major activities as well as their corresponding duration are as indicated in
the table below. Draw a network diagram and determine the duration of the project as
well as the critical path. (17 marks)

Page 2 of 3
 Event Activity Duration (days)
1-2 A 9
1-3 B 12
1-4 C 15
2-5 D 6
3-5 E 30
4-6 F 29
5-6 G 32

5. a) Differentiate between quality control and quality assurance (2 marks)

b) Outline the elements of control (12 marks)
c) Outline the methodology for limited resource challenge (6 marks)

Page 3 of 3
 Dedan Kimathi University of Technology

University Examinations 2014/2015

FIRST YEAR SECOND SEMESTER EXAMINATION FOR DEGREE OF
MASTERS OF SCIENCE IN INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT
EIE 4108: MAINTENANCE ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT

DATE: 14TH APRIL 2015 TIME: 9.00AM-12.00PM

INSTRUCTIONS

1. The exam has TWO sections

2. Section A is Compulsory
3. Choose ONE questions ONLY from section B

SECTION A: COMPULSORY

Q1. (20Mks)

a). Define what is maintenance? And briefly discuss FOUR (4) objectives of maintenance
(4Mks)
b).With the use of a Diagram, explain the FMEA tool used in system reliability studies. (4Mks)
c). what is FTA and key steps in FTA analysis. (3Mks)
d). The system shown in the diagram below is a critical installation in a chemical processing
plant and pumps some key ingredients into the reactor for product processing. Its failure literally
stops the operation of the whole industry. Develop a Fault Tree Diagram to help troubleshoot the
lack of chemical flow from the system. (5Mks)

Page 1 of 6
e). Briefly discuss renewal theory and outline the TWO policies used in renewal theory. (4Mks)
Q2. (20Mks)
a). Briefly explain RCM concept and State the key seven questions that are asked in the RCM
analysis (5Mks)
b). TexChem Company has three fairly similar departments making dye additives for the textile
industry. Currently there is an on-going discussion concerning the optimum maintenance policy
for pump type ZB83, a pump type used in all three departments. Two of the departments, for
about 10 years now, use a preventive maintenance policy with an interval of 20 weeks for their 4,
and 6 pumps respectively. They are very satisfied with the current PM frequency. The third
department, with 10 pumps, uses the same policy but is not happy with it. Two years ago they
skipped a preventive maintenance campaign due to budgetary restrictions and they did not
encounter many problems until the 26th week: 1 pump failed in week 26, 2 in week 29, 2 in week
34 and 3 in week 39. They suggest to change the PM frequency from 20 to 30 weeks.
The maintenance manager who coordinates the maintenance activities of the three departments is
willing to consider this suggestion. He collected some further information: from the records on
400 pump cyli (while using a PM frequency of 20 weeks). Only 10 cycles were ended because of
a pump failure: 1 after 5 weeks, 2 after 10 weeks, 4 after 15 weeks and 3 after 18 weeks. Costs
for a PM are 8000 euro. For CM interventions there is an additional cost of 2000 euro in 60% of
the cases and of 4000 euro in 40% of the cases.
Is it a good idea to switch from 20 to 30 weeks? Make an estimate of the yearly cost difference.
(15Mks)

SECTION B: ATTEMPT ONE QUESTION ONLY

Q3. (20Mks)
a). Explain at least THREE (3) maintenance concept (4Mks)
b). A manufacturer of electronics systems wishes to estimate the expected warranty cost of a
new customized system in order to decide, whether or not to invest in further reliability or
maintainability projects before releasing the product to the market. The client, for whom this
system is developed, will install 250 units at once. The warranty policy of the systems covers all
repair cost during the first 3 years of operations. The system is expected to operate 24 h/day.
Based on current design and reliability testing of the individual assemblies ‘’A’’ and ‘’B’’ the
following maintainability and reliability data is estimated and summarized (see table).
Furthermore, the reliability block diagram of the system is also represented in the figure. You
can assume constant failures rates (CFR) failures and that repair times are independent for both
assemblies.

Page 2 of 6
assembly MTBF [hrs] MTTR
[hrs]
A B
A 75000 12
B 45000 12
The system is designed to operate under a ‘’maintenance free’’ strategy with the five nines
(99.999%) availability target. Only in case of failures, corrective maintenance interventions are
triggered. Every time a failure occurs a fixed travelling cost (C set-up) of 100€ is charged to
mobilize a special team of two technician costs (C labour) 30€ per hour. Furthermore, the total
average cost of repair parts (C spares) depends on the assembly that needs to be repaired. If the
failure is caused by assembly "A" one would expect an average cost of 250€ in spares. In case of
assembly "B" 100€ on spares is estimated. The manufactures uses the following expression to
calculate the total warranty cost:

In order to reduce warranty cost, the manufacturer believes that one of the following two
improvements is possible:
a) Increase the reliability of the system by 20% increase of the MTBF using components of
higher quality.
b) Increase the maintainability of the system by 30% decrease of the MTTR. This is attained
with the combination of better diagnostics tools to assist the technicians and through the
implementation of quick- release fasteners for fast (dis) assembly.
You have been hired as maintenance engineer to recommend on the best course of action. You
are specifically asked the following:
Questions
1. What is the current (prior any improvement project) design reliability of the systems
during the warranty period? (3Mks)
2. Does the current availability meet the target (99,999%)? (3Mks)
3. What is the average cost per failure of spare parts during the warranty period? (4Mks)
4. If the manufacturer has a limited budget of 40.000€ to invest only in ONE of the two
improvement projects, which option would you recommend? Why? (6Mks)

Q4. (20Mks)
a). Briefly explain the bath-tube curve for equipment failure, explaining the failure distribution in
each phase. (4Mks)

Page 3 of 6
c). A Pharmaceutical company is making a special type of drug that is on high demand. To
maximize on availability of the production plant, they have adopted a production layout as
shown in the figure below. The arrows indicate the production flow in the given 7 workstations.
The production process runs around the clock, 24 hours per day, 7 days per week and has a
planning horizon of 365 days per year. The production rate is 40 pieces/minute and each piece
has a profit of $2 per drug. Planned shutdown maintenance of 3 weeks is carried out every year
and during this period nothing is produced. Through the year regular planned preventive
maintenance consumes 4% of yearly production time. The plant is also known to loose 6% of the
operating time due to speed losses and minor stoppages.

2 3
40 Pcs/min
1 4 7

5 6

Based on the historical data, the following characteristics for the 7 stations have been obtained.
Station MTBF (Hrs) MTTR (Hrs)
1 58 2.5
2 35 2
3 28 2.8
4 32 3
5 30 2
6 40 4
7 52 2.4
Additionally some of the production output does not meet the quality specifications and has to be
scrapped. Production stops due to machine failures are known to be the source of quality
problems. Based on the historical data, a positive correlation between the overall Availability
A(%) and good quality production yield Y(%) has been established as Y=67 + 0.3A.
Questions
(a) Calculate the overall Availability (A) of the plant and the Overall plant effectiveness
(OEE). (7Mks)
(b) An investment of $500.000 is needed to increase the overall Availability (A) by 5%.
Would you advice the plant to undertake the investment? What would be the increase in
the OEE after the investment? (7Mks)

Page 4 of 6
Q5. (20Mks)
a) What is RPN and which parameter of RPN are used in reliability assessment? (4Mks)
b) The Ever-alert Helicopter manufacturing company has a satisfactory preventive maintenance
system. It has installed a new Hot Air Generator based on electricity instead fuel oil for flying its
clients. The hot Air Generator requires periodic shutdown for maintenance. If the shutdown is
scheduled yearly, the cost of the maintenance will be as follows:
MAINTENANCE COST (KSH) PROBABILITY
150,000 0.30
200,000 0.40
250,000 0.30

The costs are expected to be almost linear, i.e. if the shutdown is scheduled twice a year the
maintenance cost will be double. There is no previous experience regarding the time taken
between breakdowns.
Cost associated with breakdown will vary depending upon periodicity of maintenance. The
probability distribution of breakdown costs is estimated as follows:
BREKEDOWN COSTS SHUTDOWN SHUTDOWN
PER ANNUM (KSH) ONCE A YEAR TWICE A YEAR
750,000 0.2 0.5
800,000 0.5 0.3
1,000,000 0.3 0.2

REQUIRED

Using the following random numbers, simulate total costs of maintenance and breakdown costs
and recommend whether shutdown should be done once a year or twice a year. (16Mks)

MAINTENANCE COST RANDOM NUMBERS – ONCE A YEAR BASIS

YEAR 1 2 3 4 5
RANDOM 25 44 22 32 97
NUMBERS

BREAKDOWN COST RANDOM NUMBERS - ONCE A YEAR BASIS

YEAR 1 2 3 4 5
RANDOM 03 50 73 87 59
NUMBERS

Page 5 of 6
MAINTENANCE COST RANDOM NUMBERS –TWICE A YEAR BASIS
YEAR 1 2 3 4 5
RANDOM 42 04 82 32 91
NUMBERS

BREAKDOWN COST RANDOM NUMBERS - TWICE A YEAR BASIS

YEAR 1 2 3 4 5
RANDOM 54 65 49 03 56
NUMBERS

Page 6 of 6