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Procedia Engineering 150 (2016) 324 – 329

International Conference on Industrial Engineering, ICIE 2016

Micro Energy Complex Based on Wet-SteamTurbine

N.N. Efimov, V.V. Papin*, R.V. Bezuglov
Platov South-Russian State Polytechnic University (NPI), 132, St. Prosvescheniya, Rostov region, Novocherkassk, 346428, Russia

Abstract

This work is dedicated to the development of the micro energy complex concept based on a wet-steam microturbine and
mixed use of conventional and unconventional energy sources for standalone supply of distributed energy consumer,
adapted to Russia’s climate condition. The development is stipulated by absence of low powered micro energy complexes
(MEC) for standalone individual low rise energy consumers at the power supply market. This article describes the working
out of the energy complex cycle arrangement, the choice of optimal power for a standalone consumer and the development
of wet-steam micro turbine
© 2016
© 2016TheTheAuthors.
Authors. Published
Published by by Elsevier
Elsevier Ltd.Ltd.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of ICIE 2016.
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of ICIE 2016
Keywords : microturbine; energy complex; heat pump; solar collector

1. Introduction.

Previous tendency of single unit power enlargement did not prove its value. Firstly – the costs of heat
pipeline laying and thermal transition paths have grown greatly, secondly – functional loss of a TPP (thermal
power plant), especially in cold regions causes freezing and heat pipeline abruption and cut-off the housing
complexes from space heating and electricity. That induces tendency to decentralized energy supply up to
individual power generation system of combined thermal and electric output. The suggested energy complex
will manage to provide an autonomous consumer with heat and electricity in the optimal ratio for the Russian
Federation. The complex consumes mix of fossil fuel and solar energy and it also can adjust thermal charge
regardless of energy intake.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +7-904-441-06-48.

E-mail address: vladimir_papin@bk.ru

1877-7058 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of ICIE 2016
doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2016.07.022
 N.N. Efimov et al. / Procedia Engineering 150 (2016) 324 – 329 325

Nomenclature

N power of electric complex, kW

G consumption of steam for a micro turbine, kg/s
H available heat drop in a micro turbine, KJ/kg
p0 pressure in advance of a turbine, mPA
D medium diameter of runner, m
L height of turbine blade, m
Nel electric power output with the micro turbine, kW
Nheat full power of heater consisted of powers output from solar energy and from energy of organic fuel
combustion in a boiler (natural gas, diesel fuel etc.), kW
Nsolar thermal power received from solar radiation, kW

2. Relevance and Scientific Significance of the Subject

The MECs of low power for autonomous low rise energy consumers that are remote from centralized
networks are out of the market. These consumers have to make use of different plants producing thermal
(water-heating boiler) and electric energy (diesel, petrol, gas piston and gas-turbine units) separately. The
constructive decisions for low rise buildings of variable energy efficiency are currently developed . Yet the
complexes able to supply them with energy both in autonomous decentralized mode and in combined with
conventional and unconventional technologies are absent. Such systems should secure supplement and backup
of the centralized systems.

3. Statement of the Problem

In this investigation the MEC is put as an autonomous power plant, the main element of which is a low
power wet-steam turbine and a heat source is joint use of fossil fuel and solar energy.
For a solution of this problem it's necessary to determine an electric and thermal power range for an
individual complex, to develop a micro turbine for an individual energy supply and to develop a cycle
arrangement as a component of an energy complex.

4. Development of the Heat Balance Diagram

Solar energy [1-3] can be used for a fuel saving. This opportunity can be most effectively realized in Rankine
cycle [4] that becomes the base of the developed micro energy complex [5-7]. The micro energy complex
(fig.1) has a vacuum solar collector 1, where coolant is heated from solar energy and then it goes to steam
generator 2 [8], where the coolant gives it’s heat to operating heat of steam-power cycle (water) and vaporizes.
Purified steam goes into the steam turbine 4 where it loses its energy while gearing a runner of the turbine
connected with the electric generator 5. The steam passed through the turbine goes into the condenser 6 [9, 10],
where steam is condensed because of heat extraction in the heating system 8 and hot water supply (HWS) 9
through the boiler 7 [11, 12].
The feed-pomp 11 brings back the steam output into the steam generator 2. The boiler 12 runs on organic
fuel when power from solar heater is not enough. The bypass from a three-throw valve 3 is used for pass of
working steam into the condenser what assures an independent regulation of heating load.
Objectives to the cycle arrangement, heat-transfer agents and construction given in [13]:
x pressure of operating environment in input into a micro turbine is 0,6 MPa and temperature of wet steam is
chosen 160 0ɋ(according to conditions of steam saturation under a pressure 0,6 MPa);
x temperature of heat-transfer agent in solar heaters not less than 180 0ɋ;
x maximum electric power of complex for an individual autonomous consumer is determined as 5 kW, with
allowance for necessary of regulation of load of daily graphic chart.
Thermal exchange is effected more intensive with heat-transfer agents in liquid. With allowance for this, the
heat-transfer agent with boiling point not less than 180 0C is offered to be used in the solar heater.
326 N.N. Efimov et al. / Procedia Engineering 150 (2016) 324 – 329

Fig. 1. Thermal scheme of power supply;

where 1 – solar collector; 2 – steam generator; 3 – three-throw valve; 4 – steam turbine; 5 – electric generator; 6 – condenser; 7 – boiler; 8 –
thermal network of heating; 9 – is the heating network for hot water; 10 – circulating pump for cooling the condenser of the turbine; 11 -
feed pump; 12 – peak generator on fossil fuel; 13 – circulation pump heating circuit.

Work process in a wet steam turbine is connected with change of phase from steam atmosphere to
condensate water [14]. Under hypersonic speed drops of damp can provoke erosion of metal of micro turbine's
runner. That's why speed of steam's pass in the flow section is less than 700 m/s.
The condenser of a micro turbine is a heat exchanger of heating system and of HWS [11]. So an operating
environment of heating system is locked on its flow circuit but the system of HWS works through the boiler to
assure flowage of hot water.
A demanded difference to heat-transfer agents for solar heaters, micro turbines and heating system and HWS
necessitate to create three circular contours: the first is for system of steam preparation, the second is for system
of micro turbine complex and the third is for heating system and for hot water supply system.
Passive [15] and active [16-18] conditioning considered to be used in the complex [13].

5. The Calculating of the Power

For calculating the power of energy complex a typical family of four persons will be considered. Such family
consumes about 500 kW of electric energy that demands a daily average power 0.7 kW. Because of high
inequality of municipal consumption with 80-85 %, the electric power of the complex must be not less than 3.5
kW, and taking into account the necessary excess power acknowledged in electric-power industry including
auxiliaries is not less than 25 %, electric power of the generating set is chosen with limits of 4.5 – 5.0 kW.
That's why in this work the conceptual cycle arrangement of the micro energy complex with electric power 5
kW based on wet-steam micro turbine and solar heaters is acknowledged as a base. While increasing of
electrical energy consumption and increase of area of a building or number of apartments electric power rises to
10 – 15 kW (for example, for 2 – 3 apartments of an apartment block). If the need of technical electric energy
consumption (farming enterprises) arises, electric power can rise to 30 kW [13].
It is known [13] that for an average Russian family (of 4 members) dwelling in a house 100 sq. m in area,
with ‘A’ energy efficiency class the most well-functioning ratio of produced electric energy to thermal energy
is 1:(12÷13). In such a way at the maximum electric power of the 5 kW energy complex the optimal heating
power shall be 60÷65 kW. In the figure 2 shown the consumption of 50, 100 and 150 sq. m in comparison to the
suggested complex heat release, without notice of independent heat and electrical energy regulation and also
gas gen set and gas turbine station.
 N.N. Efimov et al. / Procedia Engineering 150 (2016) 324 – 329 327

Fig. 2. Ratio of heat output of MEC, gas gen set and gas-turbine station depending on daily average energy consumption,
1 – gas gen set, 2 – gas-turbine station, 3 – MEC, 4 – heat requirement of a house 50 sq. m, 5 – heat requirement of a house 100 sq. m,
6 – heat requirement of a house 150 sq. m, 7 – daily average energy consumption in the Rostov region

To minimize capital expenditures for the MEC when a house complies to ‘A’ energy efficiency class, the
area of the house is chosen as the criteria for optimization of use of the MEC. To determine the criteria of
optimization heat input of the MEC , gas gen set and gas-turbine station were analyzed at actual daily average
consumption of electric energy, and heat losses of the hoses with areas of 50, 100 and 150 sq. m are calculated
under the temperatures of the statutory values of inside and environmental air for the Rostov Region: the
necessity for heat of 50 sq.m house is 2.74 kW, 100 sq. m – 5.49 kW, 150 sq. m – 8.23 sq. m; the MEC’s heat
release is – 5.02 kW; the gas gen set – 0,78kW.
[13] At the optimal mode (without regulating of thermal and electric power) with actual energy consumption
the MEC provides 91.5 % of need for heat, and the rest - 8.5 % when switching on the regulation of thermal and
electric energy by passing steam through a bypass stipulated in the cycle arrangement. The complex gas-gen
station can assure only 14.3% of need for heating without possibility to rise a heating load. The same situation is
with using of the gas-turbine station for cogeneration. At that, a gas-turbine station and gas gen station work
under high temperatures (more than 800 0ɋ) and pressures of a working body what is connected with security of
work of the equipment. The energy complex on the basis of wet-steam turbine operates at low working body
parameters (temperature of steam is 1600ɋ, pressure is 0.6MPa), what allows to use solar energy as a heater.
All the MEC’s cycle heat is consumed useful: 7-8 % for electric energy generating, and 90-91 % for thermal
generating, gross efficiency coefficient of useful consumption of available heat is more than 90 %, in contrast
to other steam turbines having efficiency: condensing – 35%, heating – 65%.

6. Development of the Turbine for the Micro Energy Complex

A turbine working as a part of a micro energy complex must be:

x compact for a possibility of an individual installation;
x to work under characteristics of the working body assured with a solar complex of water heating;
x to have an appropriate electric coefficient of permanence that assure a necessary ratio of generated thermal
and electric energies for considered climate conditions.
General characteristics of wet-steam micro turbine are connected to each other with dependences:
328 N.N. Efimov et al. / Procedia Engineering 150 (2016) 324 – 329

G f H ,K , p0 1 (1)

D f n 1 (2)

L f G 1 , D 1 (3)

The micro turbine's efficiency of generation of electrical energy is low (coefficient of performance = 7-8 %).
That's why to use the micro energy complex based on wet-steam micro turbine for only generating of electrical
energy is not appropriate. The micro energy complex is meant for using in cogenerative and trigenerative
arrangements. In result of all-around analyze was chosen the wet-steam centripetal micro turbine [19, 20]
because of simplicity of the construction with the same technical characteristics. According to the results of
calculations were determined turbine nozzles and its flow section. The profile's type for turbine blading is “Ɋ-
30-21Ȼ” [21]. Reduce of runner's rotation speed leads to great increase of wet steam consumption for a turbine
and to increase of impeller's diameter, but at a rotation speed approximately 600 1/s the micro turbine can have
maximum inner coefficient of performance. Considering this, the frequency of micro turbine's rotor rotation is
35000 rpm as optimal, since when it happens also with speed increasing the diameter of impeller reduces (163
mm), and a height of bladings rest appropriate that is not less 10 mm. The coefficient of utilization of primary
fuel is determined in accordance with two types of production output: electric and thermal energy output for
heating and hot water-supply. The coefficient of utilization of fuel in electrical component under compound
generation from traditional (consuming fuel) and renewable (for free) energy resources is determined according
to the equation:

Kel 100% ˜ N el / ( N heat  N solar ), (4)

While the producing of wet steam the reduction of consumption of organic fuel can be done with increase of
portion usage of solar heating. While calculating of solar heating solar insolation was considered for finding a
number of series-produced vacuum solar heater ɜɚɤɭɭɦɧɵɯ based on russian datas (construction rules and
regulations 23-01-99) and NASA with direct beam and defused radiation. Calculations [13] show that in
summer season with the surface area of one standard solar energy collector 3 sq. m (according to russian datas)
the approximate number of solar energy collector for MEC must be 30-60 pieces. It should be noted that such
surface area of the solar heater can supply the installed power even during cloudy weather.

7. Practical Significance, Suggestions and Implementation Results

This work shows up the necessity to create individual cogenerative energy complexes, determine optimal
electric heating power, shows up their optimal ratio. In accordance with the optimal ratio of the generated
powers was developed a vertical wet-steam turbine able to operate from steam received from vacuum solar
collectors and was offered a cycle arrangement able to regulate independent a thermal and electric charges.

8. Conclusion

The offered in this article energy complex assures with heat and electrical energy an individual consumer and
besides for steam preparation you can use no matter what organic fuel in given region such as wood fuel, fuel
pellets, coal, slate stones etc., a possibility to use solar energy reduces a consume of fuel and optimal chosen
ratio of generated energies and possibility of their independent ratio assures comfort of a consumer. This
development is appropriate for conditions of the Russian Federation but yet it can be applied with the same
efficiency in countries situated in the same latitude and with some less efficiency in all other countries.
 N.N. Efimov et al. / Procedia Engineering 150 (2016) 324 – 329 329

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