TAGBILARAN CITY COLLEGE

College of Business and Industry

Tagbilaran City, Bohol

Lozein J. Lapuz, LPT

Course Code ENGL2 Instructor
Cherry Mae D. Labrador, LPT
E-mail llapuz.tcc@gmail.com
Course Title Writing in the Discipline
Address cmlabrador.tcc@gmail.com
Contact 0909 – 202 – 1355
Course Credits 3 units
Number 0917 – 163 - 8283
Course Consultation
General Course TTh 2:35-3:35pm
Classification Hours
Consultation
Pre-requisite(s) ENGL1 Faculty Office
Venue

Learning Module 5: Referencing: APA 6th Edition

Duration of Delivery: March 12 -15, 2024
Due Date of Deliverables: March 15, 2024

Referencing: APA 6th Edition

Lesson 5

Intended Learning Outcomes:

a. Differentiate in-text citations from reference citations.
b. Use APA 6TH Edition citation style in research writing.
c. Change reference lists using APA 6TH Edition citation.
d. Create a reference list.

Essentials of Documenting Sources

Proper documentation of all borrowed ideas, information, concepts, arguments, or information for
your research and other academic writings is very important. This is done through citations which serve the
following purposes.

1. To avoid plagiarism
Plagiarism is a serious offense. Basically, plagiarism means taking and using the ideas,
information, concepts, arguments, or information of someone else, intentionally or
unintentionally, without properly citing them.
 2. To make your paper more scholarly
Scholarly writing means that you are able to exhaustively use related and current ideas,
information, concepts, arguments, or information coming from an expert and to properly
attribute these to the original source.
3. To help your target audience identify your original source
More often than not, your target audience or readers want to either verify the information
or learn more about the information from the original source. With proper citations, your
target audience can easily access or identify the location of the original source used in your
paper.

There are two forms of citations. One is in-text citation and the other is reference citation.
1. In-text Citation is citing the last name/s of the author/s or the name of the organization, the year of
the publication and page numbers (for direct quotation) of the original source depending on the
citation style or format being followed. In-text citations appear in the text.
2. Reference citation is citing the complete bibliographic entries (author’s last name/s, year of
publication, title of publication, and name of the publisher, among others). Reference citations
appear in the reference list found at the last part of the paper.

A source that is cited in-text should also appear in the reference list.
Moreover, these citations are governed by rules of styles and structures which are generally published as
style guides or manuals. Some widely used style guides are:

1. The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA)

2. The Modern Language Association Style Guide (MLA)
3. Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE)
4. American Medical Association Manual of Style (AMA)
5. The Chicago Manual of Style

Because there are many guides today, consult your teacher on his/her preference, or refer to the table
below for a style guide specific to your discipline of study.

STYLE GUIDES
Sources of information for both in-text and reference citations can be accessed for free online.
For APA and MLA, one source is the APA and MLA Formatting and Style Guide by the University
Online Writing Lab (OWL) at Purdue University
For IEEE, ONE SOURCE IS IEEE Editorial Style Manual
For AMA, one source is AMA Manual of Style: A Guide for Authors and Editors

IN-TEXT CITATIONS
1. APA, 6th Edition
Basic Rules

a. Follow author’s last name- (latest) year of publication method. APA encourages you to indicate
page numbers even in paraphrases or summaries, but you are not required. Place the period after the
citation when it is at the end of the sentence.

Examples:
 According to Sipacio (2014), APA style is required for business students majoring in marketing.
APA style is required for business students majoring in marketing (Sipacio, 2014, p. 54).

b. For two authors, notice in the example the use of “&” when it is inside the parentheses.

Examples:
According to Sipacio and Barrot (2014), APA style is required for business students majoring in
marketing.
APA style is required for business students majoring in marketing.

c. For multiple authors (three or more), use the primary author, followed by et al. (and authors).
Examples:
According to Sipacio et al. (2014), APA style is required for business students majoring in
marketing.
APA style is required for Business student majors (Sipacio et al., 2014).

d. When you use a direct quote less than 40 words, you are required to include the page number/s
abbreviated as p. or pp. Check the examples focusing on the variety of formats and the use of capitalization,
parentheses and other quotation marks, spacing, and numbers.

Examples:
Sipacio (2014) claimed that “beginners found the APA style guide as too complex” (p. 56).
According to Sipacio (2014) “beginners found the APA style guide as too complex” (p. 56).
He claimed that “beginners found the APA style guide as too complex” Sipacio, 2014, p. 56)
because of several factors.

e. When you use a direct quote more than 40 words, you are still required to include the page
numbers/s abbreviated as p. or pp. You direct quote should be in a new line, indented 1.5 inches from the
left margin. Check the example focusing on the spacing and placement of the citation.
Example:
In his article “Poverty in the Philippines: Income, Assets, and Access,” Scheliz (2005) suggests a list of
causes of poverty: (1) low to moderate economic growth for the past 40 years; (2) low growth elasticity of
poverty reduction; (3) weakness in employment generation and the quality of jobs generated; (4) failure to
fully develop the agriculture sector; (5) high inflation during crisis periods; (6) high levels of population
growth; (7) high and persistent levels and inequality (incomes and assets), which dampen the positive
impacts of economic expansion; and (8) recurrent shocks and exposure to risks such as economic crisis,
conflicts, natural disasters, and environmental poverty (p. 2).

REFERENCE CITATIONS

1. APA 6th Edition

General Rules

• Place this section on a new page separate from the text of your writing; label this page
“References” centered at the top of the page (do not boldface, underline, or use quotation marks for the
title).

• Apply hanging indentation. That means the lines after the first one should be indented from the
left margin.
• Double-space all texts just like the rest of the paper.

• Follow this sequence in writing the names of the author: last name, then the initial of the first
name including the middle initial.

• Arrange the references in alphabetical order by the last name of the first author of each work.

• Use capitalization in all content words in academic journal titles.

• Capitalize only the first letter of the first word of a title, the first letter of the first word of its subtitle
after a colon, and proper nouns.

• Italicize the titles. When the article title is used, italicize only the journal title.

• Remove hyperlink of the URL for online sources.

• Place a period ate the end of the entry for print sources only.

• Put “n.d.” (no date) for sources with no date.

The following are some of the sources most commonly used in research writing. Look closely at the given
examples. Pay attention to the sequence of entries, parentheses, italics, capitalization, and punctuation
marks.

a. Articles from an online journal

If the article has been assigned with a digital object identifier (DOI) then you should indicate it. Otherwise,
use the URL of the article preceded by a signal phrase “Retrieved from.” Include volume number, issue
number enclosed in parentheses (if available), and page number/s.

Examples:

• Barrot, J. S. (2013). A macro perspective on key issues in English as a second language (ESL)
pedagogy in the postmethod era: Confronting challenges through sociocognitive-transformative approach.
The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher. Doi:10.1007/s40299-013-0119-4.

• Guthrie, K., & McCraken, H. (2010). Reflective pedagogy: Making meaning in experiential based
online courses. Journal of Educators Online, 7 (2), 1-21. Retrieved from
http://www.thejeo.com/Archives/Volume7Number2/GuthrielPaper.pdf.

b. Book sections

Include page number/s and place it at the end of the entry.

Example:

• Antonio, L. C. (2010). Study on Recyclables Collection Trends and Best Practices in the
Philippines. In M. Kojima, (Ed.,) 3R Policies for Southeast and East Asia. ERIA Research Project Report
2009-10, Jakarta: ERIA. 40-70.

c. Books

Single author

Example:

• Friedman, T. L. (2009). Hot, flat and crowded: Why we need a green revolution- and how it can
renew America. NY: Picador.
Two authors

Example:

• Dryzek, J. S., & Dunleavy, P (2009). Theories of the democratic state. NH: Palgrave Macmillan.

Multiple authors (with seven authors)

Example:

• Plata, S. M. et al. (2006). Research, process and product workbook. Laguna: Trailblazers
Publication.

d. Conference Proceedings

Example:

• Sipacio, P. J. (2013). Perceived effectiveness of zero-plastic waste initiatives in Philippine cities:

A policy review with recommendations for innovation and sustainability. Proceedings from 2013 the 2nd
Hong Kong International Conference on Education, Psychology and Society, Hong Kong.

e. Internet Sources

Example

• OWL Purdue University Online Writing Lab (n.d.) APA style. Retrieved from
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/section/2/10

f. Journal Articles

Italicize the journal title. Include volume number, issue number enclosed in parentheses (if available), and
page number/s.

Single author

Example:

• Magno, C (2010). The role of metacognitive skills in developing critical thinking. Metacognition
Learning, 5, 137-156.

Two authors

Example:

• Barrot, J., & De leon, K. (2011). Accuracy order of the grammatical morphemes in oral production
of preschool pupils. Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics. 3(2), 63-76.

Multiple authors

Example:

• Barrios, A., Bolanos, E, Cequena, M., Barrot, J., & Gabinete, K. (2013). Investing the relationship
between college students’ self-perception and actual performance in reading and in writing. Philippine
ESL Journal, 11, 23.

g. Personal Communication
A personal interview should not appear in the reference list but be cited in-text.

Examples:

• S. Tabiola (personal communication, November 30, 2014)

• (S. Tabiola, personal communication, November 30, 2014)

h. Same author in the same year

Examples:

• Barrot, J. S. (2013a). A macro perspective on key issues in English as a second language (ESL)
pedagogy in the postmethod era: Confronting challenges through sociocognitive-transformative approach.
The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher. doi: 10.1007/s40299-013-0119-4.

• Barrot, J. (2013b). Revisiting the role of linguistic complexity in ESL reading comprehension. 3L:
The Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies. Retrieved from
http://core.kmi.open.ac.uk/download/pdf/11494968.pdf

i. Thesis and Dissertation

Example:

• Tiu, G. (2013). Toward an internationalization model for De La Salle University (DLSU): An

Assessment of current approaches in to Asian Institutions (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). De La
Salle University, Manila.
Sample Format

References
Antonio, L. C. (2010). Study on Recyclables Collection Trends and
Best Practices in the Philippines. In M. Kojima, (Ed.,) 3R Policies for Southeast and East Asia. ERIA
Research Project Report 2009-10, Jakarta: ERIA. 40-70.

Barrios, A., Bolanos, E, Cequena, M., Barrot, J., & Gabinete, K. (2013).
Investing the relationship between college students’ self-perception and actual performance in
reading and in writing. Philippine ESL Journal, 11, 23.

Barrot, J. S. (2013a). A macro perspective on key issues in English as a

second language (ESL) pedagogy in the postmethod era: Confronting challenges through
sociocognitive-transformative approach. The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher. doi:
10.1007/s40299-013-0119-4.

Barrot, J. (2013b). Revisiting the role of linguistic complexity in ESL reading

comprehension. 3L: The Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies. Retrieved from
http://core.kmi.open.ac.uk/download/pdf/11494968.pdf

Barrot, J., & De leon, K. (2011). Accuracy order of the grammatical

morphemes in oral production of preschool pupils. Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics. 3(2),
63-76.

Dryzek, J. S., & Dunleavy, P (2009). Theories of the democratic state. NH:
Palgrave Macmillan.

Friedman, T. L. (2009). Hot, flat and crowded: Why we need a green

revolution- and how it can renew America. NY: Picador.

Guthrie, K., & McCraken, H. (2010). Reflective pedagogy: Making meaning in

experiential based online courses. Journal of Educators Online, 7 (2), 1-21. Retrieved from
http://www.thejeo.com/Archives/Volume7Number2/GuthrielPaper.pdf.

Magno, C (2010). The role of metacognitive skills in developing critical

thinking. Metacognition Learning, 5, 137-156.

OWL Purdue University Online Writing Lab (n.d.) APA style. Retrieved from
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/section/2/10

Plata, S. M. et al. (2006). Research, process and product workbook. Laguna:

Trailblazers Publication.