CITATION OF

SOURCES
PREPARED BY: NAMIRAH AKAHSAH
LEARNING OUTCOME
■ The student must be able to:

Identify and differentiate APA and MLA

 1.
WHAT IS CITATION
A citation is a reference to the source
of an idea,
information or image. It is the way you tell your readers that
certain
material in your work came from
another source.

It also gives your readers the

information necessary
to access the original source,
including:
◦ The author’s name
◦ The title of the work
◦ The name and location of the
company that published your
copy of the source
◦ The date of publication
◦ The page numbers
WHAT TO CITE?

■ Proper citation applies to all types of formats

including :

▫ - books
▫ - journals
▫ - Newspaper
▫ - Works by association or
corporations
▫ - Encyclopedias
▫ - Dictionaries
▫ - Technical reports
▫ - Websites
▫ - Electronic journal articles.
WHEN DO USE CITATION?

■ Whenever you use quotes

■ Whenever you paraphrase
■ Whenever you summarize someone else’s
ideas
■ Whenever you make specific reference to
the work of another
■ Whenever someone else’s work has been
critical in developing your own ideas
WHY IT IS
IMPORTANT TO
CITE SOURCES?
 To show your reader you’ve done proper research to
1 get your information

To be responsible researcher by giving credit to

2 other researcher and acknowledging their ideas.

To demonstrate the authenticity of your

3 information

4 To allow the reader to locate the material consulted

To avoid plagiarism by quoting words and ideas used

5 by other authors.
 Plagiarism – failure to
acknowledge borrowed
material. - ‘theft’

If you fail to
acknowledge your scores,
you are guilty of
plagiarism.

It is not plagiarism to
present other people’s
ides in your essay, it is
plagiarism to present
other people’s ideas as
your own
 The following is considered as
PLAGIARISM :

copying words or ideas

turning in someone else's failing to put a quotation
from someone else
work as your own in quotation marks
without giving credit

copying so many words

changing words but or ideas from a source
Giving incorrect
copying the sentence that it makes up the
information about the
structure of a source majority of your work,
source of a quotation
without giving credit whether you give credit or
not.
 CITATION
STYLES :
MLA & APA
 MLA MODERN
LANGUAGE
ASSOCIATION

STYLE (MLA) STYLE

[Based on MLA
Handbook for Writers
of Research Paper, 7th
Ed, 2009]
BASIC ELEMENTS OF MLA CITATION STYLE

■ MLA uses a hanging-indent format – the first line of each

entry is flush left and subsequent lines are indented.
■ Alphabetical order by author in the bibliographical

■ Referenced authors/ names organized in the bibliographic list

by last name, first name,
■ middle initial,
■ Eg: John Austin Jackson

■ Jackson, John Austin. @ Jackson, John A.

■ The citation page must be titled ‘works cited’

 APA AMERICAN
PSYCOLOGICAL

STYLE
ASSOCIATION
(APA)

[Based on Publication
Manual of the APA
Psyhcoligical
Association 2010, 6th
Ed)
BASIC ELEMENTS OF APA CITATION
STYLE
■ Alphabetical order by author in the bibliographical list
■ Referenced authors organized in the bibliographic list by last
name, first initial, then middle initial.

■ E.g., Michael John Adam – Adam, M. J.

■ Titles of books capitalized according to "sentence-style"

capitalization

■ E.g., Fitzgerald, R. (2008). Fear of crime and the

neighborhood context in Canadian cities. Ottawa: Statistics
Canada.

■ The citation page must be titled “references”

 ■ APA uses a hanging –indent format- the first line of
each entry is flush left and subsequent lines are
indented.
Author names

Mikulincer, M., Gerber, H., & Weisenberg, M.

(1990). Judgment of control and
Publication Date
depression: The role of self-esteem threat
and self-focused attention. Cognitive
Title of the work
Therapy and Research, 14, 589-608.
General rules - author’s name
MLA STYLE APA STYLE
Single Last name first, followed by Last name first, followed by
Author author initials author initials

Tanker John Berndt Tanker John Berndt

 Berndt, Tanker J.  Berndt, T. J.

Two Use ‘and’ (don’t change 2nd Use ‘&’ (list all by last names
authors name) and initials)

Wegener, Dick T., and Rich Wegener, D. T., & Pretty, R.

Pretty
Malay Asmah binti Omar Asmah binti Omar
names  Asmah Omar  Asmah Omar
 Omar, Asmah  Omar, A.
Chinese Chu Chin Ning Chu Chin Ning
names  Chu, Chin Ning  Chu, C. N.
General rules - author’s name

MLA STYLE APA STYLE

Chinese Vincent Foo Hiap Khian Vincent Foo Hiap Khian
names  Foo, Vincent Hiap K.  Foo, V. H. K.
with
English
names
Indian & Narrayani a/p Jeganathan Narrayani a/p Jeganathan
Sikh  Narrayani Jeganathan  Narrayani Jeganathan
names Jeganathan, Narrayani Jeganathan, N.

Inherited Raja Ahmad bin Raja
Names Iskandar
Raja Ahmad Raja Iskandar
 Raja Iskandar, Raja Ahmad
Conferred Tun Mahathir Mohammad
titles  Mahathir Mohammad
 Mohammad, Mahathir
Raja Ahmad bin Raja Iskandar
Raja Ahmad Raja Iskandar
 Raja Iskandar, R. A.
Tun Mahathir Mohammad
 Mahathir Mohammad
 Mohammad, M.
APA/ MLA CITATIONS
FOR PRINTED
MATERIALS
Books [General reference format]
MLA STYLE APA STYLE

Author last name, first name. Title of Book Author, A. A. (Year of publication).
(italic). Place of Publication: Publisher, Title of work: Subtitle. Place of
Year of Publication. Medium. publication: Publisher.

Note: For place of publication cite

includes a country
Eg: Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Pearson.
Books
MLA STYLE APA STYLE
■ No author/ Encyclopedia of Dorland’s illustrated
unknown Virginia. New York: medical dictionary
author Somerset, 1993. (29th ed.). (2000).
Print. Philadelphia:
Saunders.
One author
Barnet, Sylvan. The Ballenger, B. (2007).
Practical Guide to The curious
Writing. Toronto: researcher: A guide
Longman, 2003. to writing research
Print. papers. Toronto:
Longman.
 MLA STYLE APA STYLE
2/ 3 Booth, Wayne, Gregory G. Colomb, and Cherry, B., & Jacob, S. R. (2005).
Authors Joseph M. Williams. The Craft of Contemporary nursing: Issues, trends,
Research. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 2003. & management (3rd ed.). St. Louis, MO:
Print. Elsevier Mosby.
Books 4/ more
authors Barclay, Michael, et al. Have Not Been the
Same: The Can Rock Renaissance, 1985-
95. Toronto: ECW, 2001.Print.
3 to 5 Kirton, C. A., Talotta, D., & Zwolski, K.
authors (2001). Handbook of HIV/AIDS nursing.
St. Louis, MO: Mosby.
6 or 7
authors Wolchik, S. A., West, S. G., Sandler, I. N.,
Tein, J., Coatsworth, D., Lengua, L.
(2000). Neuroscience. Philadelphia:
Saunders.
8 or more If there are eight or more authors, include the Author, A. A., Author, B. B., Author, C. C.,
authors first six authors’ names, then insert three Author, D.D., Author, E. E., Author, F.
ellipses (…) and add the last author’s name. F.,...Author, J. J. (Year). Title of book.
Place of publication: Publisher.

Books
Note: the editor is listed after
the book title, with the
abbreviation Ed. (even if there
is more than one editor still
use Ed.). List the page
numbers of the chapter after
the year of publication.
MLA STYLE
Edited, translated or compiled book
Osberg, Lars, and Pierre, Fortin, eds. Hard
Money, Hard Times. Toronto: James
Lorimer, 1998. Print.
Article or Chapter in an Edited Book
Author Last, First. “Title of Chapter/Article.”
Title of Book. Ed. First Last. Location of
Publisher: Publisher, Year of Publication.
Page numbers. Print.
Naremore, James. “Hitchcock at the Margins of
Noir.” Alfred Hitchcock: Centenary
Essays. Ed. Richard Allen and S. Ishii-
Gonzales. London: BFI, 1999. 263-77.
Print.
APA STYLE
[Edited books contain collections of chapters which are
written by different authors and collated by an editor or
editors.]
Unknown author:
Raine, A. (Ed.). (2006). Crime and schizophrenia: Causes
and cures. New York: Nova Science.
Lamberts, K., & Goldstone, R. L. (Eds.). (2005).
Handbook of cognition. Thousand Oaks, CA:Sage.
With author
Plath, S. (2000). The unabridged journals (K.V.Kukil,
Ed). New York: Anchor.
Chapter author. (publication year). Title of
chapter. In editor’s name (Ed.), Title of book
(chapter pages). Place of publication:
Publisher.
Example :
Young, M. E., & Wasserman, E. A. (2005). Theories of
learning. In Lamberts, K., & Goldstone, R. L. (Eds.),
Handbook of cognition (pp. 161-182). Thousand Oaks,
CA: Sage.
Books
MLA STYLE APA STYLE

Revised edition
Castro, John, Peter, and Michael Helfer, M.E., Keme, R.S., & Drugman
E. Huber. Marriage R.D. (1997). The battered child (5th
Biology. 4th ed. Boston: ed.). Chicago: University of
McGraw-Hill, 2003. Chicago Press.
Print.
Encyclopedia
MLA STYLE APA STYLE

Encyclopedia Bercuson, David Jay. “Canada.” Section author. (publication year).

Entry The World Book Title of section. In Title of
Encyclopedia. Chicago: encyclopedia (volume number,
World Book, 2006. 93-106. pages). Place of publication:
Print. Publisher.

Example:
Usselman, M. (2006). Chemistry. In
The world book encyclopedia
(Vol. 3, pp. 398-407). Chicago,
NA: World Book.

If no author
Title of entry. (2006). In Title of
encyclopedia (Vol. xx, pp. xx-xx).
Place of publication: Publisher.
 Periodicals (Journals, Magazines, Newspaper)
MLA STYLE APA STYLE
■
General Author Last, First. “Article Author, A. A. (Year). Title of
work Title.” Journal Name article. Title of Periodical,
cited volume. issue (year): page- volume(issue), page-range.
format
range. Print.

Journal Keary, Anne. “Dancing with Thorne, S. E. (2001).

Article Strangers: Europeans and
Australians at First
Contact.” Canadian
Journal of History 41
(2006): 613-616. Print.
Complementary and
alternative medicine: Critical
issues of nursing practice
and policy. Canadian Nurse,
97(4), 27-30.
 Periodicals (Journals, Magazines, Newspaper)
MLA STYLE APA STYLE
■ Magazine (with author) Henry, W.A. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in
Article Geddes, John. “A Natural Remedy?” Maclean’s 4 today’s schools. Time, 135, 28-31
June 2007: 20-22. Print.

(without author)
“An Unlikely Champion of the Rule of Law.”
Maclean’s 11 June 2007: 31. Print.
Newspaper (with author)
Article Author Last, First. “Title of Article”. Newspaper
Day Month Year: page number. Medium.
(without author)
“Ignorance, Politics and the Way of Democracy.”
Toronto Star 16 June 2007: A2. Print.
(with author)
Robinson, L. (2002, September 10). Simple
solutions to address nursing labour shortage.
The Hamilton Spectator, p. B4.
(without author)
Medicated gum helpful to seniors. (2002, September
19). The Kitchener-Waterloo Record, pp. C2,
C4.
Conference Papers & Proceedings
MLA STYLE APA STYLE

Presenter, A. A. (Year, Month). Title of paper. Hamzah Zainuddin, & Azizah Hamzah. (2000).
Paper presented at the meeting of Organization International trade agreement of intellectual
Name, Location. properties. In Chong, A.C. (Ed.), Korean
studies in Southeast Asia: Strategic
Contributor, A. A., & Contributor, B. B. (year). cooperation and development research:
Title of paper or proceeding. In A. Editor Proceedings of the 2nd International
(Ed.), Title of symposium or conference (pp. x- Conference University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur
x). Place of publication: Publisher. (pp. 121-130). Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia:
University of Malaya.
Example:
Nadaraja Kannan. (2006, November). The
economic depression of the 1930s: Its impact
on race relations in the Federated Malay
State. Paper presented at the International
Association of Historians of Asia Conference,
Manila, Phillippines.
Government Document

MLA STYLE APA STYLE

Government name. Name of Agency. National Institute of Mental Health.

Title of Publication. Location of
Publisher: Publisher, Year of
Publication. Print.
Example:
(1990). Clinical training in serious
mental illness (DHSS Publication
No. ADM 90). Washington, DC:
U.S. Government Printing Office.

United States. Dept. of the Treasury.

National Security Information.
Washington D.C: GPO, 1990. Print.
MLA/APA CITATIONS
FOR ELECTRONIC
SOURCES
Websites

MLA STYLE APA STYLE

General format Author Last, First. “Document title if available.” Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work. Retrieved
One Page/ section : Title of the overall Website, Version or edition from http://www.xxxxx
if available. Publisher or N.p. to designate no
publisher, publication date or n.d. to indicate If no date
that no date was given. Web. Date of access.
Title of website. (n.d.). Retrieved Month day,
Eg: year, from http://www.xxxxx
Sun, Yee-Fan. “Shacking Up.” Digs
Magazine.com. 2005. Web. 5 Sept. 2005.

“Works of Joyce Wieland.” Celebrating Women’s

Achievements: Women Artists in Canada.
National Library of Canada, 2000. Web. 29
Mar. 2009.

Note: No URL is
required here,
although it is
necessary to
indicate the
electronic medium.
Websites
■ MLA STYLE
Online Journal Author Last, First. “Title”. Journal Name Volume
Article Number, Issue Number (year of publication):
inclusive page numbers. Web. Day Month
Year of access.
Example:
Stenson, Kevin. “Governing the Local:
Sovereignty, Social Governance and
Community Safety.” Social Work & Society
6.2 (2008): n. pag. Web. 22 Mar. 2009.
Journal Article Keary, Anne. “Dancing with Strangers:
from a library Europeans and Australians at First Contact.”
Index or Canadian Journal of History 41 (2006): 613-
Database 616. Academic Search Premier. Web. 17 May
2009.
APA STYLE
Sillick, T. J., & Schutte, N. S. (2006). Emotional
intelligence and self-esteem mediate between
perceived early parental love and adult happiness.
E-Journal of Applied Psychology, 2(2), 38-48.
Retrieved from
http://ojs.lib.swin.edu.au/index.php/ejap
OR (doi – digital object identifier)
Wooldrige, M.B., & Shapka, J. (2012). Playing with
technology: Mother-toddler interactions. Journal of
Applied Development Psychology, 33(5), 211-218.
http://dx.doi.org/10.016/j
Websites
MLA STYLE APA STYLE
Encyclopedia Author's Last, First. "Title of Entry.“ Encyclopedia Name. Last, F. M., & Last, F. M. (Year Published) Article title.
from
Internet
■ City: Publisher, Year Published. Website title. Date Month In Encyclopedia Name. Retrieved from URL.
Year Accessed.
Author
Jones, Malcom. "Scatology." Medieval Folklore: An Sadie, S. (2010). Mozart Wolfagang Amedus. In
Encyclopedia of Myths, Legends, Tales, Beliefs, and Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Retrieved from
Customs. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2000. Print. 2 Jan. http://www.britannica.com
2012.
No author
Chartres cathedral. (2010). In Encyclopedia Britannica
Online. Retrieved from http:// www.britannica.com

Encyclopedia Author's Last, First. "Title of Entry." Encyclopedia Name. Ed.
from First Name Last Name. Volume number. Place of
database publication: Publisher, Year of publication. Name of
database. Web. Date of access.
Bigus, Jochen. "Business Bankruptcy." Encyclopedia of Law
& Society: American and Global Perspectives. Ed. David
S. Clark. Vol. 1. Thousand Oaks: Sage, 2007. Sage
eReference. Web. 16 Apr. 2009.
Last, F. M. (Year Published). Article title. In F. M. Last
(Ed.), Encyclopedia Name. (Vol. Volume, pp. Page(s)).
City, State: Publisher. Retrieved from URL
Holmes, H. (2003). Advertising of food. In S. H. Katz (Ed.),
Encyclopedia of Food and Culture. (Vol. 1, pp. 16-20).
New York, NY: Scribner’s. Retrieved from
http://www.gale.cengage.com
Websites
MLA STYLE APA STYLE
Newspaper Author Last, First. “Article Title”. Newspaper Name Day Brody, J. E. (2007, December 11). Mental reserves
online
■
Article –
(
Month Year of Publication. Web. Day Month Year of keep brain agile. The New York Times.
Access. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com
WITH
AUTHOR) Mapes, Lynda. “Unearthing Tse-withsen.” Seattle Times 25
May 2005. Web. 1 Aug. 2005.
Newspaper Medicated gum helpful to seniors. (2002,
Article – September 19). The Kitchener-Waterloo
online Record. Retrieved from http://www.xxxxx
( NO
AUTHOR)

Magazine Last, First M. "Article Title." Magazine Title. Date Month
online Year Published. Website Title Web. Date Month Year
Accessed.
Eg: Rothbart, Davy. "How I Caught up with Dad." Men's
Health 21 Oct. 2008. Google Books Web. 16 Mar. 2010.
Database : Last, First M. "Article Title." Magazine
Title. Date Month Year Published. Database Name Web.
Date Month Year Accessed.
Rothbart, D. (2008, October 21). How I caught up
with dad. Men's Health, 108-113. Retrieved
from http://books.google.com
Database :
China's export prospects: Fear of the dragon.
(2010, January). The Economist. Retrieved
from http://academic.lexisnexis.com
Websites
■ MLA STYLE APA STYLE

Electronic Author Last, First. Title. Location of

Book Publisher : Publisher, Year of Nettina, S. M. (2001). Lippincott
Publication. Electronic Publisher. Web. manual of nursing practice.
Date of Access.  Philadelphia: Williams & Wilkins.
Retrieved from
Eg: http://ovidsp.tx.ovid.com.uproxy.libr
Troost, Linda, and Sayre N. Greenfield. ary.dcu oit.ca/spa/ovidweb.cgi
Jane Austen in Hollywood. Lexington:
University Press of Kentucky, 2001.
NetLibrary. Web. 18 May 2009.
Websites
■
MLA STYLE APA STYLE

Online Fitzgerald, Robin. Fear of Crime and the Statistics Canada. (2003). Business
Documents Neighbourhood Context in Canadian dynamics in Canada, 2003 (No.
(such as a Cities. Ottawa: Statistics Canada, 2008. 61-534-XIE). Ottawa, Ontario:
Govt. Web. 4 May 2009. Author. Retrieved from
Document) http://www.statcan.ca/english/freep
ub/61- 534-XIE/61-534-
XIE2007001.htm
Thanks!

Any questions?
You can find me at namirah9532@puncakalam.uitm.edu.my
Room : Level 10, l01/0