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A much more effective system uses a decimal system of measurement, where basic
units are used in conjunction with prefixes to represent multiple or fractions of the
base unit. The metric system is such a system. For example, in the metric system,
the base unit for mass is the gram. A multiple of the base unit can be expressed by
combining a metric prefix, like kilo representing 1000, with the base unit to give the
unit kilogram, which equals 1000 grams.
Because of its logic and simplicity, the metric system gained international
acceptance with the Treaty of the Meter, establishing the International Bureau of
Weights and Measures. Even the United States signed the treaty in 1875, but to date
the U.S.'s use of the metric system seems to be the limited to 2-liter bottles for soda
and cc's (cubic centimeters) in hospitals. In science, the metric system is used almost
exclusively, so most of the equipment and instruments used in a chemistry lab
generally measure centimeters, millimeters, milliliters, and grams.
In this experiment, students will learn how to use a variety of chemistry laboratory
equipment and instruments to become more familiar with the metric system.
Students will use graduated cylinders to measure volume, an analytical and a
milligram balance to measure mass, and a ruler to measure the length, width, and
thickness of a rectangular solid.
Students will also learn about a method called volume by displacement, where the
volume of an object is determined using the volume of water it displaces. Students
will also use mass by difference to determine the mass of a sample.
Finally, students will practice determining the number of significant figures for each
measurement and expressing the answers for calculated measurements with the
correct number of significant figures.
Laboratory Rulers: The basic metric unit of length is the meter, but the length of most objects in
1
Techniques a chemistry lab is measured in centimeters (cm). A centimeter equals 0.01 m or 100
of a meter, so 1 m100 cm—just like 1 dollar100 cents (since one cent is equal to
1
100 of a dollar).
Measuring Several instruments are used for metric length measurements, such as a centimeter
Length ruler in the following example. The numbers shown on a centimeter ruler are
centimeters (cm), and the 10 smaller markings between each number represent
millimeters (mm). (Note that 10mm1cm.)
On some rulers, the “0” cm mark is not at the end of the ruler, so the ruler is still
accurate even if the ruler becomes rounded at the end. When measuring, always place
an object at the “0” mark, as shown with the metal rod and ruler shown:
When a measurement is taken, all the digits are known with certainty, except the last
digit, which is estimated. For example, the metal rod above appears to end about
halfway between 8.5 and 8.6, so its length is recorded as 8.55 cm, 8.56 cm, or 8.57
cm. The last digit is estimated, so different people may report a different final digit
depending on their view of the metal rod ending exactly just at the halfway point or
just to the left or to the right of halfway point. If the object appears to end on a
marking on the instrument, then the estimated digit is 0. For example, in the figure
below, the metal rod appears to end right at the marking for 10, so the measurement
is recorded at 10.00 cm since a centimeter ruler is always read to 2 decimal places.
Measuring Graduated cylinders are used to contain and Parallax error results when a
meniscus is viewed from an angle.
Volume deliver measured amounts of liquid. They are
available in many sizes; for example, 10 mL,
50 mL, and 100 mL graduated cylinders are
used in the CHEM121 lab. Students should
always use the smallest graduated cylinder that
will hold the entire volume of sample for the
most precise volume measurements.
bottom of the meniscus. In order to read any graduated cylinder accurately, it must be
level (sitting on the counter, NOT held in a student’s hand). The student’s eye must
be even with the water level. When reading the volume, a student should crouch
down so that the eyes are at the same level as the meniscus. Note that the graduations
on all cylinders read from the bottom up—that is, they indicate the volume contained
in the cylinder.
50 mL
Graduated Often in experiments students will be instructed to use a graduated cylinder to obtain
a liquid of an approximate amount, and then record the actual volume to the correct
Cylinders number of significant figures (e.g. See Part B step 5 in the procedure for this lab). In
cases like these, students should not waste time getting the exact volume indicated
when one can simply measure out an approximate volume (usually within a few
milliliters unless otherwise specified). However, it is important that students record
the actual volume that is measured out in the graduated cylinder when a specific
volume is required.
Example A Example B
The two examples above show liquids in a 50 mL graduated cylinder.
In Example A, the bottom of the meniscus is between the two markings for
31 mL and 32 mL, so the volume of liquid can be read as 31.5 mL. Other
students may judge the volume to be 31.4 or 31.6 mL, and all of these
readings are correct.
In Example B, the bottom of the meniscus lines up with the marking for
28 mL, so the volume of liquid is read as 28.0 mL. 28.1 or 27.9 mL
would also be valid measurements, but 28 mL would be wrong, because it
does not have enough significant figures.
10 mL
Graduated Note that for both of these examples, the volume of liquid is read to one decimal
Cylinders place (to the nearest 0.1 mL). Thus, when using a 50 mL graduated cylinder with
markings for every 1 mL, the volume is always read to the nearest 0.1 mL.
Other times students will be asked to measure out a precise volume of liquid. For
example, in steps Part C steps 7 and 8 of this experiment, students should count the
number of drops of water required to raise the water level from precisely 4.0 mL to
precisely 5.0 mL using a 10 mL graduated cylinder.
The 10 mL graduated cylinder in the laboratory has markings every 0.2 mL, so the
situation differs from the examples discussed above. Because the cylinder is quite
small and the markings are close together, it would be extremely difficult to read the
volume to 0.01 mL. When we use 10 mL graduated cylinders this quarter, you will
read the volumes to a precision of 0.1 mL (e.g. 6.3 mL and 5.0 mL as shown
below).
Example A Example B
In Example A, the bottom of the meniscus is between the two markings for
6.2 mL and 6.4 mL, so the volume of liquid is read as 6.3 mL.
In Example B, the bottom of the meniscus lines up with the marking for
5 mL, so the volume of liquid is read as 5.0 mL.
Note that for these two examples, the volume of liquid is read to one decimal place
(to the nearest 0.1 mL). The last digit (at a tenth of a mL) is still estimated, and
different students may judge this last digit differently. Thus, when using a 10 mL
graduated cylinder with markings for every 0.2 mL, the volume is always read to
the nearest 0.1 mL.
Balances Balances: In most chemistry labs, balances are used to determine the mass of a
sample. The metric unit of mass is the gram. In this course students will use two
types of electronic balances: top-loading balances and analytical balances. The
top-loading balances can weigh the heaviest objects but are less sensitive and provide
masses to the hundredth of a gram (0.01 grams). The analytical balances are more
sensitive, weighing to 0.001 or 0.0001 grams, and can be identified as the balances
with a pan enclosed in glass doors. These balances are very expensive, very sensitive,
and must be used very carefully to avoid damage. The most important rule is
NEVER place any chemical directly on the balance pan. Use a beaker, a watch
glass, a weighing cup, or weighing paper to avoid contaminating the balance.
11. Calculate the number of drops of water in 1.0 mL by dividing the mass of 1.0 mL
of DI water by the mass of one drop of water. Compare your answer with your
experimentally determined number of drops from step 8 above.
1. Use a 100-mL beaker for the final part of this lab. Obtain approximately 40 mL of
water in the beaker using the markings on the beaker to “eyeball” this volume the
best you can. Then, measure the volume of this water in a 50-mL graduated
cylinder.
2. Talk with three other students to collect values measured from other beakers, and
copy their measurements into the table provided.
Experiment 1: Introduction to Name: _____________________________________
a. ____________________
b. ___________________
2. Read the volume of liquid in the following graduated cylinder, with the correct number of significant
figures. Circle your estimated digit.
Volume = _________ mL
3. Indicate the appropriate piece of laboratory equipment needed to make each of the following
measurements:
Show your calculation of volume using data from the two tables above below or on a separate
page:
C. INVESTIGATING WATER
# of digits after
MASS
decimal
Graduated cylinder + 4.0 mL DI water
1.0 mL of DI water
( # of drops in ¿ ) ¿ ¿ ¿
¿ =________ drops/mL
2. Refer to the previous page and list the two values you determined for number of drops in 1.0 mL DI water:
These two numbers may not be exactly the same. Describe two possible sources of error that may account for the
difference in these numbers.
3. Put the mass you recorded above in Table C for 1.0 mL DI water in the space provided below, then divide the
numbers to calculate the density of water. As always, record your answer with the correct number of significant
figures and include units:
Mass of 1 .0 mL of DI water
=
1. 0 mL 1.0 mL = _______________
DATA:
PART D: INVESTIGATING THE ACCURACY OF BEAKERS
40 mL
40 mL
40 mL
Based on your results above, what can you conclude about the accuracy of a beaker when used to measure volumes?
Post-Laboratory Questions
1. Fill in the blanks below—e.g., you can write 1 L 1000 mL or 0.001 L 1 mL for the first one,
where the “” symbol means “exactly equal” and applies to metric-metric unit equations.
2 If the density of water is 1.00 g/mL, calculate the mass (in kg) for 1.00 L of water. Show all work and express the
answer with the correct units and the correct number of significant figures to receive full credit.
Post-Laboratory Questions (Continued)
3. Compare the masses you measured for the four objects in Part A, as measured by the analytical balance versus
the top-loading balance. Describe any similarities and/or differences for the masses measured from the two
balances.
4. Compare the volume of your unknown metal calculated using two different methods in Part B. (The units may
seem to be different, but remember that 1 cm3 1 mL, so they are actually the same.) Are the two volumes
similar? Give an example of an object for which it would be better to determine its volume by water
displacement rather than by calculation.
5. Based on your calculations in Part B, which method for determining volume should you use if you want to
calculate a volume that has the most significant figures?
6. Suppose a student was performing Part B step 6 of this experiment. He correctly read and recorded the initial
volume of the water in the graduated cylinder, but when he dropped the metal sample into the water, several
drops of water splashed out of the cylinder. He chose to ignore this splashing and recorded the final volume.
How would his volume of the metal object be affected? As a result of his error would the calculated volume be
too high or too low? Explain why.
7. Part B step 5 required you to record the actual volume of liquid measured in a 50-mL graduated cylinder. Circle
all of the following sample measurements that are NOT appropriate or NOT recorded to the correct number of
decimal places using a 50-mL graduated cylinder:
43 mL 30mL 26.5 mL 31.11 mL 52.5 mL 8.00 mL