Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Anica Law, MD
Clinical Fellow, Medicine
Division o Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine
Beth Israel Deaconess and Massachusetts General Hospital
Research Fellow in Medicine
Harvard Medical School
Boston, Massachusetts
Edited By
Niteesh K. Choudhry, MD, PhD
Associate Pro essor
Department o Medicine
Brigham and Women’s Hospital
Harvard Medical School
Boston, Massachusetts
New York Chicago San Francisco Athens London Madrid Mexico City
Milan New Delhi Singapore Sydney oronto
Teaching Rounds: A Visual Aid to Teaching Internal Medicine Pearls on the Wards
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 DSS/DSS 20 19 18 17 16
ISBN 978-0-07-182162-9
MHID 0-07-182162-7
Book ISBN 978-1-259-64340-8
Book MHID 1-259-64340-9
Binder ISBN 978-1-259-64339-2
Binder MHID 1-259-64339-5
We would like to thank our consultants who contributed their time, thoughts, and
substantive edits to this project, in order by chapter: Amil Shah, MD; Ole-Petter
Hamnvik, MBBCh, BAO, MM; Molly Perencevich, MD; Christopher Gibson,
MD; Holly Rawizza, MD; Francisco Marty, MD; Jeremy Richards, MD, MA; Sagar
Nigwekar, MBBS; Eyal Kimchi, MD, PhD; Eli Miloslavsky, MD; and Sara edeschi,
MD. We learned so much about your specialties rom each o you along the way.
And f nally, we also would like to thank our respective parents and sisters, who were
our f rst and most patient teachers. We could not have arrived where we are without
your love, dedication, and support.
Contents
Preface xiii
Cardiology
Card No. eaching opic eaching Category
1 Aortic Stenosis Physical Exam
2 Cardiac Biomarkers Diagnostic Approach
3 Congestive Heart Failure reatment Approach
Hemodynamics
4 Narrow Complex achycardias Classi cation
5 Perioperative Cardiovascular Risk reatment Approach
Strati cation
6 Pulsus Paradoxus Physical Exam
7 Splitting Patterns o the Second Physical Exam
Heart Sound
8 S -Segment Elevations on EKG Classi cation
9 Stress esting Diagnostic Approach
10 Valsalva Square Wave Physical Exam
Endocrinology
Card No. eaching opic eaching Category
11 Adrenal Insu ciency Diagnostic Approach
12 Amiodarone T yrotoxicosis Diagnostic Approach
13 Anterior Hypopituitarism Classi cation
14 Diabetes Mellitus ype II reatment Approach
Inpatient Management
15 Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis Pathophysiology
16 Hypercalcemia Part I Diagnostic Approach
17 Hypercalcemia Part II reatment Approach
18 Pheochromocytoma Diagnostic Approach
19 Polyuria Diagnostic Approach
20 T yroid Function ests Pathophysiology
Gastroenterology
Card No. eaching opic eaching Category
21 Acute Pancreatitis Evidence-based Medicine
Contents (cont.)
Gastroenterology (cont.)
Card No. eaching opic eaching Category
22 Alcoholic Hepatitis reatment Approach
23 Chronic Diarrhea Diagnostic Approach
24 Clostridium di cile Diagnostic Approach
25 Helicobacter Pylori esting Diagnostic Approach
26 Hepatic Encephalopathy Pathophysiology
27 Hepatorenal Syndrome Pathophysiology
28 Lower GI Bleed Diagnostic Approach
29 Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis Diagnostic Approach
30 Upper GI Bleeding Evidence-based Medicine
Hematology-Oncology
Card No. eaching opic eaching Category
31 Acute Chest Syndrome in Sickle Cell reatment Approach
Disease
32 B12 De ciency Pathophysiology
33 Hemolytic Anemia Classi cation
34 Heparin-Induced T rombocytopenia Diagnostic Approach
(HI )
35 Monoclonal Gammopathy o Classi cation
Unknown Signi cance (MGUS)
versus Multiple Myeloma
36 Neutropenic Fever reatment Approach
37 Splenomegaly Physical Exam
38 rans usion reactions Classi cation
39 umor Lysis Syndrome Pathophysiology
40 War arin-Induced Coagulopathy reatment Approach
Infectious Disease
Card No. eaching opic eaching Category
41 Acute HIV Diagnostic Approach
42 Asymptomatic Bacteriuria reatment Approach
43 Cellulitis and Erysipelas Classi cation
Contents (cont.)
Nephrology (cont.)
Card No. eaching opic eaching Category
66 Nephrolithiasis Classi cation
67 Non-Gap Metabolic Acidosis Classi cation
68 Renal Artery Stenosis Evidence-Based Medicine
69 Renal ubular Acidosis Diagnostic Approach
70 Renal Ultrasound in Acute Kidney Injury Evidence-Based Medicine
Neurology
Card No. eaching opic eaching Category
71 Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo Diagnostic Approach
(BPPV)
72 Coma Physical Exam
73 Delirium reatment Approach
74 Intravenous PA in Patients with reatment Approach
Ischemic Stroke
75 Migraine reatment Approach
76 Neuroimaging Be ore Lumbar Puncture Evidence-Based Medicine
77 Nystagmus Physical Exam
78 Seizure Versus Syncope Diagnostic Approach
79 Status Epilepticus reatment Approach
80 ransient Ischemic Attack Evidence-Based Medicine
Pulmonary
Card No. eaching opic eaching Category
81 Abnormal Breathing Patterns Physical Exam
82 Chronic Asthma and COPD reatment Approach
83 COPD and Oxygenation Pathophysiology
84 COPD Exacerbation reatment Approach
85 Interstitial Lung Disease Diagnostic Approach
86 Obstructive Sleep Apnea Pathophysiology
87 Pleural E usions Diagnostic Approach
Contents (cont.)
Pulmonary (cont.)
Card No. eaching opic eaching Category
88 Pulmonary Embolism reatment Approach
89 Pulmonary Function ests Diagnostic Approach
90 Pulmonary Hypertension Classi cation
Rheumatology
Card No. eaching opic eaching Category
91 Acute Monoarticular Arthritis Classi cation
92 Antinuclear Antibodies Classi cation
93 Antiphospholipid Syndrome Diagnostic Approach
94 Chronic Gout reatment Approach
95 CRP versus ESR Diagnostic Approach
96 Sarcoidosis Diagnostic Approach
97 Scleroderma Renal Crisis Pathophysiology
98 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) reatment Approach
Flare
99 emporal Arteritis Diagnostic Approach
100 Vasculitis Diagnostic Approach
Preface
oday’s medical resident has access to in ormation in more orms than ever be ore.
o learn about a given disease entity, there are many options to turn to—pocket
manuals, textbooks, the peer-reviewed medical literature, residency-speci c hous-
esta primers, websites, and other online resources. While this in ormation quarry
is richer than ever be ore and the ability to mine it is increasingly easy, it has also
become increasingly challenging to identi y the true “pearls” that one can take or-
ward into practice.
However, one o the most important jobs o medical residents is to do exactly
that, and then to pass these pearls onto medical students, interns, and junior resi-
dents in a succinct and organized ashion—not to mention semi-spontaneously on
morning rounds when a patient with a relevant teaching point presents overnight.
As house o cers, we ound the challenge o doing all o this to be requently so
daunting that teaching too o en was sacri ced or “e ciency.” Despite all the avail-
able resources to help us learn, we ound none that could reliably help us teach.
T e ollowing, then, is our answer, born over our kitchen table at home. For
each o 10 medical specialties, we have identi ed 10 topics that we eel are important
to discuss on rounds, with each topic given its own card. We urther categorized the
teaching topics into speci c categories (Diagnostic Approach, reatment Approach,
Disease Classi cation, Evidence-Based Medicine, Pathophysiology, or Physical Ex-
amination), so that discussions can also be chosen by teaching content.
On the rst side o every card is a visual aid, central to the topic at hand, to
be presented to the learner(s). T e back side has a question-and-answer ormat or
the teacher to guide the discussion, hitting on the key pearls we believe to be most
important. A section o the question-and-answer side is highlighted; this section
re ers most directly to the image on the ront, and in a time-crunch, the lesson can
be limited to this section alone. Our aim is that each highlighted portion takes 2 to 3
minutes to teach, while the entire card can be taught in less than 10. Although each
card contains all o the in ormation to present a given topic, we recommend that the
teacher review the card prior to rounds, both to become amiliar with the image and
f ow o the discussion, as well as to personalize the teaching experience.
xiii
CARDIOLOGY PHYSICAL EXAM
AorticStenosis
Hyp e rtro p h ic
Ao rtic Ste n o s is
Ca rd io m yo p a th y
S1 S2 S1 S2
1
CARDIOLOGY PHYSICAL EXAM
AorticStenosis
Case: A 72-year-old man with a history o hyperlipidemia presents with a
syncopal episode and is noted to have a systolic murmur on exam.
Ef ect on
Preload
(venous return Change in AS Change in HCM
Maneuver to the heart) murmur intensity murmur intensity
Standing ↑ ↓ ↓
(Less blood volume (More relative
ejected through a obstruction o
stenotic valve) out ow tract)
Squatting ↑ ↑ ↓
(More blood volume (Less relative
ejected through a obstruction o
stenotic valve) out ow tract)
REFERENCE
1. Etchells E, Bell C, Robb K. Does this patient have an abnormal systolic murmur? JAMA. 1997;277(7):564–571. 1
CARDIOLOGY DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH
CardiacBiomarkers
Myoglobin MB CK
8 Tota l CK Troponins
l
a
v
r
7
e
t
n
i
e
6
c
n
e
r
5
e
f
e
r
4
f
o
t
i
m
3
i
l
r
e
2
p
p
u
1
s
e
m
i
0
T
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48
Time a fte r ons e t of a cute myoca rdia l infa rction (h)
(Hass EE, Yang EH, Gersh BJ, O’Rourke RA. Chapter 60. ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial In arction. In:
Fuster V, Walsh RA, Harrington RA. eds. Hurst’s The Heart, 13e. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2011.)
2
CARDIOLOGY DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH
CardiacBiomarkers
Case: A 66-year-old man with a history o hypertension and hyperlipidemia
presents with 1 hour o substernal chest pain, with 2-mm ST-segment
depressions in leads V3–V6 on EKG.
■ I the same patient waited 3 days a er the episode o chest pain to seek medical
attention, and was ound to only have a troponin elevation on initial labs,
what would be the likely timing o the ischemic event?
— T is is most likely a presentation o a late myocardial in arction, as the other
biomarkers (CK, CK–MB) have already cleared the bloodstream
■ In addition to plaque rupture leading to an acute coronary syndrome, what
are other causes o cardiac troponin elevation?2
— Cardiac damage due to demand ischemia (type 2 myocardial in arction)
• achyarrhythmia, anemia, hypo- or hyper-tension, heart ailure, le
ventricular hypertrophy, severe aortic stenosis, pulmonary embolism,
coronary vasculitis, coronary vasospasm, sepsis, acute respiratory ailure
— Cardiac damage not due to ischemia
• Cardiac contusion, recent cardiac surgery or ablation therapy, myocardi-
tis, akotsubo cardiomyopathy, cardiotoxic agents, requent de brillator
shocks
— Extra-cardiac causes
• Stroke
REFERENCES
1. Hass EE, Yang EH. Chapter 60. S -segment elevation myocardial in arction. In: Fuster V, Walsh RA, Harrington RA, eds. Hurst’s T e
Heart. 13th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2011.
2. Harrington R. Chapter 59. Unstable angina and non–S -segment elevation myocardial in arction. In: Fuster V, Walsh RA,
Harrington RA, eds. Hurst’s T e Heart. 13th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2011. 2
CARDIOLOGY TREATMENT APPROACH
Co ng e s tio n
Dry We t
We ll-
Wa rm compe ns a te d Diure s e
Pe rfus io n
Diure s e a nd
Inotropic
Cool Inotropic
S upport S upport
S ig ns /S ympto ms o f S ig ns /S ympto ms o f
Lo w Pe rfus io n Co ng e s tio n
3
CARDIOLOGY TREATMENT APPROACH
■ What are the our di erent hemodynamic pro les o heart ailure?1
— Warm/dry, warm/wet, cool/dry, and cool/wet
■ What are the signs/symptoms o low per usion (i.e., cool hemodynamics)?
— Decreased pulse pressure (pulse pressure = systolic BP–diastolic BP), cool
extremities, altered mental status, decreased urine output
■ What are the signs/symptoms o congestion (i.e., wet hemodynamics)?
— Orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, edema, ascites, elevated JVP,
audible S3, crackles on lung auscultation, hepatojugular ref ux, Valsalva
square wave
REFERENCES
1. Nohria A, Lewis E, Stevenson LW. Medical management o advanced heart ailure. JAMA. 2002;287(5):628–640.
2. Abraham W , Hasan A. Chapter 28. Diagnosis and management o heart ailure. In: Fuster V, Walsh RA, Harrington RA, eds.
Hurst’s T e Heart. 13th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2011. 3
CARDIOLOGY CLASSIFICATION
NarrowComplexTachycardias
Na rrow Comple x
Ta chyca rdia
Re gula r or
Irre gula r?
• Atria l flutte r with fixe d block • Atria l flutte r with va ria ble block
• Atria l ta chyca rdia • Atria l ta chyca rdia with va ria ble block
P P P P P P P
4
CARDIOLOGY CLASSIFICATION
NarrowComplexTachycardias
Case: A 72-year-old woman is hospitalized with pneumonia and is noted
to have a rapid heart rate on routine vital sign check. EKG is obtained and
shows a narrow-complex tachycardia.
■ What are the types o SVT with a regular rhythm and their patterns on
EKG?
— Sinus tachycardia (normal p wave be ore each QRS complex, and QRS
complex a er each normal p wave)
— Atrial f utter with xed block (“sawtooth” pattern o the p waves)
— Atrial tachycardia (p waves all identical but unique; that is, not rom the
SA node)
— AVNR /AVR (may see retrograde p waves that arise a er the QRS
complex)
■ What are the types o SVT with an irregular rhythm and their patterns on
EKG?
— Atrial brillation (no discernible p waves)
— Atrial f utter with variable block (“sawtooth” pattern o p waves with
variable conduction to the ventricles)
— Atrial tachycardia with variable block (unique p waves o same morphology
with variable conduction to the ventricles)
— Multi ocal atrial tachycardia (p waves have at least three di erent
morphologies)
REFERENCE
1. Marchlinski F. Chapter 233. T e tachyarrhythmias. In: Longo DL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J, eds.
Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine. 18th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2012. 4
CARDIOLOGY TREATMENT APPROACH
Figure 1-5. The Revised Cardiac Risk Index (RCRI) Score or estimating
perioperative risk.1
5
CARDIOLOGY TREATMENT APPROACH
■ How does the Revised Cardiac Risk Index (RCRI) estimate the perioperative
risk o MACE?1
— Lee et al. identi ed six independent predictors o cardiac risk or major
noncardiac surgery and incorporated the actors into a single score
(RCRI)
• High-risk surgery (intraperitoneal, intrathoracic, or suprainguinal
vascular), history o ischemic heart disease, history o congestive heart
ailure, history o cerebrovascular disease, insulin therapy or diabetes
mellitus, and preoperative creatinine level > 2.0 mg/dL
— Low risk i patient has < 2 risk actors
■ How does the perioperative risk o MACE inf uence the next steps in
management?2
— Low risk: proceed to surgery (no additional need or testing)
— High risk: determine patient’s unctional capacity
• < 4 ME s → pharmacologic stress testing (i results change management)
• ≥ 4 ME s → proceed to surgery
■ What activities are associated with ≥ 4 METs?2
— Climbing a f ight o stairs, walking up a hill, walking on level ground at
4 mph, or per orming heavy work around the house
■ What is the only class I indication or perioperative beta-blocker therapy?2
— Per the ACC/AHA, beta-blockers should be continued in all patients who
are already receiving beta-blockers or a clinically appropriate indication
■ When should statins be administered perioperatively?2
— Per the ACC/AHA, statins should be continued in all patients currently
taking statins and scheduled or noncardiac surgery (class I recommendation),
and it is reasonable to start statins in patients undergoing vascular surgery
(class IIa recommendation)
REFERENCES
1. Lee H, Marcantonio ER, Mangione CM, et al. Derivation and prospective validation o a simple index or prediction o cardiac risk
o major noncardiac surgery. Circulation. 1999;100(10):1043–1049.
2. Fleisher LA, Fleischmann KE, Auerbach AD, et al. 2014 ACC/AHA guideline on perioperative cardiovascular evaluation and man-
agement o patients undergoing noncardiac surgery: a report o the American College o Cardiology/American Heart Association
ask Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2014;130(24):e278–e333. 5
CARDIOLOGY PHYSICAL EXAM
Pulsus Paradoxus
e
r
u
Norma l P a ra doxica l
s
Re s pira tory
s
P uls e >
Va ria tion
e
10 mm Hg
r
(0–10 mm Hg)
P
d
o
o
l
B
Ke y
Norma l
P uls us
P a ra doxus
Ins pira tion Expira tion
Re s p ira tory Cyc le
RA LA RA LA
RV LV RV LV
6
CARDIOLOGY PHYSICAL EXAM
Pulsus Paradoxus
Case: A 32-year-old woman with a history o breast cancer presents with
shortness o breath and hypotension, and is noted to have distant heart
sounds on exam and an elevated JVP.
■ What other exam ndings would raise your concern or cardiac tamponade?1
— Pulsus paradoxus: a all in the systolic blood pressure (SBP) o > 10 mm Hg
with inspiration
• When detected in presence o a pericardial e usion, a pulsus signi cantly
increases the likelihood o cardiac tamponade (likelihood ratio = 3.3)
■ How do you measure a pulsus paradoxus on exam?
1. Ask the patient to breathe normally and inf ate cu ≥ 10 mm Hg above the
point at which no Korotko sounds are heard
2. Slowly def ate cu until the rst Korotko sounds are heard (the sounds will
be intermittent, only occurring during expiration)
3. Continue to def ate cu until all Korotko sounds are heard (the sounds will
be constant—now at the SBP where all inspiratory beats are audible as well)
4. T e pulsus is the di erence in SBP between step 2 and step 3, and i
> 10 mm Hg, then there is a pulsus paradoxus
■ Why does the SBP drop with inspiration in normal physiology?
— Inspiration decreases intrathoracic pressure, which increases preload to the
right side o the heart and thereby increases right-sided cardiac output
• As a result, the pulmonary vascular bed distends, which delays lling to
the le side o the heart, and thus le -sided cardiac output alls
REFERENCES
1. Roy CL, Minor MA, Brookhart MA, Choudhry NK. Does this patient with a pericardial e usion have cardiac tamponade? JAMA.
2007;297(16):1810–1818.
2. Walsh RA, Shaver JA. Chapter 14. T e history, physical examination, and cardiac auscultation. In: Fuster V, Walsh RA, Harrington
RA, eds. Hurst’s T e Heart. 13th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2011. 6
CARDIOLOGY PHYSICAL EXAM
S1 A2 P 2
Expira tion
l
a
m
r
o
Ins pira tion
N
t
i
l
Expira tion
p
s
d
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Ins pira tion
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Expira tion
t
i
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p
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Ins pira tion
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Expira tion
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o
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a
r
a
P2 A2
P
Figure 1-7. Splitting patterns o the second heart sound.
7
CARDIOLOGY PHYSICAL EXAM
Dif erential
Pattern Physiology diagnosis
Widened Permanently delayed pulmonic valve RBBB, pulmonic
split closure. Split still varies with inspiration, stenosis, LV
but P2 delay is more exaggerated in both paced
inspiration and expiration.
Fixed split Chronic overload o pulmonary vascular Atrial septal
system causes high-capacitance, low- de ect, RV ailure
resistance state o the pulmonary vascu-
lature. Inspiration does not increase the
already elevated vascular capacitance,
and closure time o the pulmonic valve is
thus already maximally delayed.
Paradoxical Abnormal delay in the closure o the LBBB, advanced
split aortic valve such that it occurs a ter aortic stenosis,
P2. Inspiration delays P2, causing it to RV paced
become closer to a delayed A2.
REFERENCE
1. Leonard L. Pathophysiology of Heart Disease. 4th ed. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams &Wilkins; 2007. 7
8
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REFERENCES
1. Bayés-de-Luna A, Goldwasser D, Fiol M, Bayés-Genis A. Chapter 15. Sur ace electrocardiography. In: Fuster V, Walsh RA, Har-
rington RA, eds. Hurst’s T e Heart. 13th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2011.
2. Hollander JE, Diercks DB. Chapter 53. Acute coronary syndromes: acute myocardial in arction and unstable angina. In: intinalli
JE, Stapczynski J, Ma OJ, Cline DM, Cydulka RK, Meckler GD, eds. intinalli’s Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide.
7th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2011. 8
CARDIOLOGY DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH
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9
CARDIOLOGY DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH
StressTesting
Case: A 57-year-old diabetic male is admitted or chest pain and re erred
or stress testing.
REFERENCES
1. Leonard L. Pathophysiology of Heart Disease. 4th edi. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams &Wilkins; 2007.
2. Alguire PC, et al. Medical Knowledge Self-Assessment Program 16: Cardiovascular Medicine. Philadelphia, PA: American College o
Physicians; 2012. 9
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S a m e a s a b o v e S a a
b m o e
v e a s
CARDIOLOGY
I I I I I
I I V
V a l
( s
1 a
0 l
va s e M c o
a n n
d e s u v e r
Valsalva Square Wave
)
(
W (
D e
S e
A
l
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F F
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T i m e
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K e y K o r o t
ko f
f s o u n d s h e a r d
PHYSICAL EXAM
F i g u r e 1 - 1 0 . T h e o u r p h a s e s o t h e V a l
s a l
v a m a n e u v e r a n d t h e a s s o c i
a t e d r e s p o n s e s .
CARDIOLOGY PHYSICAL EXAM
Well-
Compensated Decompensated
Normal Response CHF Response CHF Response
Phase I Increase in intra- Same as normal Same as normal
(initial abdominal pressure → response response
Valsalva) increase in SBP (hear
Korotko sounds)
Phase II Decrease in venous Same as normal Patient is volume-
(sustained return → decreased response overloaded →
Valsalva) preload → decrease in Valsalva is not
SBP (absent Korotko signif cant enough
sounds) to overcome ele-
vated venous f lling
pressures → SBP
remains elevated
Phase III Decrease in SBP due to Same as normal Same as normal
(release o loss o intra-abdominal response response
Valsalva) pressure (absent Korot-
ko sounds)
Phase IV Arterial constriction Patient is already Patient is already va-
(recovery and increased venous vasoconstricted soconstricted due to
rom return → SBP over- due to chronic chronic compensa-
Valsalva) shoot (hear Korotko compensation tion or low cardiac
sounds again) or low cardiac output → no SBP
output → no SBP overshoot (absent
overshoot (absent Korotko sounds)
Korotko sounds)
■ How does the Valsalva square wave maneuver assist in diuresis management?
— When a patient with congestive heart ailure (CHF) has been adequately
diuresed, the venous lling pressures will be restored and the SBP will drop with
sustained Valsalva during phase II (well-compensated CHF response pattern)
REFERENCE
1. Shamsham F, Mitchell J. Essentials o the diagnosis o heart ailure. Am Fam Physician. 2000;61(5):1319–1328. 10
ENDOCRINOLOGY DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH
Che ck
Adre na l ba s e line Adre na l
ins ufficie ncy <3 mcg/dL 6:00–8:00 AM >15 mcg/dL ins ufficie ncy
rule d in cortis ol rule d out
le ve l
Che ck ACTH
le ve l
3–15 mcg/dL
>100 pg/mL Low-norma l
Ce ntra l
P rima ry a dre na l
a dre na l
ins ufficie ncy
ins ufficie ncy
Che ck ACTH
le ve l
P os s ible prima ry S us pe ct
a dre na l centra l adre nal
ins ufficie ncy ins ufficie ncy
CS T1 CS T1
Norma l Abnorma l
Cortis ol <18–20 mcg/dL
(500–550 nmol/L)
Cons is te nt with
e ithe r norma l Confirme d
function or re ce nt ce ntra l
Confirme d ons e t ce ntra l a dre na l
prima ry a dre na l a dre na l ins ufficie ncy
ins ufficie ncy ins ufficie ncy2
1 ACTH cos yntropin s timula tion te s t (CS T): Adminis te r 250 mcg a s IV bolus a nd che ck cortis ol le ve l in 30–60 minute s .
(Norma l re s pons e : cortis ol >18 mcg/dL)
2
Re ce nt s e conda ry a dre na l ins ufficie ncy s hould be s us pe cte d in pa tie nts with re ce nt pituita ry s urge ry.
(Stern SC, Ci u AS, Altkorn D. Chapter 21. I Have a Patient with Hyponatremia. I Have a Patient with
Hypernatremia. How Do I Determine the Cause?. In: Stern SC, Ci u AS, Altkorn D. eds. Symptom to
Diagnosis: An Evidence-Based Guide, 2e. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2010.)
REFERENCES
1. Arlt W. Chapter 342: Disorders o the adrenal cortex. In: Longo DL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Jameson J, Loscalzo J, eds.
Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine. 18th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2012.
2. Lin Liew EC, Sheehy AS, Wood KE, Coursin DB. Chapter 151: Adrenal insu ciency. In: McKean SC, Ross JJ, Dressler DD, Brotman
DJ, Ginsberg JS, eds. Principles and Practice of Hospital Medicine. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2012. 11
12
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ENDOCRINOLOGY
Amiodarone Thyrotoxicosis
Fi g u r e 2 - 2 . T y p e I v
s . T
y p e I I A m i o d a r o n e - I n d u c e d T h y r o t o x i c o s i s .
DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH
ENDOCRINOLOGY DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH
Amiodarone Thyrotoxicosis
Case: A 39-year-old emale with atrial f brillation presents to the ICU with
hyperthermia, HTN, and psychosis. She has been on amiodarone. Her TSH
is ound to be less than assay.
REFERENCE
1. Jameson J, Weetman AP. Chapter 341: Disorders o the thyroid gland. In: Longo DL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Jameson J,
Loscalzo J, eds. Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine. 18th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2012. 12
13
A n t e r i o r p i
t u i t
a r y P
T h yr
M o
a i m
d m a r y g l a n d o s t e r
i o r p i t u i
t a r y
h
a
c a
e
c t
r
p
o s
t
a i
w
l o
a
t i
t
n
g
c h e a
s
h y
l l
o n
b r
t o
h
m d
e o y
s n
i
s t e
i
s o s
(
f G
u I e
G
H s F
)
, -
s
e 1
t
s i
,
m p
w e
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c
l
a i
i
c a
t h
e
l
l s
y
t h e n
H
G H
t o r e l e a s e t h yr o i
d h o r m o n e ( T H ) . T S
, b o n e , m u s c l e , a n d a d i
p o s e
ENDOCRINOLOGY
T
( T
h S
y H r
o ) i
s
d t -
i m
s ti u m
l a u
t e
l a
s t
t i
h n
e g t
h
h yr
o r o
m i
d o g
n l
e
a n d c o n n e c t i
v e t i
s s u e t
o s t i
m u l a t e g r o w t h .
B o n e
M u s c l e d i p o s e
Anterior Hypopituitarism
c o n n e c t i
v e t i s s u e
P R L
A d r e n a l c o r t e x
P r o l a c ti n ( P R L ) a c t s o n m a m m a r y
F S H a n d L H A C T H
a
A c
d t s
r e o n
n o t
c h
o e r t a
i c
d o
r e t r
n o
a p l i
c c o r h t e
o x
r m o n e ( A C T H )
g l
a n d s t
o s t i
m u l a t e m i
l k p r o d u c t i
o n .
t o c a u s e
r e l
e a s e o f c o r t i
c o s t e r o i
d s
( e . g . , c o r t i
s o l
) .
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a
g
d
F n
o
e
o n
d
l l
a
i l
c
u
d l s
t
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s t
n e
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n
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g m
o va
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o o
n
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i
e
e m
s (
o )
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t
H
o e ) s
( a
t F
i
c
m S
t u
H o
l n
)
a t e
v e l o p m e n t o f g a m e t e s ( s p e r m a n d o o c yt e ) . G r
T e s t i
s O va r y A
(
M e s c h e r A L . C h a p t e r 2 0 . E n d o c r
i n e G l a n d s . I
n : M e s c h e r A L . e d s . J u n q u e i
r a ’
s B
a s i
c H
i s t o l
o g y : T
e x
t & A t l
a s , 1 3 e . N e w Y o r k , N Y : M c G r a w - H i l l ; 2 0 1 3 .
)
F i g u r e 2 - 3 . H o r m o n e s o t h e a n t e r i o r p i t u i
t a r y g l a n d .
CLASSIFICATION
ENDOCRINOLOGY CLASSIFICATION
Anterior Hypopituitarism
Case: A 54-year-old man with hemochromatosis presents with decreased
libido, erectile dys unction and cold intolerance.
■ How does each hormone def ciency mani est itsel (in adults)?2
— GH de ciency: ↓ muscle mass and ↓ sense o well-being
— Hypogonadism (due to FSH/LH de ciency): amenorrhea in women;
↓ libido + erectile dys unction in men
— Hypothyroidism: cold intolerance, constipation, dry skin, ↓ energy
— AC H de ciency: weakness, weight loss, anorexia, nausea/vomiting
— Prolactin de ciency: ailure o postpartum lactation
REFERENCES
1. Fitzgerald PA. Chapter 26: Endocrine disorders. In: Papadakis MA, McPhee SJ, Rabow MW, eds. CURREN Medical Diagnosis &
reatment 2014. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2014.
2. Javorsky BR, Aron DC, Findling JW, yrrell J. Chapter 4: Hypothalamus and pituitary gland. In: Gardner DG, Shoback D, eds.
Greenspan’s Basic & Clinical Endocrinology. 9th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2011. 13
ENDOCRINOLOGY TREATMENT APPROACH
Ad d c orre c tiona l-b a s e d ins ulin with a n ins ulin s lid ing s c a le with me a ls
Figure 2-4. Weight-based insulin regimen.
14
ENDOCRINOLOGY TREATMENT APPROACH
■ Is there data that supports the use o weight-based insulin versus ISS?3
— T e RABBI 2 trial showed improved glycemic control (but no change in
length o stay or mortality) with weight-based insulin versus ISS strategy in
surgical patients
REFERENCES
1. Schnipper JL. Chapter 149: Inpatient management o diabetes and hyperglycemia. In: McKean SC, Ross JJ, Dressler DD, Brotman
DJ, Ginsberg JS, eds. Principles and Practice of Hospital Medicine. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2012.
2. Moghissi ES, Korytkowski M , DiNardo M, et al; American Association o Clinical Endocrinologists; American Diabetes Asso-
ciation. American Association o Clinical Endocrinologists and American Diabetes Association consensus statement on inpatient
glycemic control. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(6):1119–1131.
3. Umpierrez GE, Smiley D, Jacobs S, et al. Randomized study o basal-bolus insulin therapy in the inpatient management o patients
with type 2 diabetes undergoing general surgery (RABBI 2 surgery). Diabetes Care. 2011;34(2):256–261. 14
ENDOCRINOLOGY PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis
Glucocorticoid
long-te rm the ra py ≥
pre dnis one 7.5 mg/da y
15
ENDOCRINOLOGY PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis
Case: A 66-year-old woman with newly diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis is
set to start prednisone 10 mg/day. She has not received any bone mineral
density (BMD) testing in the past.
REFERENCES
1. Shoback D. Chapter 58: Osteoporosis & glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. In: Imboden JB, Hellmann DB, Stone JH, eds.
CURREN Rheumatology Diagnosis & reatment. 3rd ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2013.
2. Lindsay R, Cosman F. Chapter 354: Osteoporosis. In: Longo DL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Jameson J, Loscalzo J, eds.
Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine. 18th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2012.
3. Shoback D, Sellmeyer D, Bikle DD. Chapter 8: Metabolic bone disease. In: Gardner DG, Shoback D, eds. Greenspan’s Basic & Clinical
Endocrinology. 9th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2011.
4. Grossman JM, Gordon R, Ranganath VK, et al. American College o Rheumatology 2010 recommendations or the prevention and
treatment o glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2010;62(11):1515–1526.
5. Fraser LA, Adachi JD. Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: treatment update and review. T er Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2009;1(2):71–85. 15
ENDOCRINOLOGY DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH
Hypercalcemia Part I
Hype rca lce mia (Confirme d)
Me a s ure P TH
Ele va te d or Low P TH
“ina ppropria te ly” norma l P TH
Hypercalcemia Part I
Case: A 74-year-old man with a history o squamous cell lung cancer presents
with con usion and is ound to have hypercalcemia.
REFERENCES
1. Khosla S. Chapter 46: Hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia. In: Longo DL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Jameson J, Loscalzo J, eds.
Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine. 18th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2012.
2. Stern SC, Ci u AS, Altkorn D. Symptom to Diagnosis: An Evidence-Based Guide. 2nd ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2010. 16
17
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F i g u r e 2 - 7 . T r
e a t m e n t o p t i o n s o r h y p e r c a l c e m i a .
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— Soipihan se.
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Minä selitin.
— Vai niin!
— Kolmannella kymmenellä.
— Eikö se koske?
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Viimein tuli pohjalta esiin rutikuiva kanto, joka oli täynnä koloja.
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