Ambo Walisoo Roads

Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized
March, 2012
(RAP) FINAL
RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN
RP1312 v3
Final
Volume I: Main Report
March 2012
Final
Volume II: Annex M (Signatures PAHs)
March 2012
Resettlement Action Plan (Final) i
Ambo - Woliso Road Project
Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

PROJECT LOCATION MAP
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................... I
1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 1
1.1. Objectives and Scope of the RAP ...................................................................................... 1
1.2. Methodology ...................................................................................................................... 1
1.3. The RAP Guideline Structures .......................................................................................... 2
2. SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITION OF THE PROJECT AREA ...................................... 4
2.1. Location and Population .................................................................................................... 4
2.2. Social Services ................................................................................................................... 8
2.2.1. Education ............................................................................................................. 8
2.2.2. Health Service ................................................................................................... 10
2.2.3. Water supply...................................................................................................... 14
2.2.4. Travel Pattern, Transport and Communication Services ................................... 14
2.2.5. Tourist Attraction Sites ..................................................................................... 14
2.3. Economic Activities......................................................................................................... 15
2.4. Gender Issues ................................................................................................................... 18
3. LEGAL, POLICY AND ADMINISTRATIVE POLICY FRAMEWORK....................... 21
3.1. Legal Background ............................................................................................................ 21
3.2. The Constitution .............................................................................................................. 21
3.3. Regional States Land Administration and Land Use Proclamation................................. 22
3.4. The Environmental Policy of Ethiopia ............................................................................ 23
3.5. Proclamation Number 455/2005 ...................................................................................... 24
3.6. Ethiopian Roads Authority (Policy Framework) ............................................................. 24
3.7. Land use and the Right of Way ....................................................................................... 25
3.8. The World Bank Operational Policies (OP4.12) ............................................................. 26
3.9. Institutional Framework ................................................................................................... 31
3.9.1. Ministry of Finance and Economic Development (MoFED) ............................ 31
3.9.2. The Ethiopian Roads Authority (ERA) ............................................................. 31
3.9.3. Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) ...................................................... 31
3.9.4. General Remarks on Legal, Policy and Institutional Issues .............................. 32
4. PUBLIC CONSULTATION ................................................................................................. 33
4.1 Discussion with Woreda Administrative Officers ........................................................... 33
4.1.1 Attitude about the Project ................................................................................................ 33
4.1.2 Positive Expectations ....................................................................................................... 34
4.1.3 Negative Expectations ..................................................................................................... 34
4.1.4 The results of the public Consultations............................................................................ 35
5. POTENTIAL SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT ............................. 36
Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority

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Resettlement Action Plan (Final) ii
5.1. Socio-economic Profile of the PAPs ............................................................................... 36

5.2. Assets Possession............................................................................................................. 37
5.3. Vulnerable Groups ........................................................................................................... 37
5.4. Compensation Preference ................................................................................................ 38
5.5. Historical, cultural and religious resources...................................................................... 38
5.6. Social acceptability of the project road ............................................................................ 38
5.7. Socio-economic impacts of the project ............................................................................ 38
5.8. Social impacts in urban and rural areas ........................................................................... 43
5.8.1 Impact of the project on farmlands .................................................................... 43
5.8.2 Impact on fruit and non fruit bearing trees ........................................................ 43
5.8.3 Disruption to services ........................................................................................ 43
5.8.4 Impacts associated with ancillary works ........................................................... 44
5.8.5 Gender, Vulnerability and HIV/AIDS ............................................................... 45
6. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA ................................................................................................... 47
7. METHODS OF VALUING OF AFFECTED ASSETS ...................................................... 48
7.1. Guidelines for Expropriation ........................................................................................... 48
7.2. Valuing compensation for loss of houses and business ................................................... 49
7.2.1 Compensation for loss of houses and other structures ...................................... 54
7.2.2 Compensation for business ................................................................................ 54
7.3. Methods of valuing compensation for loss of Farmlands ................................................ 55
7.3.1 Compensation for Permanent Loss of Farmlands/Grazing Lands ..................... 59
7.3.2 Compensation for Temporary Loss of Farmlands /Grazing lands .................... 60
7.3.3 Compensation for fruit and none fruit bearing trees.......................................... 60
7.3.4 Compensation for Affected Services ................................................................. 61
8. ORGANIZATIONAL PROCEDURES FOR THE DELIVERY OF ENTITLEMENTS 62
8.1 Compensation Committee................................................................................................ 62
8.2 Awareness Creation Phase ............................................................................................... 67
8.3 Committee Formation Phase ............................................................................................ 67
8.4 Compensation Phase ........................................................................................................ 67
8.5 Time required for Compensation and Relocation ............................................................ 67
8.5.1 Reporting ........................................................................................................... 67
8.5.2 Budget Requirement for Compensation Committee ......................................... 68
9 GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM ........................................................................... 69
9.1 General Arbitration Process ............................................................................................. 69
9.2 Grievance Process ............................................................................................................ 70
10 RAP IMPLEMENTATION COST....................................................................................... 72
11 MONITORING AND EVALUATION ................................................................................. 74
11.1 Responsible Authority ..................................................................................................... 74
11.1.1 Objectives .......................................................................................................... 74
11.1.2 Performance Monitoring of the RAP ................................................................ 75
11.1.3 Impact Monitoring of the RAP .......................................................................... 76
11.2 Resettlement and Rehabilitation Assistance .................................................................... 76
11.2.1 Beekeeping and Honey Production:- ................................................................... 77

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Resettlement Action Plan (Final) iii
11.2.2 Handcraft ........................................................................................................... 78

11.2.3 Flour Mill .......................................................................................................... 78
11.2.4 Agricultural Extension Support ......................................................................... 79
11.2.4 Petty trading for organized women ................................................................... 79
11.2.5 Training and Capacity Building ........................................................................... 79
11 CONSULTATION WITH PAPS AND LOCAL OFFICIALS ........................................... 80
12 THE RAP DISCLOSURE ..................................................................................................... 82
ANNEXES
Annex A: Minutes of Meetings

Annex B: Compensation for Buildings
Annex C: Compensation for Farm land and Grazing land
Annex D: Compensation for Tree
Annex E: Compensation for Fence
Annex F: Electric Pole data
Annex G: Telephone Pole data
Annex H: Water Tap data
Annex I: Unit price
Annex J: PAHs
Annex K: Vulnerable Group
Annex L: List of Consulted Persons and Organizations
Volume II:
Annex M: Signatures PAHs

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Resettlement Action Plan (Final) iv
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
ADLI Agricultural Development Led Industrial
CIS Corrugated Iron Sheet
CSA Central Statistical Authority
DBST Double Bituminous Surface Treatment
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
ESMT Environmental and Social Management Team
EPA Environmental Protection Authority
ERA Ethiopian Roads Authority
ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment
FDRE Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
FHH Female headed household
GCRC Gross Current Replacement Cost
Ha Hectare
HCB Hollow Concrete Block
HHH Household Heads
HIV/AIDS Human Immune Virus / Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
Km Kilometer
MOFED Ministry of Finance and Economic Development
M’s Meters
NA Not Available
NGO Non Governmental Organization
OD Operational Directives
PAPs Project Affected Persons
Qt Quintal
RAP Resettlement Action Plan
ROW Right of Way
RSDP Road Sector Development Program
WB World Bank

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Resettlement Action Plan (Final) v
KEY CONCEPTS
Affected Population Groups of people who likely lose their physical or non physical assets
like residential houses, working places, productive land resources,
religious or cultural sites and social net-works due to the project.
Assessment The process of collecting, organizing, analyzing, interpreting and
communicating data relevant for the preparation of RAP.
Auditing The process through which then provides an opportunity and
mechanism to learn from the experience, correcting setbacks or to
refrain project design and implementation procedures.
Compensation The payment in kind, cash or other assets given in exchange for the
taking of land, or loss of other assets, including fixed assets there on in
part or whole. Compensation payments incorporate transaction
payments or assistances.
Compliance To act in accordance with the rules and regulations set for the purpose.
Cut-off-Date The date of commencement of the census of PAPs within the project
area boundaries (RoW). This is the date on and beyond which any
person who occupied land designated for the project use will not be
eligible for compensation.
Development The act of altering or modifying resources in order to obtain potential
benefits.
Displacement Could be physical, i.e. whether the affected people are required to
relocate, or economic, where the impacts or loss of incomes forces the
affected persons to move or to initiate alternative strategies for income
restoration.
Entitlement Range of measures comprising compensation, income restoration,
transfer assistance, income substitution, relocation and other
provisions depending on the nature of their losses to restore or
improve their livelihoods.
Environmental Impact The degree of change in an environment resulting from the effect of an
activity on the environment, whether desirable or undesirable. Impacts
may be the direct consequence of the project activities or may be
indirectly caused by them.
Environmental Impact A process of examining the environmental consequences of the project
Assessment activities.
Evaluation The process of weighting information, the act of making value
judgments or ascribing values to data in order to reach decision.
Expropriation An action of annihilating productive land or other assets by the
government involuntarily for the project cause in compliance to its
sovereignty.
Host community Community residing in or near the area to which resettles are to be
relocated.

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Resettlement Action Plan (Final) vi
Impact The effect of an activity on use and property rights, assets, social net-
works and the environment whether desirable or undesirable. Impacts
could be the direct consequences of the project or be indirectly caused
by a specific project.
Income Restoration Restitution / giving backs of income generating activities to PAPs at
least equivalent to their pre-project income level.
Involuntary Project affected people who have no option but to give up their use or
Resettlement property rights and as a result lawfully forced to restore their
homesteads, income and asset bases elsewhere.
Land use The activities that takes place within a given area or a space.
Mitigation Measures taken to prevent, reduce or ratify impacts of a particular
project of the assessment processes and concludes that the impacts are
significant.
Monitoring The respective and continued observation, measurement and
assessment of the project activities that likely to be changed over a
period of time to assess the efficiency of control measures.
Negative Impact A change that reduces the quality of the environment, damaging
health, property, causing nuisance, disturbances in free movements,
access to resources etc.
Positive impacts A change that improves the quality of life, development endeavors,
access to social services, transport facilities, access to resources etc.
Rehabilitation Restoration of livelihoods and the environment to better or pre-project
level.
Rehabilitation The provision of development assistance in addition to compensation
Assistance such as land preparation, credit facilities, training, or job opportunities,
needed to enable project affected persons to improve their living
standards, income earning capacity and production levels, or at least
maintain them to pre- project level.
Replacement cost The amount required to replace the asset in its existing condition. It
should be equal to the cost of constructing / purchasing a new
structure, without making any deductions for depreciation.
Resettlement The entire process of relocation and rehabilitation.
Resettlement Assistance The means to ensure that project affected persons who may require
physically relocated are provided with assistances such as moving
allowances, residential housing constructions or rentals whichever is
feasible and as required, for ease of resettlement during relocation.
Resettlement Plan A time bound action plan with objectives, resettlement strategy, a
budget, entitlements, actions, responsible bodies, time table and
monitoring and evaluation.
Relocation Rebuilding residential housing, working places and other assets
including productive land and public utilities to another location.

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Resettlement Action Plan (Final) vii
Squatters and Groups of people or individuals without legal titles to the land and
Encroachers structures occupied/used by them. The term ‘squatters’ is typically
used for those occupying structures for residential/commercial
purposes, while ‘encroachers’ are those occupying land for agriculture.
Vulnerable Group Group of people likely disproportionately affected by the project. The
concept incorporates female headed households, the disabled,
marginalized ethnic groups, the aged, child headed households, street
children’s and HIV/AIDS positive headed households.

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Resettlement Action Plan (Final) I
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
A) General
The proposed Ambo - Woliso upgrading project (62.3km’s) traversed and connected West Shewa
and South-West Shewa zones by linking Ambo and Woliso towns which are capitals of the
specified zones respectively on the existing gravel all weather road linking the specified major
towns. The road passes through many small villages with settlements and two towns (Haro-Wenchi
and Chitu) starting from Ambo until it reaches Woliso town. Table 1.1 describes list of villages and
towns traversed by the envisaged road project.
Table 1: List of Villages and Towns Traversed by the Road
List of Villages/
No. Change Zone Woreda Remark
towns
1 Ambo Town 00+000-01+000 W/Shewa Ambo Town Woreda &
Zuria Zonal Capital
2 Ya’e Chibo 14+900-17+900 W/Shewa Ambo
3 Altufa 17+0000-17+900 W/Shewa Ambo
4 Haro-wanchi 26+0000-27+600 S/W/Shewa Wenchi
5 Merfo 28+300-28+600 S/W/Shewa Wenchi
6 Haroji 32+600-33+300 S/W/Shewa Wenchi
7 Adarie 34+900-35+300 S/W/Shewa Wenchi
8 Gugufte 35+300-36+100 S/W/Shewa Wenchi
9 Darian town 37+800-39+600 S/W/Shewa Wenchi
10 Sankolie 45+400-45+900 S/W/Shewa Wenchi
11 Chitu Town 51+200-52+600 S/W/Shewa Wenchi
12 Woliso Town 61+100-61+800 S/W/Shewa Woliso Town Woreda &
Zonal capital
Source: Consultant Field Survey: 2010
B) Objectives of the RAP
The main purpose of this Resettlement Action Plan is to prepare a guideline, identifying adverse
social impacts induced by the road construction operations, and to suggest mitigation measures. In
line with the overall requirements of the RAP includes costing of displacement/resettlement
activities incurred by the road project to provide information to the client and development
partners. In addition to these objectives, the RAP incorporates sufficient data about the likely
impacts on the existing socio-economic and ecological conditions of the proposed road project
influence area and mitigation measures. This RAP will be used to justify, modification or rejection
of the proposed road project for further financing and implementation.
C) Methodology
As per the agreed methodologies outlined in the inception report for the preparation of this RAP,
the consultant adopted the following:-
• Desk studies and document reviews:

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Resettlement Action Plan (Final) II
• Field visits and surveys to collect first hand data on the socio-economic impacts of the
project and the characteristics of the people affected.
• Public consultations to procure information about public attitudes towards the project
and compensation mechanisms, and giving clarifications about the project for the
public.
• Focus group discussions to identify the positive and negative impacts of the project and
propose mitigation measures.
• Identification of key informants to inform the project team about customary laws,
traditions, religious observances, needs and aspirations of the community, and
• Studies of the livelihood situations, incomes, religious observances, and personal
attitudes towards the project.
D) Population structure
Population structure in terms of age-sex composition is very important in demographic studies.

According to data obtained from Finance and Economic Development Offices of Woredas of the
project area, out of the total population (508,649), male and female population account 248923
(49%) and 259,726(51%) respectively.
Age is also very important variable in measuring potential school age population, voting
population, working age population and the like. In view of this, in Ambo town where the project
road starts, 43% of the population are falling under less than 15 years age group; 54.4% are under
working age group (Between 15-64) and 2.8% are falling under 65 and above age group. Whereas
in Ambo Woreda 47.7, of the population are less than 15 years age group and 48.7% and 3.6% are
falling between 15-65 and 65 as well as above age group respectively. Nonetheless, in all cases,
significant portion of the population are falling under working age group population and this is one
of the major social factors that derive the project to be feasible, it is deemed to pave job to
significant proportion of unemployed youth.
E) Public and stakeholders Consultation
A serious and continuous public consultation has been undergone for the preparation of this
Resettlement Action Plan and the project cause at different times and localities. The main purpose
of executing public consultation was to inform the public about the proposed project, collecting
data on public attitudes towards the project, informing the public about the likely impacts of the
project and mitigation measures that will take place by the client, seeking all possible assistances
and support from responsible institutions and the public for the project cause. Hence, during the
field survey, i.e. 14/08/2010, 15/08/2010 and 20/08/2010 at Chitu, Woliso and Ambo towns
respectively for the preparation of RAP manual respectively, the consultant undergone focused
group discussions with community elders, professionals at zone and Woreda level, women
associations, and administrative officials. Moreover, the consultant interviewed possible project
affected people and community members and inventoried possible affected properties all along the
RoW.
Public consultation outcomes indicate that all consulted are supportive of the project cause and
vowed to cooperate and provide their assistance at their capacity. During the sessions the
consultant team discussed matters on the possible expropriation of properties, physical
displacements and provisions like land to land compensations and monetary remunerations. They
all agreed on the aforementioned terms.

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Resettlement Action Plan (Final) III
F) Socio-Economic Survey
The socio- economic survey incorporates all those living close to the project road alignments and
assessed the likely impacts of the project on the socio-economic and cultural situations of residents.
All potentially affected people were identified, impact types and categories checked. The socio-
economic survey identified 1117 affected household heads with their 6702 family members and 31
institutions will be affected by the project. Moreover, the survey assessed the general demographic,
health, schooling, agricultural systems and productions, religious observances, gender issues,
linguistic classifications, and other social services.
Table 2: Key Data of the RAP
1 Location Southern western Ethiopia

a. Region Oromia
b. Zone West Shewa and South-West Shewa
2 Project Length (km) 62.3km’s
3 Status Gravel/earth surface
4 Road functional classification Link road
5 Proposed surfacing type Asphalt concert
6 Number of project affected household heads 1117
7 Total number of project affected persons 6702
8 Total residential houses and other buildings that will 65
be fully affected
9 Total residential houses and other buildings that will 240
be partially affected
10 Total public and government buildings to be affected 53
partially and fully, (out of the total)
11 Total number of residences, shops and other 177
buildings to be affected partially and fully
12 Total loss of agricultural strips of lands permanently 19.8ha
13 Total loss of agricultural strips of lands temporarily 48.80ha
14 Total number of fruit bearing and non fruit bearing 159,8911

trees to be affected
15 Telephone line to be affected 226 poles
16 Electric lines to be affected 218 poles
17 Water pipes, point and well to be affected 41, 70 and 1
Source: Consultant Survey, 2011
1
Of these, approximately 81% are exotic trees predominantly Eucalyptus spp. that comprise about 64% of the total number of trees and
perennial crops potentially affected. It is followed by Cypress tree (Cuppressus lustanica), which is about 16%. The proportion of
potentially affected indigenous species (including Acacia, Cordia, Hagenia, Albizia, Croton, Juniper, Ficus, Olea spp.) is only about
1.3% (approximately 2000 trees). The rest comprises fruit trees (like Avocado, Mango, Guava), shrubs (like Koshim, which is used as
live fencing), and perennial crops including Enset, Coffee, Bananas, and Sugar cane.

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Resettlement Action Plan (Final) IV
G) Legal Framework
ERA is responsible for initiating preparation, implementation, and execution of compensation

payments as per the guidelines set in this resettlement action plan. The Environmental and Social
Management Team (ESMT) and Right of Way (ROW) branch are directly responsible for
reviewing, monitoring, and implementation of RAP. ESMT is also responsible and in charge for
the identification of adverse environmental and social impacts and for monitoring the
implementation of its mitigation measures.
A series of legal documents like Proclamation No. 455/2005, on expropriation of land holdings for
public use and Regulation No 135/2007 on payment of compensation for property situated on
landholdings expropriated for public purposes, ERA’s Resettlement Policy Framework,
Environmental policy of Ethiopia and the World Bank OP and BP 4.12 have formed basis for
preparation of this RAP. In addition to these the Oromia national regional government land use and
administration proclamation No. 56/2002 is used for the purpose. Article 44.2, of the constitution
of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (1995) provides interventions for public goods,
which may cause displacement of people or adversely affect the livelihoods of the local
populations. It shall also give the right to commensurate by monetary or other means of
compensations including relocation, (resettlement), with adequate state assistances. The World
Bank policies on OP and procedures BP 4.12 explicitly addressed the need for proper
compensation payments and restitution of lively hoods. Based on these broad legal and institutional
frameworks, the required compensation types, amounts and organizational procedures are prepared
in this guideline. If there is a conflict between the national and the international law, the latter has
precedence over the former. However, this statement will be applicable for only internationally
funded projects.
H) Potential impacts and mitigation measures
The proposed 62.3km’s road ROW limit is vary from section to sections, the methodology is used
to survey was +3m on both side from construction area in rural areas and +1.5m of ROW in urban
areas likely incur negative impacts on residential houses, farmlands, institutions and business
installations along its corridors. Although it is temporary, the project impact will be felt also in
possession of lands for the purpose of ancillary works. (Quarry sites, borrow pits, camps and detour
roads). As to the consultant survey result, a total of 1117 household and 31 institutions are likely
affected by the proposed project. Out of this total 122 of them are female headed households and
985 of them are male headed. (For further details see section four of the manual)
In urban areas, major impacts of the project will be on residential houses, institutions and business
installations. This condition may entail dislocations / relocations. In rural areas major impacts of
the project will be on18.9 ha of farm and 1.207ha of grazing lands.
The demographic assessment result shows that a total of 6702family members are living in the
1117 households covered by the present socio-economic survey, which implies an average family
size of 6 persons per household. Out of the total surveyed, 88 % of them are male headed and the
remaining 12% are female headed. These female-headed households constituted either a widowed,
divorced or single female bread winners. Male constitute 52% of the surveyed population while the
proportion of female is 48%. About 84.7 percent of the total population belongs to the working
force (18-65 years old). Those above 65 years constitute 12.9 percent of the total and the rest
remaining are below 18 and children’s. The age range of household heads starts from 1 to 120

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Resettlement Action Plan (Final) V
years old. The marital status data of Project Affected People shows that 90% of household heads
are married; 8% widowed and divorced and the remaining is single.
To mitigate adverse impacts of the project, a replacement cost approach is adopted for computing
compensation payments. The RAP shows the total amount of resources and organizational
procedures required for rehabilitation / restoration of livelihoods. A summary of the main findings
of adverse impacts are presented under table above.
I) Positive and Negative impacts of the project
The upgrading project expected to have both positive and negative impacts. To begin with its
positive impacts, the project is expected to reduce vehicles operating costs, transport and time costs
for passengers and freight, and improvement in the availability of motorized transport services.
Moreover, the project is envisaged to create development impacts in facilitating socio-economic
and cultural activities. In the long term the project is envisaged to change the quality of life of the
people residing along the project influence area for better.
The following are some of the major positive impacts the upgrading project:
• Increase and improve trade and market facilities
• Timely provision of agricultural inputs
• Increase agricultural production in relation to availability of fertilizers, pesticides,

herbicides and other modern technologies.
• Help farmers to sell their productions at better prices.
• Facilitate conditions for the development of small scale business and enterprises
• Facilitate conditions for urban development’s and easy population movements
• Facilitate conditions for the improvement of social services and amenities
• Help women in reducing workloads and time to travel to market places.
• Employment opportunities during and after construction
• Encourage local community members to be engaged on off farm activities.
• Increasing the attractiveness of voluntary re- resettlements
The upgrading project may have the following negative impacts:
• Spread of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) and HIV / AIDS
• Growth of squatters and uncontrolled settlements
• Noise disturbance specifically during construction
• Hazardous and waste materials dumping on farmlands, settlement areas, water points
• Pressure on local facilities and services

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Resettlement Action Plan (Final) VI
• Land acquisitions for the project and related activities
• Demolition of residential, commercial and institutional structures.
• Pressure on vegetative cover of the area
However, these negative impacts shall be minimized by employing appropriate mitigation

measures.
Table 2: Mitigation Measures
S. Negative
Mitigation Measures Responsible bodies
No. Impacts
Impact types Actions to be taken
1 Loss of Remuneration payments at ERA’s RoW branch, Woreda
productive assets replacement rates or replacement of and Kebele Administrations in
that incorporate the lost productive assets. Income association with sector bureaus
land, income, substitution and transfer costs at Woreda level like bureaus of
livelihood and during re-establishment plus agriculture and rural
networks income restoration measures in the development, rural roads
case of lost livelihoods. authority, capacity building
etc.
2 Loss of housing, Compensation for loss of housing ERA’s RoW branch, zone
possibly entire and associated assets at sector bureaus of the Ethiopian
community replacement rates, relocation Telecommunication and
structures, options including relocation sites Electric Power Corporations,
systems and development if required plus Woreda and Kebele
services. measures to restoring living Administration’s, and lowest
standards. level sector bureaus of water,
health, roads, schools and
agriculture.
3 Loss of entire Remuneration payments at ERA’s RoW branch, Woreda
assets. replacement rates or replacement and Kebele Administration’s,
including important provisions up sector bureaus like town
to restitution of livelihoods to pre- administrations, agriculture
project level or better. and rural development,
4 Loss of Replacement of the lost community ERA’s ESMT, Woreda
community resources, habitat, cultural sites and Administration’s, Woreda
resources, habitat, goods, restoration if possible or level Environment Protection
cultural sites and payment of compensation to the Authority, cultural bureaus and
goods. community based on consultations other sector bureaus like
and agreements. capacity building.
5 Spread of Execution of HIV/AIDS alleviation ERA’s ESMT and the
sexually program at the workplace based on contractor in association with
transmitted the sectoral policy Woreda health bureaus and
diseases (STD) nongovernmental
and HIV/AIDS organizations.
6 Growth of This could be tamed by controlling ERA’s ESMT and RoW

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Resettlement Action Plan (Final) VII
S. Negative
Mitigation Measures Responsible bodies
No. Impacts
squatters and This could be tamed by controlling branches, Woreda
uncontrolled ribbon developments (building of Administrations, the contractor
settlements house near along the road) and and supervision consultant.
unlawful squatters in collaboration
with the lowest administrative
bodies.
7 Noise Disturbances could be mitigated by The contractor and supervision
disturbances using new machineries and limiting consultant.
specifically operations to only working hours in
during densely populated areas.
constructions
8 Hazardous waste Collecting and storing in septic The contractor and supervision
materials tanks for further removal of consultant.
dumping on hazardous waste materials or
farmlands, burning solid wastes.
settlement areas
and water points
9 Pressure on local These could be mitigated by The contractor.
facilities and provision of independent basic
services facilities and services to the
working force.
10 Land acquisition Remuneration payment for the lost ERA’s ESMT and RoW
for the project productive asset or replacement of branches, Woreda and Kebele
cause it with equal productive capacity. administrations.
11 Demolition of Remuneration payments for the lost ERA’s ESMT and RoW
residential houses, structures at replacement rates, branches, Woreda
commercial providing new sites, important administrations and lowest
ventures, service provisions till restitution of level sector bureaus.
providing livelihoods.
installations and
institutions
12 Pressure on flora Replacement of the lost flora if ERA’s ESMT, the contractor,
and fauna of possible or other types and Woreda level Environment
project influence precautionary measures not to Protection Authority,
area disturb wild animals and including agriculture and rural
construction of animal crossings development bureaus and
during construction. supervision consultant.
13 Demolition of A serious precautionary measures ERA’s ESMT and RoW
Historical and to be taken during design and branches, Woreda level culture
Archaeological construction in not to endanger bureaus, the contractor and
sites these past relics. supervision consultant.
J) Principles of Compensations

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Resettlement Action Plan (Final) VIII
• For agricultural lands impacted temporarily compensation payments shall be based on lost
income, measured as the average annual income secured for the last five years, multiplied by
the number of years of impact. Lands used for ancillary works (temporarily) shall be
reinstated to their original conditions.
• For permanently impacted agricultural lands, a land to land compensation is desirable. If land
of comparable productivity can be substituted for the lost land, compensation will also be
equal to the average annual income secured in previous five years. If comparable land is not
available, compensation payments will be equal to ten times average income.
• Compensation for annual crops shall be based on the current market value of the estimated
production that could have been harvested from damaged crops. Compensation for fruit and
other trees will be based on the current and net present value of the future income that could
have been generated until a similar new tree comes to maturity.
• For the partially affected structures, i.e. properties affected 25% and above shall receive full
compensation. Properties affected below 25% shall receive partial compensation.
Compensation payments shall include inconvenience costs and other transactions to rebuild a
similar or better residence in the remaining plot.
• For partially affected business installations compensation payments will be based on the
above set principles. However, compensation for business shall include additional payments
for disruption periods.
• For fully affected residences, compensation payments shall be inclusive of land replacements
for private holders, full compensation to rebuild a similar new structure or better and
displacement compensation equivalent to the estimated annual rent of the demolished
residence. Tenants in buildings owned by urban administrations will be provided with new
residential or business structures at the same rental costs as well as a payment based upon the
annual rental coast for inconvenience and other transaction cost.
• Compensation for fully affected business will be inclusive of substitution of land, the costs of
building a similar or better structure, displacement / transaction payments for disruption
periods and transport cost.
• For resident tenants compensation payments shall include transport and other transaction
coasts. Resident tenants shall have a priority privileges to rent the newly constructed
structures by municipalities or Kebele associations at the same rental coast to the demolished
ones.
K) Resettlement / Rehabilitation Budget
The method adopted for valuing affected assets and properties has been based on a replacement
cost approach. The compensation for affected farmlands is based on unit rates and productivity
established in this RAP. The following is a summary of the total amount of fund that will be
required for the implementation of this manual.

March 2012
Resettlement Action Plan (Final) IX
Table 3: Resettlement/Rehabilitation Budget
Unit
No. Budget Item Quantity Rate Total Cost (ETB)
A-Compensation Costs-4
1 Replacement Cost of 784 varies
Houses & Fences 8,262,613
2 Compensation for varies
Trees/Fruits 25,033,764
3 Compensation for 19.8ha number 459,122.40
Farmland and
Annual/Cereal Crops
4 Compensation for Grazing 1.207ha number
land or Pasture 232,485
5 compensation for loss of 167 number 1,539000
income and business
6 compensation for loss of 305 80 24,400
affected social services
7 compensation for
temporary loss of strips of
land 48.8 2,318.80 565,787.20
8 compensation for
vulnerable groups 282 number 1,184,400.00
B- Resettlement &
Rehabilitation
Support
1 Shifting Cost 396 50 19,800
2 Transitional Allowance 396 2100 831,600
C-Support for
Project
Implementation
1 Monitoring &Evaluation Ls 278,645
Cost
2 Training on HIV/AIDS Ls 2,000,000
Prevention Activities
Total 40,431,616.90
Contingency 10 % 4,043,161.69

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Resettlement Action Plan (Final) X
Grand Total 44,474,778.59

Source: Consultant cost estimation, 2011.
L) The RAP Disclosure
Once approved, for public disclosure purposes the RAP shall be made available for immediate
stakeholders like donors, Regional and Woreda Administrations and to the public through
electronic media or news papers. In addition, short brochures shall be printed and distributed to the
public on the RAP implementation arrangements.
M) Implementation of the RAP and Monitoring
ERA’s Environmental and Social Management Team and its Right of Way, (ROW), division with
other stakeholders’ specifically local authorities will be responsible for the implementation and
management of the RAP activities. Again ERA’s Environmental Monitoring and Safety Branch, in
close collaboration with the ROW agent will be responsible for the monitoring and evaluation
tasks. In that the following variables will be checked for the purpose.
• Appropriateness of relocation sites
• Restoration and restitution of PAPs
• Amounts and methodologies used for compensation payments
• Special cares and supports given for vulnerable group members
• Restoration of affected social services
• Appropriateness of the time schedule
• Grievances and problems encountered in the implementation of the RAP
• Appropriateness of grievance alleviating mechanisms

March 2012
Resettlement Action Plan (Final) 1
1. INTRODUCTION
The proposed Ambo - Woliso upgrading project (62.3km’s) traversed and connected West Shewa
and South-West Shewa zones by linking Ambo and Woliso towns which are capitals of the
specified zones respectively on the existing gravel all weather road linking the specified major
towns. The road passes through many small villages with settlements and two towns (Haro-Wenchi
and Chitu) starting from Ambo until it reaches Woliso town.
1.1. Objectives and Scope of the RAP
The main objectives of preparation of this Resettlement Action Plan are: (a) to prevent or at least
mitigate the adverse impacts associated with the implementation of the road project, (b) to deliver
entitlements to project affected people and support them in restoration of livelihoods in line with
ERAs Resettlement Policy Framework and the World Bank operational policies and procedures
(BP & OP 4.12), (c) to maximize PAPs and community members participations in all stages of the
project and, (d) to ensure that the standard of living of PAPs is improved or restored to pre-project
level. Moreover, the RAP addresses pertinent issues to be considered in the compensation process
and other subsequent operations.
In line with the overall requirements of the TOR, the broad objectives of the RAP study are:
Preparation of RAP for the proposed road project including costing of resettlement activities along
the route corridor so as to provide the Government and the development partners (i.e. Donors)
with sufficient information about the likely impacts of the proposed road project on the existing
environmental and socio-economic factors in the project area to justify acceptance, modification
or rejection of the proposed road project for further financing and implementation.
Consistent with the objectives of the RAP, the scope of works include the following
• Legal, policy and institutional framework

• Socio-economic survey
• Eligibility for compensation and resettlement
• Valuation of compensation for losses
• Public consultations
• Resettlement measures
• Site selection, preparation and relocation
• Housing infrastructure and social services
• Implementation schedule
• Costs and budgets
• Monitoring and evaluation
1.2. Methodology
For the preparation of this Resettlement Action Plan the following sociological and social
anthropological methodologies have been adopted:-

March 2012
• Desk study / Document review: In the process of desk studies, the consultant reviewed
project documents, Ethiopian Roads Authority (ERA) resettlement / rehabilitation policy
framework, World Bank operational procedures (OP and BP 4.12), national legislations
on expropriation of properties for public purposes and compensation payments, Federal
and Regional level Rural Land Administration and Land Use Proclamations and other
relevant legal documents. Central Statistical Authorities (CSA) releases were also
checked to procure information on demographic and population variables.
• Field visits: Detailed visits and surveys have been executed from 22/03/09 to 05/04/09,
24/06/09 to 18/07/09 and 13/02/ 10 to 9/03/10 to collect first hand qualitative and
quantitative data on the socio-economic, cultural and linguistic composition of the project
area. This methodology was used to collect data and familiarization on the specific socio-
economic, cultural, settlement patterns, geographical and ecological condition of the
project area. The field level assessment was instrumental in identifying problem related to
the project road and identifying mitigation measures.
• Public consultation: - This methodology is employed to obtain data on public attitudes

towards the project, livelihood strategies, to understand local knowledge about grievance
redress mechanism and to give clarification about the project to the public. Focus group
discussions have been held and identified both the negative and positive impacts of the
project collectively. Agreements have been reached with specific government bodies
regarding collaboration and facilitation of administrative measures directly related to the
road project and implementation of the RAP.
• Identification and consultation with key informants: These informants are knowledgeable
about their environs, customary laws, traditions, religious observances and adherences,
needs and aspiration of the community. Furthermore, a series of meetings, discussions,
and consultations with different Woreda level government officials, professionals, and
experts were held during the field surveys. Minutes of these meetings are incorporated at
Annex A.
• Structured and unstructured questionnaires: Structured questionnaires were prepared and

used to obtain information on individual PAP’s, institutions and government offices. The
unstructured questionnaires have been targeted on the general socio-economic and
cultural aspects of communities residing in the project area.
1.3. The RAP Guideline Structures
This RAP is divided into twelve sections as follows:
Executive Summary: gives a brief summary of the guideline, highlighting the major findings and
activities undertaken in the preparation of the RAP.
Introduction (Section 1): contains brief background of the present study along with its objectives,
ToR and methodologies adopted for preparation of the RAP.
Socio-economic Condition of the Project Area (Section 2): describes the project area in terms of
its socio- economic and demographic aspects.

March 2012
Legal, Policy and Administrative Framework (Section 3): presents a summary of the legal,
policy and institutional frameworks related to compensation and resettlement /rehabilitation issues.
Public Consultation (Section 4 :) describe the public consultation which explain the community
response to word the proposed road project.
Potential Socio-economic Impacts of the Project (Section 5): describes the socio-economic
profile of PAP’s and the likely impacts of the project.
Eligibility Criteria (Section 6): This section deals with eligible groups, draws criteria’s and
analyses the process of eligibility based on the National legislations, policies and international
donor’s procedures.
Methods of Valuing Affected Assets (Section 7): describes and analyzed the methods adopted for
valuation of all properties affected by the project.
Organizational Procedures and RAP Implementation (Section 8): This section deals or
indicates the responsibility of the various stakeholders in the delivery of entitlement rights and
compensation payments. Moreover, RAP implementation deals with responsible bodies for the
implementation of RAP and how compensation committee shall be formed for the purpose.
Moreover, the section will show proposed implementation schedule and budget required for
Compensation Committee.
Grievance Redress Mechanism (Section 9): This section deals with available arbitration
processes and grievance redressing channels.
RAP Implementation Cost (Section 10): This section deals with budget requirement for the
implementation of the Resettlement Action Plan.
Monitoring and Evaluation (Section 11): This section deals with how these variables shall be
executed and responsible bodies for Monitoring and Evaluation processes. Moreover, the section
elaborates objectives of the variables.
Consultation with PAPs (Section 12): This section discussed public outlooks towards the project
and outcomes.
The RAP Disclosure (Section 13): This section high lights the importance of disclosure and
transparency.

March 2012
2. SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITION OF THE PROJECT AREA
2.1. Location and Population
The road is planned to connect West Shewa and South-West Shewa zones by linking Ambo and
Woliso towns which are capitals of the specified zones respectively on the existing gravel all
weather road linking the specified major towns. The road passes through many small villages with
settlements and two towns (Haro-Wenchi and Chitu) starting from Ambo until it reaches Woliso
town. Table 2.1 describes list of villages and towns traversed by the envisaged road project.
Table 2.1: List of Villages and Towns Traversed by the Road
No List of Villages/ towns Change Zone Woreda Remark

1 Ambo Town 00+000-01+000 W/Shewa Ambo Woreda &
Town Zuria Zonal Capital
2 Ya’e Chibo 14+900-17+900 W/Shewa Ambo
3 Altufa 17+0000-17+900 W/Shewa Ambo
4 Haro-wanchi 26+0000-27+600 S/W/Shewa Wenchi
5 Merfo 28+300-28+600 S/W/Shewa Wenchi
6 Haroji 32+600-33+300 S/W/Shewa Wenchi
7 Adarie 34+900-35+300 S/W/Shewa Wenchi
8 Gugufte 35+300-36+100 S/W/Shewa Wenchi
9 Darian town 37+800-39+600 S/W/Shewa Wenchi
10 Sankolie 45+400-45+900 S/W/Shewa Wenchi
11 Chitu Town 51+200-52+600 S/W/Shewa Wenchi
12 Woliso Town 61+100-61+800 S/W/Shewa Woliso Woreda &
Town Zonal capital
Source: Consultant Field Survey: 2010
As can be inferred, from table 2.1 and 2.2, besides to the major towns (Ambo & Woliso) the road
links several rural communities falling in three Woreda namely Ambo, Wenchi and Woliso.
Table 2.2: Road length distribution by Woreda
S. No Woreda Capital Zone Change Distance (km) Percent
1 Ambo Ambo W/Shewa 00+00-23+00 23 37

2 Wenchi Chitu S/W/Shewa 23+00-56+80 34 55
3 Weliso Weliso S/W/Shewa 56+80-61+80 5 8
Total 62 100
Source: Consultant Field Survey July: 2010

March 2012
Significant portion 55% of the road crosses Wenchi Woreda, Ambo Woreda 37% and Woliso
Woreda 8%.Ambo town and Ambo Woreda are found in West Shewa zone, whereas Woliso town
and Woliso Woreda as well as Wenchi Woreda are in Southwest Shewa zone.
a) Population size
Development planning would not be viable unless it takes in to account the size and type of
population groups that are expected to benefit and also the kind of human resources available to
plan, develop and implement programs. Nonetheless, efforts to integrated demographic variables
into social and economic development process are of relatively recent phenomenon in Ethiopia.
With the objectives of assessing the beneficiaries, population size and the available human resource
in relation with intended road project, the demographic features of the project area considered in
the social impact assessment study. The major data sources are Central Statistical Authority (CSA)
and zonal and Woreda Finance and Economic Development Departments and offices respectively.
The description of the population by the target zones and Woredas found in the project area
indicates there are a combined total 508,649 populations in rural and urban communities of
Woredas crossed by the project road accounting 73 and 26 Percents respectively. As can be
inferred from table above, there are a total of 178,310 populations in Ambo town and Ambo
Woreda and these account 8.6% of the total population size of West Showa. Similarly, there are a
combined total 330,339 populations in Wenchi, and Woliso Woredas as well as Woliso town and
these account 31% of total population size of South Western Showa zone.
b) Population structure
Population structure in terms of age-sex composition is very important in demographic studies.

According to data obtained from Finance and Economic Development Offices of Woredas of the
project area, out of the total population (508,649), male and female population account 248923
(49%) and 259,726(51%) respectively.
Age is also very important variable in measuring potential school age population, voting
population, working age population and the like. In view of this, in Ambo town where the project
road starts, 43% of the population are falling under less than 15 years age group; 54.4% are under
working age group (Between 15-64) and 2.8% are falling under 65 and above age group. Whereas
in Ambo Woreda 47.7, of the population are less than 15 years age group and 48.7% and 3.6% are
falling between 15-65 and 65 as well as above age group respectively. Nonetheless, in all cases,
significant portion of the population are falling under working age group population and this is one
of the major social factors that derive the project to be feasible, it is deemed to pave job to
significant proportion of unemployed youth.

March 2012
Table 2.3: Population Distribution by Woredas
Urban Rural Total

Woredas
Male Female Total Percent Male Female Total Percent Male Female Total
Ambo Town 34,276 33,238 67,514 100 - - - - 34,276 33,238 67,51
Ambo 564 764 1,328 1.2 54,741 54,727 1009,468.00 98.8 55,305 55,491 110,7
Wenchi 976 928 1,904 1.59 55,280 62,552 117,832.00 98.41 56,256 63,480 119,7
Woliso 2,173 2,680 4,853 3 71,043 73,978 145,021.00 96.76 73,216 76,658 149,8
Woliso Town 29,870 30,859 60,729 100 - - - - 29,870 30,859 60,72
Total 67,859 68,469 136,328 26.8 181,064 191,257 372,321.00 73.2 248923 259,726 508,6
W/Shewa 123,840 118,654 242,494 11.69 912,147 919,120 1,831,267.00 88.31 1,035,987 1,037,774 2,07
S/W/Shewa 50,840 55,809 106,649 10 474,160 479,631 953,791.00 89.94 525,000 535,440 1,06
Source: Zonal/ Woreda finance and economic Development Offices: 2010

March 2012
Table 2.4: Population Size in Broader Age Category
Population Size in Broader Age Group By Percent

Community
<15 Years 15-65 65 & Above Total
Ambo Town 42.75 54.44 2.80 100
Ambo Woreda 47.68 48.7 3.62 100
Woliso Town 40.44 56.2 3.36 100
Source: Woreda Finance and Economic Development Offices, 2010
b) Dependency ratio
Large ratio of dependents in a population of an area indicates the burden put up on the active
population. Although children are often engaged in productive activities as of age 7 particularly in
rural Ethiopia, it is conventional to categorize children under 15 as dependents. On the other hand, old
people above the age of 65 too are considered as dependents.
Table 2.5: Dependency Ratio
Dependency Ratio
Community
Youth Elders Total
Ambo Town 63 6 69
Ambo 98 742 105.33
Woliso Town 72 3 75
National 78.53 5.14 83.67
Source: Woreda Finance and Economic Development offices: 2010
Accordingly the youth and old dependency ratio of Woredas in the project area indicates there is high
dependency ratio in all Woredas of the project area. As can be inferred from table above, the youth
and old age dependency ratio of Ambo town is 63 and 6 respectively making the total dependency
ratio 69. Similarly, the youth and old dependency ratio of Woliso town is 72 and 3 making the total
dependency ratio 75 which means every 100 persons in the productive age group are responsible for
additional 70 and 75 person in the provision of food, shelter and other necessities in Ambo and
Woliso towns respectively and see Table 3.5
c) Ethnic and religious composition
According to data obtained from the project area the majority of the population in the project area
belongs to Oromo ethnic group adhering Orthodox Christian and the tables under are depicting
thoroughly these issues.

March 2012
Table 2.6: Population Distribution by Ethnic and Religious Composition
Woreda Orthodox Muslim Protestant Catholic Traditional Other Total

Ambo Town 74 2 21 .4 2.4 0.2 100
Wenchi 55 3 42 - - - 100
Woliso Town 77.8 16.9 4.7 0.3 0.1 0.2 100
Ambo town 73.5 18.6 1.7 3 3.2 100
Ambo 80 2.4 1.7 13.7 2.2 100
Woliso Town 80 - 13.7 6.3 100
Source: Woreda Finance and Economic Development Offices and Town Administration 2010
Similar to other urban communities, Ambo and Woliso towns are consisting of heterogeneous people
in terms of ethnic and religious composition; whereas the remaining Woredas are consisting of
relatively homogeneous population in terms of religion.
2.2. Social Services
The Ethiopian Government has paid greater attention and made vagarious efforts within the elapsed
tentative few years towards scaling up the number of educational institutions, health services and safe
water supply schemes especially in the rural areas, as the development in education, health and water
supply interventions are important investment sectors for the attainment of social development in
given country.
The government has also enacted a number of policies and adopted strategies to create access to
education opportunities, and other related socio economic services especially for the rural community.
Hence, by the relentless effort of the government and active public participation on development
intervention, some Woredas, which were neglected from social services development, are on track
currently to enjoy the benefits of the country’s overall socioeconomic development impacts. This
situation is true for Woredas of the project area.
2.2.1.Education
Education is a process by which man transmits his experience, new findings and values accumulated
over the years, in his struggle for survival and development through generation. Specially, primary
education and girls’ education are important areas for linking economic growth with human
development. Besides, the realization of agricultural led development industrialization and
democratization would be possible with promotion of education program. This case becomes clear
with the fact that as farmers got the opportunity to attend basic education, they can easily adopt
agricultural technologies, improve their environment and sanitation; and manage properly their
household income. In addition, the availability of skilled and semi-skilled labor could promote the
proliferation of labor intensive industries.
Taking into account the role of education playing in socio economic development of the country; the
Ethiopian government has paid greater attention for the promotion of education program in various

March 2012
regions of the country. Thus, education is one of social development sectors, which have got focus in
the country in general and Woredas of the project area in particular.
Educational institution
The distribution of educational institutions and student enrolment rate varies among Woredas falling
under the project impact zone. Table under shows the distribution of educational institution among
Woredas of the project area.
Table 2.7: Number of Educational institution
Primary Secondary Preparatory

No. Woreda TVET Colleges University
1-4 5-8 1-8 9-10 11-12 9-12
1 Ambo Town 12 8 20 2 1 3 1 8 1
2 Ambo 41 26 67 - 0 0
3 Wenchi 12 19 31 1 0 0
4 Woliso 24 23 47 24 24 48
5 Woliso Town 0 6 6 1 1 2
Total 89 82 171 26 53 79
W/Shewa 684 381 1065 28 14 42
S/West Shewa 172 187 359 13 6 19
Source: Zonal /Woreda Education Offices: 2010
According to information obtained from each Woreda Education Office, the existing numbers of
institutions are not balanced with school age population in the Woreda. In addition, the existing
numbers of education institutions are not balanced with school age population in the Woreda. In
addition, some of the existing schools classrooms are suffering from lack of furniture.
Student Enrolment Ratio
Gross and net enrolment ratios are indicators of the expansion of education program in a given
country or area. With this regard the government of Ethiopia has made relentless efforts and carried
out considerable activities for creating access to education opportunity for the rural communities in all
regions of the country. Among others, a number of strategies have been designed and implemented to
enhance girl’s participation in the education sector. With this sort of intervention remarkable
achievements have been recorded within the elapsed few years in the country. Nonetheless to achieve
the desired goals still much remains to be done in the future.
As can be seen on the table above, both gross and net enrolment ratio varies from Woreda to Woreda.
In addition, both net and gross enrolment ratio of girls is much lower than boys in all Woredas and
zones of the project area.

March 2012
Table 2.8 GER and NER of Primary Students at Primary School Level (1-8)
GER(1-8) NER(1-8) Student Student

No. Woreda Teacher Section
Male Female Total Male Female Total
Ratio (1-8) Ratio (1-8)
1 Ambo Town 85 106.6 95.4 34.3 41.2 37.6 1:38 1:57
2 Ambo 80 70.3 75.2 30.1 26 28 1:61 1:58
3 Wenchi 97.1 87.6 92 74.7 69.8 72.3 1:66 1:66
4 Woliso 73.6 62.8 68.3 69.7 60.6 65.2 1:58 1:59
5 Woliso Town 96.5 104.3 100.4 71.2 81.4 76.3 1:37 1:55
West Shewa 84.2 82.4 83.3 26.5 26.5 26.5 1:60 1:63
S/W/ Shewa 84.1 77.1 80.7 62 59.4 60.70 1:54 1:58
6
Oromia 94.4 83.3 88.9 80.9 74.8 77.9 1:72 D/N/A
National 97.6 90.7 94.2 84.6 81.3 83.0 1:62 D/N/A
Source: Woreda Education offices: 2008-09; Zonal Education Departments: 2008-09; Ministry of
Education Abstract: 2008-09
Health has great importance to country like Ethiopia to bring about meaningful development and
growth. What are perhaps become more challenging are the means and strategies to be adopted in
order to provide and full fill better health services to citizens. Farmers, whether educated or not,
cannot engage themselves in production unless they are healthy. If, in the absence of choice, they are
made to struggle to earn a living despite high morbidity, their productivity will be low and results in
terms of output will not be satisfactory. Hence, ensuring the health of farmers is as a key element in
the overall objective of enhancing the productive capacity of the agricultural labor force.
The national healthy policy adopted in this respect is envisaged to establish a health delivery system
that places emphasis on disease prevention and primary health care. While it is obvious that medical
service (curative care) is also necessary, this cannot be the main health service option under the
objective conditions in the country. Disease prevention helps to ensure the health of a person without
large expenditures on medicine, medical equipment and medical expertise. On the basis of this, a
number of activities carried out in the project area of which construction of health posts and training
and deployment of health extension workers have been the main undertaking.
2.2.2.Health Service
Providing access to health services has been one of the major intervention areas, which has received
attention from the government. Similar to the education sector relentless efforts and a number of
activities have been carried to create access to health services for the population in the country in
general and the project area in particular.
According to data obtained from each Woreda office, a number of health services constructed in four
Woredas of the project area within elapsed tentative ten years. Nonetheless, to achieve the standards
set on health policy still much remains to be done.

March 2012
Table 2.9: Distributions of Health Services
Basic Health Services

No. Woreda Health
Health Health Drug
coverage Hospital Clinic Pharmacy
Post Centre Vendor
1 Ambo Town 95 3 1 1 12 1 1
2 Ambo 59 13 3 - - - 2
3 Wenchi 97 23 4 - - - 1
4 Woliso 71.6 37 6 - - - 1
5 Woliso Town d.n.a - 1 1 6 6 4
Total 76 15 2 18 7 9
Source: Woreda Health Offices 2010
As stated on the table above, there are 76 health posts, 15 health centres, 2 hospitals, 18 Clinics, 7
pharmacies and 9 drug vendors. The number of health posts out numbers that of other types of health
services and this indicates the direction of the intervention is geared to prevention than curative
activities. The hospitals are concentrated at zonal capital (Woliso and Ambo towns).
Health personnel
Building of health service alone cannot ensure the provision adequate and efficient health services
provision. The health service has to be manned with health professionals at the required number
pursuance to the standard set on the National Health Policy. As to the case of Woredas of the project
area the numbers of health professional are stated in table 2.10.
According to information obtained from each Woreda health office, there is shortage of health
professionals, and even the existing and not working at their maximum capacity due to lack of
treatment equipment.
Table 2.10: Number of Health Personnel in the Project Area
Health Personnel
Health
All Health Laboratory Health
No. Woreda Doctor Druggist Extension
Nurse Officer Technician Assistant
Worker
1 Ambo town 9 87 14 11 9 - 3
2 Ambo - 31 1 2 2 70 1
3 Wenchi - 36 4 3 4 44
4 Woliso - 26 3 - - 68 -
5 Woliso Town 13 93 6 - 9 - 9
Total 22 273 28 16 24 182 13
Source: Woreda Health Offices 2010

March 2012
Major Disease
As elsewhere other part of the country, the major diseases prevailing in the project area are ensuing
from lack of primary health care facilities.
Table 2.11: Ten Top Diseases in West and Southwest Showa Zones in 2009
No. West Showa South-west Showa

Diagnosis Number Percent Type of Diseases Number Percent
1 Injury 2772 23.2 Deliveries 2200 42.6
2 Helminthes 1642 13.8 Trauma 600 11.6
3 URTI 1514 12.7 Respiratory 500 9.7
4 Tonsillitis 1507 12.6 Malnutrition 350 6.8
5 Tuberculosis 895 7.5 Abortion 350 6.8
6 Rheumatics 685 5.7 Gast. Intestinal 250 4.8
7 Bronco Pneumonia 884 7.4 Tuberculosis 240 4.7
8 All others 650 5.4 Mussel & Skeleton 230 4.5
9 Adenoids 821 6.9 Surg. G.Int 220 4.3
10 Genitourinary 571 4.8 Tumors 220 4.3
Total 11941 100 Total 5160 100.00
Source: West and southwest Showa Zone Health Dept.:2010
This indicates that most of the diseases prevailing in the area are potentially preventable and could be
talked by promoting primary health care which is the strategy stipulated in the national health policy
of the country. The existing health extension package also deemed to reduce the prevalence rate of top
diseases in the country in general and the project area in particular.
HIV/AIDS
It is well known that most Ethiopian who live in the rural or urban area are highly exposed to
HIV/AIDS pandemic mainly because of their low economic status and lack of access to education
though the degree varies from place to place. Due to this HIV/AIDS infections are very high and
alarming and still AIDS has claimed the lives of thousands and millions of people, it is also knocking
at every ones door. The most destructive loss due to HIV/AIDS happens when the productive part of
the society who are sexually active and highly liable to the virus are infected. Besides, the time and
the money wasted, for treatment of the victims have remarkable impact on the economy of the
country.
According to data drawn from Ministry of Health indicators issued in 2007/2008, there were a total of
323,402 people living with HIV/AIDS(PLWHA) in Oromia region accounting 24% of the country.
The paper also indicated that the Regional and National HIV/AIDS prevalence rate is 1.5 and 2.1
respectively. When disaggregated by sex, the figure bears 1.2 and 1.8 for Oromia and 1.7 and 2.6 for

March 2012
national male and female respectively. This indicates HIV/AIDS in Woliso town, the trends of HIV
positive Persons for the last five years is taken in to account.
Table 2.12: Trends of HIV/AIDs Positive Persons in Woliso Town
Year Number of Visited Persons Number of Positive Persons

Male Female Total Male % Female % Total %
2004 194 85 279 10 3.6 4 1.4 14 5
2005 386 215 601 63 10.5 63 10.5 126 21
2006 1713 1230 2943 256 8.7 249 8.5 505 17.2
2007 3332 2680 6012 540 9 549 9.1 1089 18.1
2008 5860 3914 9774 276 2.8 266 2.7 542 5.5
2009 3803 3402 7205 280 3.9 337 4.7 617 8.6
Total 15288 11526 26814 1425 5.3 1468 5.5 2893 10.4
Source: Woliso Town Health Office and saint Luke Catholic Hospital
From the above table, we can learn that the trend of HIV/AIDS is at an increasing pace. In general
according to data obtained from Woliso town Health office and St. Luke Hospital, the prevalence rate
of HIV/AIDS in the town is 10.8%. This is rate is slightly more than that of the regional prevalence
rate for urban centres, which is 10.7%. Similarly to look the situation of HIV/AIDS in Ambo town,
the trends of HIV infected persons for the last four years is taken in to account.
Table 2.13: Trends of HIV/AIDs Positive Persons in Ambo Town
Year Number of Visited Persons Number of Positive Persons

Male Female Total Male % Female % Total %
2006 179 129 308 11 47.8 12 52.2 23 7.5
2007 5412 3210 8622 190 42.4 258 57.6 448 5.2
2008 7100 5319 12419 199 39.2 309 60.8 508 4.1
2009 1311 1729 3040 33 29.5 79 70.5 112 3.7
Total 14002 10387 24389 433 39.7 658 60.3 1091 4.5
Source: Ambo Hospital and Ambo Town Administration Office, 2009
As can be inferred from figures specified above, the prevalence rate of HIV/AIDS in the town during
the last four years is 4.5. This rate is considerable less than that of the national prevalence rate for
urban centers. Increasing number of the identified HIV/AIDS risk behaviors in the specified towns are
attributed to lack of awareness (unsafe sexual practice), consuming excess alcohol, harmful traditional
practice (HTP), such as circumcision, rape, etc. Besides, the presence of considerable number of
commercial sex workers in the specified towns, the expansion of pornographic video show, high rate
of unemployment, increasing numbers of Chat addiction in the specified towns contributed to the
expansion of HIV/AIDS. The risk is expected to increase in relation with the envisaged road project
and appropriate mitigation measures are stipulated under section 4.8.5 of this report.

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2.2.3.Water supply
The availability of adequate and potable water at reasonable distance is one of the basic necessities for
human survival. Besides to utilizing for drinking and keeping personal and household hygiene,
potable water supply secures health by reducing water born diseases. The merit also trickles to
reducing morbidity and mortality rates and the number of working hours lost for queuing and drawing
water from far distance which in turn increases productivity. Nonetheless, considerable size of
populations is suffering Ethiopia from lack of this vital necessity.
Table 2.14: Coverage of Clean Water Supply by Woredas
No. Woreda Coverage in Protected Hand Motorized Remark

% Spring Pump Scheme
1 Ambo 58 27 28 16
2 Woliso 51 2 4 1
3 Wenchi 29.7 20 17 1
4 Ambo town 51 - - 1 River Diversion
5 Woliso Town 68 - - 1 Deep Wells
Source: Woreda & Urban Water Supply Offices & services, 2010
As to the case of the project area, the majority of the populations have no access to clean water supply
and suffer from diseases ensuing from consumption of contaminated water drawn from rivers, and
hand dug wells.
2.2.4.Travel Pattern, Transport and Communication Services
The travel and transport pattern of the population in the project area and in the region is mainly
carried out by non-motorized means of transport, and in particular by walking on foot. It is estimated
that more than 70% of households in the project area walk on foot to reach different social services
and facilities, such as, administrative centers, courts, police stations, markets, agriculture input stores,
sources of drinking water, flour mills, and fuel wood collection places.
In the project area, an estimated small percentage of population is also dependent on motorized or
vehicular transport. Public transport services operate in the major towns (Woliso and Ambo) and there
is a daily schedule of public transport service to the specified major towns from Addis Ababa. Large
buses operate from Addis Ababa; medium buses operate between Ambo and Nekmete towns, and
Woliso and Jimma towns. There are also mini buses that carry out short distances between towns
located along the project road. There are taxis (mainly Bajaj) giving services in Ambo and Woliso
towns. All the major towns of the project area have digital and mobile telephone access and services.
The Major towns (Ambo and Woliso) also have postal service and internet access.
2.2.5.Tourist Attraction Sites
Ethiopia is well known with various sorts of historical, cultural as well as natural tourist attractions.
Nonetheless, much of these abundant resources are not utilized effectively for promotion tourist
industry due to economic reasons, lack of experience and trained personnel in the sector. Oromia is
one of the richest regions in the country with natural and manmade (Cultural and historical) tourist
attractions. The region is endowed with a great deal of attractions which can be used and exploited for

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socioeconomic development of the people by development of tourism sector. Similarly there are
natural tourist attraction sites in the project area. Among others Wenchi creator lake, panoramic view
of Wenchi Woreda landscape in wenchi Woreda and panoramic view of Tulu Maja (Abbo Mountain)
in Woliso Woreda of south West Showa zone and Huluka water fall, book-tulle and Boku-chitu ritual
sites are the main tourist attraction identified in Ambo Woreda of West Showa zone. So it is deemed
that the construction of envisaged road will have significant contribution for effective utilization of
the specified attraction and to explore the non-identified sites.
2.3. Economic Activities
(i) General
According to recent World Bank Report, about 81% of the Ethiopian populations live on less than 2
USD a day. The average per capital income is 141 USD compared to 37,000 for UK. More than half
of the GDP is dependent on agriculture, which suffers from frequent drought and poor cultivation
process.
The national and regional, dominant sector of the economy agriculture is constrained by age-old
production practices and structural problems. It has failed to provide even sustained incomes for the
great majority of the people who are engaged in the sector and to satisfy national food requirements.
Although 85% of the national population work force is engaged in agriculture, the country has not
been able to feed its citizen. For thousands of years, we have been using the same poor cultivation
system due to limitation in capacity of our farmers and farming practice.
Besides, agriculture is characterized by smallholder subsistence production, with smallholding

farmers growing crops on 96% of the land under cultivation. They produce 90% of all agricultural
production mainly through low input, low-yield rain fed agriculture. The average household land
holding is about one hectare and yet the average house hold size is 5 people per household. The crop
production is based on rain fed agriculture and this made the majority of the population to be
vulnerable for frequent food shortage and its aftermaths. In other words, a growing number of farmers
are no more able to feed themselves because they are too many for the existing cultivable area and
productivity is too low. Poor farmers cannot adopt more intensive production techniques because they
do not have the required minimum income to purchase, the necessary inputs.
(ii) Project Area
a) Agriculture
Agriculture is the main stay for the majority of population in the project area and it provides the
largest share for livelihood of the population. Mixed farming is a common practice in the area
involving dominantly crop production and livestock rearing though both are carried out at private
level in a traditional way. Nonetheless, Woreda Agriculture and Rural Development Offices are
aspiring to acquaint farmers with modern production systems by distributing in put (improved seeds
and fertilizers) and giving training via extension package.
Crop Production
Smallholder subsistence agriculture is the main character of crop production in the area, which of
course is the case for other parts of the country. Crop production is mainly rain fed and practiced in
traditional style. The project area and its environs are relatively free from meager and erratic rain fall

March 2012
distribution, and food insecurity problem compared with other woredas of Oromia. However, the
production is characterized by lack of access to modern technology, low input supply, dependency on
rainfall and shortage of irrigation practice.
Major Crops
The agro climatic condition of the area is very suitable for the production of cereals, pulses, and oil
seeds. Thus, Teff, wheat, barley, maize and sorghum for cereals and field pea, house bean, Chick pea
and lentil from pulse are the major types of crops produced in three rural Woredas of the project area
as well as West and South West Shewa zones which are going to be linked by the envisaged road
project. Ensat is also dominantly cultivated in Wenchi Woreda. Crop productivity has shown
significant improvements for the elapsed tentative few years in all Woredas an associated with
promotion of extension package and provision of agricultural inputs to the farmers.
Table 2.15: Crops productivity in West and South-West Shewa Zones
West Shewa South-West Shewa

Produc- Produc-
Crop Type Cultivated production Cultivated Production in
tivity Per tivity Per
land in ha in Quintal land in ha Quintal
ha. ha.
Teff 222905 4006741 18 310085 1806987 14
Wheat 158865 5513534 35 80425.25 2222283 28
Barley 43041 81427 19 33586 87756 26
Sorghum 43041 814237 19 3435.25 81740.25 24
Maize 73589 3185979 43 22345.5 824106 37
Total 541441 14334728 26 269877 5812872 22
Pulses
Field peas 12225 187639 15 16189 283858.8 18
Horse beans 29544 530258 18 4919 2150 0
Chick peas 12237 268680 22 17267 2630 0
Lentils 2391 33851 14 35199.14 585001.8 17
Total 56396 1020427 18 73574.34 87364.6 12
Oil seed
Niger seed 33257 256961 8 867.25 3814 4
Line seed 22596 21567 10 19442.12 230756 12
Rape seed 4171 49202.9 12 6396.2 25671 4
Total 60026 537731 9 26705 260241 10
Total 60026 537731 9 26705 260241 10
Total Sum 657863 15892886 24 370157 6946754 19
Sources: Zonal Agriculture and Rural development Office: 2010.

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According to data obtained from each zone agriculture and rural development offices, although the
zones productivity has been improved, in the past few years, through provision of agricultural imputes
to the farmers, the productivity is still less as compared to the potential.
b) Land Use Pattern
Land use pattern is usually the function of the type of the existing socioeconomic features and
farming system of the people dwelling in the project area. As can be seen in the table 16, the land use
pattern is dominantly utilized for cultivation in the specified three Woredas as crop production is the
major means of livelihood of the people dwelling in the project area.
Table 2.16 Land Use Patterns of Woredas in the Project Area
Other
Cultivated Grazing Vegetation Water Body Total
Woreda Purposes
ha % ha % ha % ha % ha % ha %
Ambo 57220 72 8370 11 1379 2 2455 3 9228 12 78652 100
Wenchi 24490 33 5583 8 4551 6 490 1 37534 52 72,648 100
Weliso 45500 66 4754 7 4075 6 0 0 14057 21 68386 100
Total 127210 57 18707 9 10005 5 2945 1 60819 28 219686 100
Source; Woreda Agriculture & rural Development Offices: 2010
c) Existing irrigation practices
There are modern and traditional irrigation schemes practiced by a number of households especially
in Wenchi and Woliso Woredas using rivers and streams. According to data obtained from Wenchi
and Woliso Woredas there is about 2943ha irrigated farm currently owned by 19593 households.
Table 2.16: Distribution of Irrigation Farm by Woredas
S. No. Woreda Irrigated Area HHs Remark

1 Ambo N/A N/A
2 Wenchi 928 6194
3 Woliso 2015 13399
Total 2943 19593
Source; Wenchi and Woliso Woreda: 2010
Onion, tomato, potato and other type of vegetables are produced by irrigation farming in the area. The
envisaged road project will have significant contribution to assist farmers transporting their product to
market centers and intensify the production.
d) Livestock
As has been stated in the preceding section, livestock husbandry is one of the dominant means of
livelihood of the people in the project area. All of the studied Woredas have diversified livestock

March 2012
population and the number of cattle population stands first for all Woredas accounting 97%. the sector
is stranded by shortage of pasture grazing land), prevalence of cattle diseases, lack of veterinary
clinics, lack of modern know how on livestock herding and the likes.
Table 2.17: Numbers of Livestock
Livestock Woreda
%
Category Ambo Wenchi Woliso Total
Cattle 114481 89732 1666008 1870221 97
Sheep 36796 29881 20931 87608 1
Goats 18381 24639 30634 73654 0
Poultry 52084 78532 89319 219935 1
Horses 8805 7876 4081 20762 0
Donkey 9660 9225 18104 36989 0
Mules 624 824 1263 2711 0
Total 240831 240709 1830340 2311880 100
Source; Agriculture and Rural Development Offices of Ambo, Wenchi and Woliso Woredas, 2010
The major livestock feed along the project area include open pasture, bushes and hay as well crop
residues. There is gradual declining of grazing land from time to time. On the other hand, there has
been no forage development in regular extension services. As can be seen in the table above, there are
large numbers of livestock in the specified three Woredas. Nonetheless, the land use pattern of the
area is indicating that only 9% of the land is utilized for grazing out of the total area of the Woredas
(See table 2.17) and there is critical shortage of grazing land. Therefore modern forage development is
required to make the sector productive.
2.4. Gender Issues
In Ethiopia, the Gender proportion of men and women shows that women constitute approximately
50% 0 f the population. Having almost equal proportion of men and women, the Gender disparity
between men and women is believed to be very high in the country and this disparity is believed to be
one of the bottlenecks for its development. FDRE Constitution gives women equal right with men,
Article 35 (Rights of Women) No.1 states:
"Women shall, in the employment of rights and protections provided for by this Constitution, have
equal right with men"
Women make a significant contribution in the area of economic and social development of the
country. However, women's contribution to the economy and social development is not recognized as
such, mainly because of the economy and political power is controlled and dominated by men.
Women do not receive equal opportunity in education, employment and in other social development
activities. In the welfare monitoring survey carried out by CSA, it was found that women have low
school enrolment rates and are also less literate than men. This and other development indicators
show that women do not receive equal opportunity and access to education like that of their men

March 2012
counterparts.
The social impacts that will be created due to the construction of the project road affect women more
than men, Among the social impacts, resettlement/ relocation of PAPs may lead to the breakdown of
community social networks and this has direct impact on women more than men because women rely
and depend on community and social networks for their emotional, family and practical supports.
Since the different social impacts affect and are reflected more on women than men, there is a need
for women to be consulted concerning the proposed mitigation measures to address those negative
impacts. FDRE constitution, on Article 35, No.6 states that: "women have the right to full
consultation in the formulation of national development policies, the designing and execution of
projects, and particularly in the case of projects affecting the interests of women".
Women have equal right to ownership of property and enjoy equal treatment in the inheritance of
property. Hence, compensation payments and other measures related to resettlement/relocation shall
be done equally for women and men; and it will also take into consideration the interest women as
enshrined in FDRE constitution on its Article 35, No.7 that states women have "... the right to acquire,
administer, control, use and transfer property. in particular, they have equal rights with men with
respect to use, transfer, administration and control of land. They shall also enjoy equal treatment in
the inheritance of property” women also have different roles and relations and division labor than
men. The gender roles and division labor is shown in the following paragraphs.
Gender Roles and Relations: Men and women have different roles and responsibilities in the project
road corridor and its influence zone. Men traditionally have more socially recognized power and
authority in decision-making, control and access over resources. Women have limited access and
control over resources and in decision making either at household or community level.
Gender Division of Labor: Men are mostly engaged in productive (agricultural activity) and also in
other socio - political responsibilities also. Women on the contrary play triple roles and
responsibilities. Women are mainly responsible for productive, reproductive and also social activities.
Women play significant r ole in agricultural production in the project influence zone and in the
corridor generally. This is also true f or the country and other parts of Africa. It is estimated that in
rural Africa women account for more than 7 0% of agricultural activity.
The different roles and responsibilities assumed by women and men in the project road corridor imply
that they have differing transport needs and requirements. The transport needs of women and men
obviously vary in accordance with tasks and roles in their everyday life. There is high demand for
travel and transport by women both for within and outside their village travel. Hence, it is highly
crucial that the construction and upgrading of the project road gives sufficient emphasis and proper
attention to Gender related issues and specifically addresses the transport demands of women.
Women play very important role in travel and transport. The demand for travel and transport by
women either for household or community activities is very high. Travel and transport related
activities carried out by women include: domestic travel and transport, agricultural transport and
transport related to social services. In a study carried out by ERA in 1999 on village level travel and
transport (VLTT), it is estimated that the women in Ethiopia are responsible for some 76% of the time
and about 86% of the effort made for transport (domestic transport is the highest).
A study made to introduce IMT in selected woredas shows that women perform major travel and
transport related activities mainly for domestic (fuel wood, water collection, etc), market, agricultural

March 2012
and social purposes. Walking on foot is the common mode of transport followed by pack animals in
rural and semi urban parts of Ethiopia. According to the VL TT study "fuel, water, food, etc, accounts
73% of the trips and 61 % of the travel time and 93% of the transport effort".
Women are also responsible to carry out significant transport activities that are related to reproductive
and productive activities. In Ethiopia, "women work from 13-17 hours a day grinding grain, fetching
water, collecting fire wood, preparing manure for fuel, cooking food, raising children, taking care of
domestic animals and managing the family".
In the project road corridor, women’s transport needs are mainly related to:
• Travel for domestic activities: This is travel to collect fire wood, travel to water points,
travel to grinding mills, etc.
• Travel for economic activities: It includes, travel to markets, travel to farm fields, travel t o
saving and credit associations, cooperatives, etc.
• Travel to social service facilities: It includes, travel to health facilities and traditional
healers, women associations meetings, etc.
• Travel for social and communal activities: This is travel to places of worship, to funerals,
visiting the sick, visiting of families and friends, etc.
The construction of the project road is expected to provide some sort of assistance and support to
women in improving their condition in their productive, reproductive and socio political activities.
Productive activities: it is expected to provide and introduce women with labor and time saving tools
and equipment, and at the same time improve their productive capacity.
This could be realized with improved road network and communication. Hence, the construction of
the project road is expected to contribute towards this.
Reproductive activities: It would also provide women to have enough time to look and take care
for their children and other household members.
Socio political activities: In the long term, women would be exposed to improved technologies, tools,
create additional income and build confidence in their day-to-day life and work. It would also create
opportunity for women to participate in other socio political activities and issues that are related to
their community and beyond.
FDRE constitution, on Article 35,No.6 states that:” women have the right to full consultation in the
formulation of national development policies, the designing and execution of projects, and
particularly in the case of projects affecting the interests of women”.
In the rural sections of the project road corridor, link most other rural areas of Ethiopia, the poverty
situate on is among women and in particular female head households (FHH). The magnitude of
women’s poverty situation is manifested through lack of transport services and facilities. With the
construction of the project road, it is expected that the poverty situation of women will be changed to
economic development.

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3. LEGAL, POLICY AND ADMINISTRATIVE POLICY FRAMEWORK
3.1. Legal Background
Currently there are a number of legal documents at Federal and Regional levels dealing with
involuntary resettlement & restitution. Previous legal documents which are consistent with the
provisions of the F.D.R.E constitution are also checked. The major documents are proclamation No.
1/ 1995 of the Ethiopian Constitution, the 1997 Environment Policy, the Environmental Impact
Assessment proclamation No. 299/2002, Environmental Impact Assessment Guideline Document
(July 2000), Proclamation No. 455/2005 on Expropriation of Land holdings for Public Purposes and
Payments of Compensations, Proclamation No. 456 / 2005 on Rural Land Administration and Land
use Proclamation and Council of Ministers Regulations No. 135/2007 on the payment of
compensation for property situated on landholdings expropriated for public purposes. The Councils of
Ministers Regulations No. 135/2007 is based on Article 14(1) of Proclamation No. 455/2005 which
states: “with a purpose of not only paying compensation but also to assist displaced persons to restore
their livelihood”. In this guideline an attempt has been made to summarize some of the provisions in
these legal documents, which are found to be relevant to the present task. Hence, the present exercise
subject to base these legal documents for identifications, valuation of damaged properties and rights
for compensation payment procedures. In addition to these legal documents and regulations, major
frameworks like ERA’s Resettlement Policy Framework and World Bank procedures are checked for
the preparation of this guideline.
The 1995 constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, article 40(2) and 40(3)
stipulates public ownership of land and expropriation of land holdings for public purposes and
payment of compensation. Proclamation No. 455/ 2005 specifically promulgated and provided
provisions for compensations. The basic principle of ERA’s Resettlement / Rehabilitation Policy
Framework is to address the importance of compensation payments for the loss of assets at
replacement cost, giving opportunities to locals to share project benefits and assisting PAPs’ during
relocation / rehabilitation. Detailed regulations for valuation of properties situated on landholdings
expropriated for public purposes are promulgated on Council of Ministers Regulation No.135/2007.
These legal documents have a more or less parallel similarity to the World Bank OP and BP 4.12.
Regarding compensations, all documents clearly state that individuals have the right to be
compensated for the works on land created by labour, capital and land use rights. In line with these
basic principles major resettlement and compensation issues are addressed from various legal
documents as follows. However, if the national and international laws are in conflict, the latter
overrules as to the World Bank policies for International Development Assisted projects.
3.2. The Constitution
As the major binding document for all other derivative national and regional policies, laws and
regulations, the Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, (FDRE), have
provisions, which have a direct policy, legal and institutional relevance’s for the appropriate
implementation of resettlement action plans, which will be executed by the Ethiopian Roads
Authority.
Article 40.3 of the Constitution declares public ownership of both rural and urban land as well as all
natural resources. It further states that land is the common property of the Ethiopian people and
cannot be subject to sale or to other means of exchange. Moreover, ownership of land is vested on the
public and the people while rural and urban dwellers have only usufruct right over the land. A use

March 2012
right gives the user the right to use the land and the right to benefit from the fruits of her/his labour
and capital which may be crops, trees, etc. found on the land or any other permanent works such as
buildings etc.
Article 44.2 of the Constitution indicates that interventions for public goods that may cause the
displacement of people or adversely affect the livelihood of the local population shall give the right to
commensurate monetary or other means of compensation including relocation / rehabilitation with
adequate state assistance. This provision has a strong relevance to the Resettlement Action Plans that
ERA shall undertake while involved in road projects. The provisions in the constitution clearly states
government’s obligation not only to compensate for the loss of properties created by the labor and
capital but also to compensate for the lost usufruct right over land through resettling the affected
individuals/communities by the state programs with adequate assistances.
3.3. Regional States Land Administration and Land Use Proclamation
Based on the Federal land administration and utilization proclamation No.456 / 2005, (which repealed
the Federal Government Rural Land Administration Proclamation No.89/ 1997); regions will
commence their own land administration and utilization laws. Hence, the preparation of this RAP is
obliged to adopt and used the Oromia and national regional state rural land administration and land
use proclamation. Under proclamation No. 56/2002 of the regional government of Oromia, the
following rights and obligations are stated related to holding rights, expropriation of properties for
public uses and remuneration payments for the lost asset. Article 4(1) stated that “Land is the common
property of the state and people, and shall not be subject to sale or other means of exchange”.
Moreover, on the same article sub-Article (2) declares woman shall have equal right with men in all
activities of rural land use and administration. Article 6(1) is cantered on land use rights and states
that “any peasant or pastoralist, with a holding right of land, has a lifelong right to use land for
agricultural purpose as well as to lease and while the right to remains in effect, bequeath it to his
family member/s/ and includes the right to acquire property produced there on by his labour or capital,
and to sell, exchange and bequeath. Article 6(4) is on termination of rights and stated that “the use of
right of an individual land user shall be subject to termination, only if that land is required for more
important public uses and decided with the participation of the community”. Sub-Article (5) of Article
(6) is on compensation payments and declares “when use right changes hands under condition in Sub-
Article (4) of Article (6), an individual land holder, whose use right is terminated shall be guaranteed
with the right to remove permanent work built or tree crops cultivated on land or to claim payment of
compensation there on or collection of fruits thereof, or compensation of similar land. As to this
proclamation Article 11 any farmer or pastoralist has a right to lease his/her holdings on certain
regulations. Article 11(1) states that “any peasant or pastoralist has the right to lease out up to half of
the land under his holding. However, “duration of land lease agreement between the peasant or the
pastoralist, and the lease shall be; up to three years for those who apply traditional farming and fifteen
years for users of modern farming technology”. Lease agreements shall be valid if and only if
approved by local responsible organ that administer rural land issues according to Article 11(4) of the
aforementioned proclamation. Article 15 is dealing with land user right security. According to this
Article Sub- Article (1), “any peasant or pastoralist, with a holding right of land, shall be provided
with a lifelong certification of holding right by responsible organ”.
According to the World Bank policy Research Working paper No. 4218, rural land certification in
main regions of the country started in 2003. Up to the publication of the above mentioned research
working paper in April 2007, 88% of households in Tigray, 79% in Amara and 46% in SNNPR (not

March 2012
available to the Oromia) were undergone the land registration process. Again related to this specific
issue of land registration and certification, Article 15 (2) and (4) of the Oromia regional state has the
following provisions. According to Sub-Article two, “Husband and wife shall be jointly certified to
their common land holding”. In case of polygamy Sub-Article four provides another regulation by
stating “In the case of a polygamous marriage, a husband is allowed to get a holding right certificate
with only one of his wife’s, and the other shall get severally”. Another important Article of the
aforementioned proclamation is provision on Article 1(a) (b) related to conflict and dispute resolution.
As to Article (1) “any conflict or dispute that arose on farmland boundaries or landholding shall be
resolved by; (a) appealing first to local (Ganda) social court. (b) Party who has compliant on the
decision given by local social court can further appeal to the ordinary court. Decisions’ given by the
local court shall be respected by both parties.
3.4. The Environmental Policy of Ethiopia
The Environmental Protection Authority which is directly accountable to the prime minister office is
re-established in October 2002, under Proclamation No 295 / 2002. This Proclamation repealed
Proclamation No 9/1995.
The Ethiopian Environment Policy has provisions relevant to preparation of Resettlement Action plan
guidelines. Major elements of the policy are:
• To ensure that the environmental impact assessments (EIA) consider not only physical
and biological impacts but also address socio-economic, political and cultural conditions;
• To recognize public consultation is an integral part of the EIA and ensure that EIA
procedures make provision for both an independent review and public comments before
consideration of decision makers;
• To ensure that, an environmental impact statement always includes mitigation plans for
environmental management problems and contingency plans in case of accidents;
• To ensure that, at specified intervals during the project implementation, environmental
audits regarding monitoring, inspection and record keeping take place for activities
where these have been required by the Environmental Impact Statement;
• To ensure that preliminary and full EIA’s are undertaken by the relevant sectoral
ministries or departments, if in the public sector, and by the developer in the private
sector;
• To create by law an EIA process which requires appropriate environmental impact
statements and environmental audits for private and state development projects;
• To establish the necessary institutional framework and determine the linkages of its parts
for undertaking, co-coordinating and approving EIA’s and the subsequent system of
environmental audits required to ensure compliance with conditional ties;
• To develop detailed sectoral technical guidelines in EIA’s and environmental audits;
• To ensure that social, socio-economic, political and cultural conditions are considered in
environmental impact assessment procedures and included in sectoral guidelines; and
• To develop EIA and environmental audit capacity and capability in the Environmental
Protection Authority, sectoral ministries and agencies as well as in the regions

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3.5. Proclamation Number 455/2005
Article 8(1) of this proclamation sates that a rural landholder whose landholding has been
permanently expropriated shall be paid for his (her) displacement/ rehabilitation options an amount
equivalent to ten times (years) the average income he secured during the preceding past five years in
addition to other payments like losing fixed assets, annual and perennial crops and cash crops. Again
Article 8(2) stipulates that a landholder whose land provisionally expropriated shall be paid for the
lost income, based on the average annual income secured for the preceding five years, until he/she
repossesses the land. In accordance with this proclamation Article 14(1) provision which state “The
council of Ministers may issue regulations necessary for the proper implementation of this
proclamation” Regulation No.135/2007 is promulgated and effective as of 4th day of July 2007. There
is an expectation among professionals that this regulation might solve ambiguities related to valuation
of properties and compensation payments. The valuation procedure for determining additional
compensation, (like for permanent land improvement), is yet officially enacted. Those individuals
who will get a land-to-land replacement shall be compensated for the loss an amount equivalent to the
average annual income secured during the preceding five years.
As per this proclamation Article 8(4) urban landholder whose land holding has been expropriated
shall be provided, apart from the estimated payment for the lost structures, with a plot of urban land to
construct a structure and to be paid a displacement compensation equivalent to the annual rent of the
demolished house or be allowed to live in public house without rent for one year.
In order to conduct an effective and full-fledged compensation for project-affected peoples, the
enactment of the regulation has been essential. Article 19(1) of Regulation 135/2007 stipulates on
properties for which compensation is not payable. As to this Article “there shall be no payment of
compensation with respect to any construction or improvements made like buildings, any crops sown,
perennial crops planted or any permanent improvement on land, where such activity is done after the
possessor of the land is served with the expropriation order”. The broad framework within
Proclamation No. 455/2005 and regulation 135/2007 are binding in implementing valuation of
properties and remuneration payments.
3.6. Ethiopian Roads Authority (Policy Framework)
Apart from the broad policy frameworks at national level, the main reference behind the preparation
of this Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) is ERA’s guiding principles as stipulated in its Resettlement
and Rehabilitation Policy Framework. The principles in the framework are adopted basically from the
World Bank’s policy on resettlement and rehabilitation. The following statement is adopted from
ERA’s Resettlement and Rehabilitation Framework to show when and where a RAP is required or
not.
At project identification, social screening/social impact assessment (SIA) of the subprojects will be
conducted with the aim to determine whether or not a subproject requires detailed resettlement action
plans as specified in World Bank policy. The principles of compensation/rehabilitation will be
triggered wherever there will be a land requirement and adverse social impacts. If the SIA findings
reveal that more than 200 persons are affected by a subproject, a resettlement action plan will be
prepared (ERA 2002). However, as to OP 4.12, “where impacts on the entire displaced is minor, or
fewer than 200 people are displaced, an abbreviated resettlement plan may be agreed with the
borrower”

March 2012
As per the above framework and the Bank policy, a threshold has been set whether or not to proceed
with a detail RAP once a social screening is done on any proposed road development project. A Road
development that entails the relocation of more than 200 individuals or above 40 households is
expected to entail a resettlement action plan. Those road projects that would displace less than 200
individuals are not expected to come up with a detailed/full scale RAP. In such cases an Abbreviated
Resettlement Action Plan shall be prepared. Although this is the case, there is a major gap between
the National Legislations and the WB Operational Policies (OP4.12) in notification period and
expropriation of properties. Proclamation No 455/2005 Article (3) (4) requires that property must be
handed over 90 days after compensation has been paid. On the other hand OP.4.12 requires that
displacement must not occur before necessary measures for resettlements are in place. In case of a
conflict between the national and international procedures, OP4.12 states that” where domestic law
does not meet the standard of compensation at full replacement cost, compensation under domestic
law is supplemented by additional measures necessary to meet the replacement cost standard”.
3.7. Land use and the Right of Way
Conceptually the term land use implies the function of land determined by natural conditions and
human intervention. Usually it is categorized according to the status of the specific land and
employment by human interventions. Land use in the present context upholds direct use as well as
preservation, conservation, development and management.
Land in Ethiopia is the property of the state / public and does not require compensation. The land
proclamation No. 31/1975 on rural land and No. 47/1975 of the urban land states that government
holds the ownership of land; it is the property of the Ethiopian People. However, Article 7(72) of
proclamation No 47/1975 states that the government shall pay fair compensation for property situated
on the land, but the amount of compensation shall not take any value of the land into account, because
land is owned by state. The change to state ownership was enshrined in proclamation No.1 / 1987 and
proclamation No. 1 / 1995. Moreover, the Federal Government issued the rural land administration
proclamation (No. 456/2005) that vested power on regional states to enact regional laws to the
purpose consistent with the principles and laws of the Federal government. According to this
proclamation Article 17(1) “each regional council shall enact rural land administration and land use
law, which consists of detailed provisions necessary to implement this proclamation”.
Proclamation No.80/1997 article 6(18) states that ERA shall use, free of charge, land and such other
resources and quarry substances for the purpose of construction of highways, camps, storage of
equipment and other required services, provided however, that it shall pay compensation in
accordance with the law for properties on the land it uses. The Oromia National Regional state
proclamation No.56/2002 is more or less consistent with the Federal Government Constitution
dealing with land tenure, expropriation and compensation payments procedures.
The Right-of-Way (RoW) is the land allocated and preserved by the law for public use in road
construction, rehabilitation and maintenance work. For example in the RR50 standard 15mt width on
either side of the road centerline fall into the legal RoW. In recognition of Article 6(17) of
proclamation No.80/1997 in re-establishing ERA gave the mandate to “determine the extent of land
required for its activities in the adjacency as well as surrounding of highways and the conditions of
use of such land by others”. However, this proclamation does not explicitly determine the extent of
the Right of Way. Traditionally ERA exercises 30mt of ROW for its projects. As to this proclamation
ERA has a mandate: (a) to develop and administer highways, (b) To ensure the standard of road
construction and, (c) To create a proper condition on which the road network is co-ordinately

March 2012
promoted. The RoW branch of ERA is the primary and responsible body to posses and maintains land
required for the project causes and compensation payments. Proclamation No 455/2005, which is
targeted on expropriation of land holdings for public purposes and payment of compensations, is the
base for this RAP. For detailed regulations on valuation of properties situated on landholdings
expropriated for public purposes, the RAP relied on Council of Ministers regulations No.135/2007.
For the Ambo – Woliso road project the consultant adopted +1.5m for urban and +3m for rural from
construction areas to minimize impacts.
The ROW in the urban centers has been reduced to 20m in order to reduce the number of affected
properties. In most town sections like Woliso, Chitu, Sonkole, Darian, Haro Wenchi and Ambo town
the houses are built close to the existing gravel road. 50 m ROW has significant impacts on the road
side houses, shops and institutional buildings. In similar way the 30m in the urban sections ROW has
no less impact on these properties. The 20m ROW has less impact and no need to compromise the
quality and the standard. Therefore, the consultant firmly believes that 20m in the rural sections have
less impact environmentally and socially as well as economically.
The trend in the rural sections along the Ambo-Woliso road project is the farmer plant perennial
crops, trees, commercial trees like eucalyptus (Yebahir Zaf) and Cuppress lustanica (Tid) on the road
side. Therefore, following the 50m ROW has significant impacts on the roadside vegetation and on
farmland in some location. The 20m ROW on the other hand is too narrow. Indeed, ERA could not
protect the ROW boundary in most of his projects. Adopting 20m ROW has significant impact on the
future maintenance, rehabilitation and upgrading of the roads. Therefore, 30m in the rural section is
more feasible than the two options (50m and 20m).
3.8. The World Bank Operational Policies (OP4.12)
The Operational Policies of the World Bank on Involuntary Resettlement focused on to ensure project
affected people especially the poor and vulnerable ones have more to say and participate as equal
partners and to improve their livelihoods and standard of living or at least restore them in real terms.
Moreover, it is geared towards to avoid or minimize adverse impacts of projects. The Bank
experience indicates that development projects, if unmitigated, may cause severe long-term hardships,
impoverishment, and environmental damages. Hence, the following are policy objectives of the
World Bank as outlined in the aforementioned Operational Policies.
• Involuntary Resettlement should be avoided where feasible, or minimized, exploring all

viable alternative project designs.
• Where it is not feasible to avoid resettlement, resettlement activities should be conceived

and executed as sustainable development program, providing sufficient investment
resources to enable the person displaced by the project to share in project benefits.
Displaced persons should be meaningfully consulted and should have opportunities to
participate in planning and implementing resettlement program.
• Displaced persons should be assisted in their efforts to improve their livelihoods and
standards of living or at least to restore them, in real term, to pre-displacement levels or
to levels prevailing prior to the beginning of project implementation, whichever is
higher.

March 2012
Moreover, as per OP4.12 footnote 1; the World Bank requirements for compensation must be
followed with: “Where domestic law does not meet the standard of compensation at full replacement
cost, compensation under domestic law is supplemented by additional measures necessary to meet the
replacement cost standard”. These conditions are applicable for all PAPs including squatters and
illegally settled people except prospectors and intruders after the cut-off- dates.

March 2012
Table 3.1: Comparison of Ethiopian Legislation and OP 4.12

Recommendations to
Theme World Bank Op 4.12 Ethiopian Legislation Comparison
Address Gaps
Policy World bank OP4.12 has overall policy Proclamation No 455/2005 (Article The World Bank requirement World Band OP 4.12
Objectives objectives, requiring that: 3(1)) gives power to Woreda or for avoidance or minimization overall objectives shall
Involuntary resettlement should be avoided urban administrations to “expropriate of involuntary resettlement is be applied to avoiding
wherever possible, or minimized, exploring rural or urban landholdings for public not written into Ethiopian or minimizing
all alternatives. purpose where it believes that it legislation. Proclamation No involuntary
Resettlement program should be should be used for a better 455/2005 does not indicate resettlement to ensure
sustainable, include meaningful development…”This is supported by consultation with displaced resettlement program
consultation with affected parties, and Article 51(5) and Article 40(8) of the persons throughout the sustainable and
provide benefits to the affected parties 1995 Constitution. resettlement process, rather only includes meaningful
Displaced persons should be assisted in allows for a complaints and consultation.
improving livelihoods etc, or at least Proclamation No 455/2005 (Article grievance process. Although
restoring them to previous levels 7(5) states that” the cost of removal, Proclamation No 455/2005
transportation and erection shall be allows for some form of support
paid as compensation for a property to the displaced persons, it does
that could be relocated and continue not explicitly state that
it serves as before.” livelihoods should be restored to
previous levels or improved.
Notification Article 10 of World Bank OP4.12 requires Article 4 of Proclamation No There is a gap in Proclamation Displaced person
period/ timing that the resettlement activities associated 455/2005 requires notification in No 455/2005 to allow land to be should always be paid
of with a sub -projects are linked to the writing, with details of timing and expropriated before necessary compensation and
displacement implementation of development program to compensation, which cannot be less measures for resettlement take support before the land
ensure displacement or restriction of access than 90 days from notification. It place, particularly before the is handed over, as per
does not occur before necessary measures requires that land should be handed displaced person has been paid. World Bank OP4.12.
for resettlement are in place. In particular, over within 90 days of payment of This can have serious
taking of land and related assets may take compensation payments. If there is consequences for those affected,
place only after compensation has been no crop or other property on the land, as they may be displaced
paid, and, where applicable, resettlement it must be handed over within 30 without shelter or livelihood.
sites and moving allowances have been days of notice of expropriation. It

March 2012
Recommendations to
Address Gaps
provided to displaced persons. further gives power to seize the land
through police force should the
landholder be unwilling to hand over
the land
Eligibility for World Bank OP4.12 gives eligibility to: Proclamation No 455/2005, Article According to World Bank The requirements of
Compensation Those who have formal legal rights to the 7(1) allows’ landholders’ to be OP4.12, eligibility for World Bank OP4.12, as
land; eligible for compensation, where the compensation is granted to described in Column 2
Those who do not have formal legal rights term “landholder” (Article2(3) “affected parties. Ethiopian of this table, expected
to land, but have a claim to such land; and means” and individual, government Legislation only grants to be applied,
Those who do not have recognizable legal or private organization or any other compensation to those with
right or claim to the land organ which has legal personality lawful possession of the land,
and have lawful possession over the and as per Proclamation No
land to be expropriated and owns 456, those with traditional
property situated thereon” possession i.e. Communal
lands. It therefore does not
recognize those without a legal
right or claim as eligible for
compensation.
Compensation World Bank OP4.12 Article 6(a) requires Article 7 of Proclamation No. The World Bank requirement The World Bank
that displaced persons are provided with 455/2005 entitles the landholder to for compensation and valuation requirements for
prompt and effective compensation at full compensation for the property on the of assets it that compensation compensation must be
replacement cost for losses of assets land on the basis of replacement cost; and relocation must result in the followed, as per OP4.12
attributable directly to the project. If and permanent improvements to the affected person must have footnote 1, which
physical relocation is an impact, displaced land, equal to the value of capital and property and a livelihood states, “Where domestic
persons must be provided with assistance labor expended. returned to them to at least law does not meet the
during relocation and residential housing, equivalent standards as before. standard of
housing sites and /or agricultural sites to at Where property is on urban land, This is not clearly stated in local compensation at full
least equivalent standards as the previous compensation may not be less than Proclamations. It is expected replacement cost,
site. Replacement cost does not take constructing a single room low cost that the regulations and compensation under

March 2012
Recommendations to
Address Gaps
depreciation into account. In term of house as per the region in which it is directives will provide more domestic law is
valuing assets. If the residual of the asset located. It also requires that the cost clarity and clearer guidance in supplemented by
being taken is not economically viable, of removal, transportation and this regard. additional measures
erection will be paid as compensation necessary to meet the
for a relocated property continuing replacement cost
its service as before. Valuation standard”
formula are provided in Regulation
No. 135/2007
Responsibilitie According to OP4.12, Article 14 and 18), Article 5 of Proclamation No The process required for the As per the World Bank
s of the project the borrower is responsible for conducting a 455/2005 sets out the responsibilities project proponent / requirements, project
proponent census and preparing, implementing, and of the implementing agency, implementing agency lacks processes included
monitoring the appropriate resettlement requiring them to gather data on the descriptive processes in local screening, a census,
instrument. Article 24 states that the land needed and works, and to send legislations... development plan,
borrower is also responsible for adequate this to the appropriate officials for management of
monitoring and evaluation of the activities permission. If also requires them to remuneration payments,
set forth in the resettlement instrument. In pay compensation to affected monitoring and
addition, upon completion of the project, landholders. evaluation of success. It
the borrower must undertake an assessment must also include
to determine whether the objectives of the proper consultation
resettlement instrument have been achieved. with the affected parties
This must all be done according to the throughout the process.
requirements of OP4.12. Article 19 requires
that the borrower inform potentially
displaced persons at an early stage about the
resettlement aspects of the project and takes
their views into account in project design.

March 2012
3.9. Institutional Framework
3.9.1.Ministry of Finance and Economic Development (MoFED)
The Ministry of Finance and Economic Development is the responsible ministry for the disbursement
of the allotted budget for resettlements and restitutions of livelihoods. ERA submits its annual budget
for proposed projects including the portion for resettlements and rehabilitations, which would then be
ratified by the House of the Peoples' Representatives.
3.9.2.The Ethiopian Roads Authority (ERA)
The Ethiopian Roads Authority (ERA) was established in 1951 and again re-established under
proclamation No.80/1997 with responsibilities for the construction, improvement and maintenance of
the Federal road network. The highest body in the management hierarchy is the board. ERA’s
Environmental and Social Managemnt (ESMT) established in January 1998 with major responsibility
of setting and implementing ERA’s environmental guidelines in support of the national level
requirements. The ESMT holds the capacity of advisory, co-ordination and supervision aspects that
are pertinent to the project road environmental impacts and co-ordination with the respective ERA
district offices.
3.9.3.Environmental Protection Authority (EPA)
The Environmental Protection authority is a competent agency at Federal level. Hence, the authority
have the following responsibilities in the EIA processes to: (a) ensure that the proponent complies
with requirements of the EIA process, maintain cooperation and consultation between sectoral
agencies throughout the EIA process, (b) Maintain a close relationship with the proponent and to
provide guidance on process and; (c) evaluate and take decisions on the documents that arise from the
EIA process.
Prototype authorities shall be organized at regional level to deal with environmental issues. The
regional EPA shall consult and demanded assistances to the federal EPA in case of the EIA have a
national significance or when the regional authority identified a specific EIA beyond its capacity. The
federal authority may involve in the EIA that; (a) have an environmental effect across the
international boundaries of Ethiopia, (b) have an environmental effect across regional boundaries
within Ethiopia, (c) have an effect on an environment of natural or international significance,
including but not limited to natural forests, wetlands, national parks, cultural heritages etc, (d) have a
federal government department, the relevant regional authority or another statuary body as proponent
and, (e) have the federal investment authority as the investment approval body.
The Oromia national regional state established the regional environmental office in 2002. This office
is responsible to ensure matters pertaining to the region’s environmental, social and economic
development activities are carried out in a manner that will protect the welfare of human beings as
well as sustainable use and development of natural resources. To achieve this end the regional
government environmental office adopted a community based or led environmental protection
strategy in addition to having offices at Woreda level. Hence, the roles of Woreda level offices and
communities are important in environmental conservation and management.

March 2012
3.9.4.General Remarks on Legal, Policy and Institutional Issues
The analysis of all the above legal documents indicates that proper legal and institutional frameworks
are in place to execute all remuneration payments and restitution of livelihoods. This resettlement
action plan is prepared within the provisions of the proclamations and WB policies.
The policy and institutional frameworks in relation to compensation and resettlement has wide cross-
cutting issues that entail the participation of different stakeholders at different levels of the operations.
A number of governmental bodies shall have a horizontal and vertical interaction in implementing the
various legal procedures. Their concerted efforts are very much required. ERA expected to manage its
activities with other relevant bodies outside and within its structures. In executing resettlement action
plan, for instance, management and coordinated efforts between the Environmental Monitoring and
Safety Branch and the Right of Way Branch within ERA is very much essential.
Moreover, the following major issues are adopted to show the ongoing key polices and institutional
reform on the road sector from the Ministry of Finance and Economic Development release,
(2005/06).
• Improvement of resource mobilization and allocation through equitable road pricing and
provision, adequate budget for road maintenance and strengthen the road fund,
• Enhancing the capacity of road construction and maintenance by creating an enabling

environment for increased participation of domestic private contractors,
• Reduce reliance on force account by turning ERA’s district maintenance organizations,

(DMOs) into fully commercial operating units,
• Setting strict directives for the enforcement of safety regulations so as to reduce the
number and severity of road accidents,
• Strengthening the enforcement of axle loads limits
• Addressing the environmental effects of road construction by taking measures to ensure

conformity of design standards with environmental protection requirements,
• Promote the use of labour-intensive technology and ensure community participation

wherever possible in building and maintaining local and community roads,
• Provide community based integrated village travel and transport services and reduce travel
time and burden on villages, especially women, to meet the expected increase in the
movement of agricultural input and surplus production,
• Strengthening administration and management in such a manner that federal and regional
road agencies have the institutional capacity to manage and maintain the current road
assets and protecting future investments in the road sector,
• Develop a coherent planning and programming approach based on a net-work stabilization

program, in which federal and regional road agencies formulate common methodologies of
allocation of available and projected resources.

March 2012
4. PUBLIC CONSULTATION
Public consultation and field level investigation was carried out in of the major urban centers and in
those villages located along the proposed road project. Public consultations were carried out with the
following major objectives:
• To solicit the attitude of the community towards the project;

• To inform the public on the potential impacts and seek the participation and
contribution of the public during the construction of the proposed road project;
• To ensure that acceptance of the project by the stakeholders and the community along
the route corridor;
• Identifying the potential social impacts (positive and negative); and on the
implementation of the proposed mitigation measures for the negative impacts and on
measures of reinforcement for the positive impacts;
The primary purpose of public consultation is to make the stakeholders at different level and the
community at large participate in the whole process of the project i.e. form design to implementation
phase. It also gives opportunity for the affected people to influence the project to reduce adverse
impacts, maximize additional benefits, and ensure that they receive appropriate compensation. Public
consultation was carried out through formal meetings & public gatherings, focused group discussions,
meeting with women groups, meeting with teachers and health professionals, and also through
informal meetings held with different sections of the community. Nationals have the right to
participate in national development and, in particular, to be consulted with respect to policies and
projects affecting their community. FDRE Constitution Article 43 No.2
4.1 Discussion with Woreda Administrative Officers

The team held group discussion with Woreda level government officials and Kebele Administrators
crossed by the road and local people to identify their attitude toward the project in general and its
potential impacts in particular. The discussions were cheered by the respective woreda
administrators and attended by heads of different Offices including: Labour and Social Affairs,
Health, Women’s and HIV/AIDS Affairs and esteemed elders, Land Administration &
Environmental Protection officers, Clan and Religious leaders, School Teachers, Health Workers
and Agricultural Development Agents(Das) etc.
The gatherings for the consultations were organised by the local administration. The consultant tried
to involve the local NGOs, particularly those who are working on natural resource protection, health
and sanitation, HIV/AIDS protection, rural development, etc. However, there are no major NGOs
are active along this route. Instead, there were various local groups that took part in the
consultations, including religious leaders, elders, youth associations, women associations, and
farmers groups.
4.1.1 Attitude about the Project
The team consisting of economist and sociologists participated and briefed participants of the public
consultation about objectives and processes of the project. The team has briefed starting and end
points of the proposed road project and locations where impact on properties will be felt.
In the meantime, different questions and views were forwarded by the discussants and replied to them
by the consultant team. Their questions and views focused mainly on the availability of standard
measures in order to compensate the properties that could be lost due to the proposed road
construction and the timing of the ROW clearance.

March 2012
The team has briefed thoroughly about the existing conventional means to protect public interests and
mitigation measures to minimize the potential impacts of the project. The team had also tried to avoid
their fear on the timing describing what is being planned between the client and the consultant to
accomplish the task of ROW clearance as scheduled.
It was a general consensus with all groups that there is no doubt that the proposed road project will
have an important contribution on the development of the project area in particular and the country in
general. Therefore, it was the demand of all stakeholders consulted that the proposed road should be
built soon.
The participants of the consultation were also asked to list down the positive and negative impacts
that they expect to result from the implementation of the project and the following summarized
impacts were forwarded accordingly. They were also requested to indicate locations where major
social and environmental impacts will be felt in each kebeles crossed by the proposed road.
4.1.2 Positive Expectations

The proposed road project will accelerate the country’s five year transformation and
development plan to reduce poverty;
The proposed road project will open a door for modernization to the areas that remained
backward;
It will reduce the immense transport problem in the project area,
The project will connect the regions with the neighboring regions;
The proposed road will enable the inhabitants of the corridor to be benefited from future
development endeavors;
The construction of the proposed road would also enable the community of the Woredas
traversed to get employed on construction and related works during construction;
It will enable to transport the products of the project area into central markets and hence
facilitate to get good price for local products;
It will enable to reduce fright cost;
4.1.3 Negative Expectations

The major apprehension observed by the discussants was that the project may entails affecting HHs
from their current dwelling areas and some other HHs could also lose their farm land and corps on
their land. They also have fear that in connection with compensation and asset valuation process,
people may not be satisfied and may affect the good governance.
Dislocation of people from their dwelling, trading and farming areas;

In connection with the speedy nature of proposed road Transport, people,
livestock may be exposed to accident;
Unless the design work is completed in integration with other development plans
along the ROW, conflict could arise and this could affect the effectiveness and
timely completion of the project;
Sexual harassment on women and labour Exploitation;
Students could be attracted to short-term employment created by the project and
hence, School dropout may increase;
Spread of HIV/AIDS and Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs);
The contractor may share the resources of the community in the project area like
Water ponds and walk over the farm beyond the ROW;
Many people may come from outside of the local area in search of employment
and business nearby station areas; this could in turn create conflict with local
people and overcrowd;

March 2012
In response to their apprehension the team briefed the intended mitigation measures based on
statements specified in article 40 of the constitution and proclamation no 445/2005 regarding
compensation for the owner whose property will be affected for development projects.
The team has also confirmed to them that appropriate mitigation measures will be taken with
participation of the local people and concerned offices in the project area. The discussants have
themselves depicted such offices as (the woreda HIV /AIDS Secretariat Offices, Bureau of the
Regional State Information Culture Tourism and Social Affairs) and Woreda land administration and
Environmental protection offices that could play vital role in taking mitigation measures for the
negative impacts throughout the project process.
4.1.4 The results of the public Consultations
In general, the communities are highly supportive and positive about the construction of the
proposed road project and are happy about the plan. The overall understandings of the public and
consensus reached include the following:
• All the woredas, traversed by the proposed road project have agreed to provide
support and assistance for people who will lose their land (farmland or residential
land) for the construction of the right of way, and other construction purposes,
although aware of some inconveniences the community welcomed the construction of
the proposed road project,
• The woreda officials have agreed to contribute their effort in reducing and mitigating
the expected potential negative impacts of the project and in enhancing the positive
expectations,
• Special support will be made by the woredas and the community for female headed
households, elderly and other socially disadvantaged groups if affected by the
construction of the proposed road project.;
• Shall facilitate the smooth implementation of the construction works and provide
other routine administrative supports if need be;
• Shall facilitate the employment of labour force from the locality;
• The woreda administrators shall avail the places and sources selected for
construction materials like places for rock sources, sand sources, water sources and
others that may be selected during construction;
• The administration shall maintain the peace and security of the project area for the
smooth completion of the project,
Finally, all the participants reached common consensus that the construction of the project will
enhance development and growth and contribute to poverty reduction strategy of the country and
hence are looking forewords to the immediate commencement of the construction works.

March 2012
5. POTENTIAL SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF THE PROJECT
5.1. Socio-economic Profile of the PAPs
This part of the report tries to highlight the socio economic profile of the Project Affected People
(PAPs) in particular and the project influence area in general. It draws data from primary level house-
to house survey as well as from secondary sources secured from various relevant offices. The socio-
economic survey was conducted in two rounds and covered 1117 household heads. The number of
households covered by the house to house survey is match with the number of people affected by road
project. The consultant surveyed each and every household of affected people in Woredas and
Kebeles. Hence, a total of 6702 families covered by the surveys do depict the socio economic profile
of all the PAPs and their locality.
5.5.1 Demographic and Livelihood Issues
As already mentioned in the previous chapters of this report Ambo - Woliso Road project area falls
into Ambo, Woliso and Chitu Woredas West Shewa and South-West Shewa zones. The Socio-
economic profile of the Project-Affected People is similar to the rest of the people living elsewhere in
the Ambo or Woliso Woredas. As per the latest National Census (2011), the population of Ambo
Woreda is 12126 Woliso Woreda is 160490 and Chitu’s Woreda 104803 people. The densities, people
living per km2, of the three Woredas are 127.7 in Ambo and 213.6 in Woliso and 227.3 Chitu
Woreda. The Project Affected People are living in a subsistence way of life with mixed agriculture as
their primary occupation. Engagement other than this mixed agriculture is quite rare. Discussions with
the local people and officials at Kebele and Woreda level indicates that the people in the project areas
are in a relatively better socio-economic condition than previous days, according to rural agriculture
officer this days government is providing selected seed, pest side and fertilizers to nearby villages to
reach out farmers. It was reported that they are better endowed with croplands as well as with
livestock possession and milk production. The average cow holding per household is two and above.
The demographic assessment result shows that a total of 6702 family members are living in the 1117
households covered by the present socio-economic survey, which implies an average family size of 6
persons per household. Out of the total surveyed, 88 % of them are male headed and the remaining
12% are female headed. These female-headed households constituted either a widowed, divorced or
single female bread winners. Male constitute 52% of the surveyed population while the proportion of
female is 48%. About 84.7 percent of the total population belongs to the working force (18-65 years
old). Those above 65 years constitute 12.9 percent of the total and the rest remaining are below 18 and
children’s. The age range of household heads starts from 1 to 120 years old. The marital status data of
Project Affected People shows that 90% of household heads are married; 8% widowed and divorced
and the remaining is single.
Table 5.1: Socio-economic and Demographic Indicators amongst PAPs in all Woredas

March 2012
Illiteracy Rate amongst the Household Heads Female Headed Households

Family size
(%) (%)
6 25.6 7.7
Source: Household Survey, 2011
Socio-Economic survey result on educational status of the PAPs shows that an average of 25.6% of
the household heads is illiterate. This implies the existence of high level of human capital
development constraint within the project area. 4.8 percent of household heads have religious
education; 8% of the PAPs have basic education: 40.45 % with primary level education. 19.2% of
PAPs have secondary level education. 99% of the project affected household heads are from Oromo
ethnic group and 1% of ethnic group is shared by Amhara and Gurage respectively. 65.2 % of them
adhering to Orthodox Christianity, 30% Protestant and remain 3% shared by Muslim and Traditional
beliefs.
5.2. Assets Possession
The household survey result reveals the current asset possession status of the PAHHs, as mainly
explained by the size of arable land, annual cash income and livestock ownership. The next table
shows that the average total land holding size possessed by a single family is 1.89. As per focus
discussion held with local people in the three Woredas, it was reported that their yearly production
dose not sustain them. To fulfil the food gap they sell their livestock. In terms of livestock ownership,
as one way of gauging asset status amongst the PAPs, the survey result shows the following picture.
Table 5.2: Livestock Ownership amongst PAPs
Woreda Ox Cow Sheep/ goat Donkey Bee Hive

Ambo 1.7 1.5 7.3 1 1.33
Wenchi 2.2 1.8 3 1.7 2.14
Woliso 1.8 1.2 2.25 1 2
5.3. Vulnerable Groups
As per the policy and legal framework of the Government and major donor agencies (like the World
Bank), vulnerable groups, like the elderly, women household heads ( labour poor ones ) and those
with physical and emotional impairment, are expected to have special support to address part of their
problems during the relocation and resettlement process. The house to house survey result shows that
about 23.5 percent of the household heads are falling within the category of vulnerable groups. Those
aged ones (65 and plus) and women headed (labour poor) added to the vulnerable groups.
Table 5.3: Vulnerability Status amongst PAPs
Vulnerability Type
Old Age Hearing Sight

( 65 +) Impairment Impairment Amputee FHHs
132 15 7 5 123

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According to socio-economic survey result 15 hearing, 7 Sight, 5 Amputee impairment, 132 old age
and 123 Female household heads respectively. This group of people needs to be qualified as
vulnerable ones and deserve additional assistance. The additional assistance could be extended in the
form of helping them during the relocation of their properties, giving priorities to select their
relocation sites as well as other physical or financial support that might ease their inconvenience. The
special measure or support they deserve varies according to the local situation and the vulnerability
situation in which they are living.
5.4. Compensation Preference
In identifying compensation preference, field investigation result reveals that 67% Project-Affected
People prefer cash for land compensation and the 6% prefer to have land for land and the remain 27%
demand both in cash and land.
5.5. Historical, cultural and religious resources
The survey did not identify any historical and archaeological sites in the right of way of the proposed
road.
5.6. Social acceptability of the project road
The study team could identify the entire respondents, appreciate the road project. Community
members along the project road give high priority and value to the road construction and are fully
aware of the benefits that the upgrading of the gravel road to asphalt levels to the development of the
towns and the Woredas in West Shewa and South-West Shewa zones. During the field survey, project
affected persons were often heard saying that they would not bear any pains for the realization of the
road project. Some of the benefits of the project they cited are relief from the dust pollution, better
access to transport facilities, reduction of transport tariffs, better movements of goods and agricultural
products, etc.
In addition to community members all administrative bodies of the Zone and Woredas were fully
supportive of the project. They facilitated the study team engagements with the households within the
ROW very effectively and have shown the maximum commitment for the realization of the project.
5.7. Socio-economic impacts of the project
The project road may entail impoverishment with displacement. This phenomenon not only captures
economic hardships, but also social and cultural impoverishments. Displaced people will lose natural
capital, manmade capital, human capital and social capital. Impoverishments that could be created as
a result of displacement are: (1) landlessness, (2) joblessness (3) Homelessness (4) marginalization (5)
increased morbidity (6) food insecurity (7) loss of access to common property (8) social
disarticulation (9) migration (10) increased exposures to HIV / AIDS pandemic and, (11) Loss of
access to schools. These social maladies that may happen as a result of the project will be tamed as a
result of an encompassing strategy to solve these problems. The encompassing strategy should
incorporate the following variables: - (a) A well studied and planed policy framework to restore
livelihoods and other social networks. (b) Financial resources should not be falling short for the
purpose. (c) The displacement/rehabilitation coast needs to be incorporated with the overall budget of
the project. (d) All stakeholders who will participate in the resettlement action plan must have a strong
policy mandate, organizational capacity and professional skill. (e) The displacement / rehabilitation

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processes expected to be inclusive of local community members and, (F) Proper participation and
consultation of PAPs. Hence the socio-economic impacts of the project are multi-faceted.
The project with its +3m in rural sections both side and +1.5m of both side from construction limit in
urban areas has a socio-economic impact in all the towns’ and rural villages it passes through. Its
impacts vary from place to place depending on the proximity of the houses and farm areas to the road
alignment. Most of project areas are very little space between the road and other properties like
fences, shops, farmlands and houses.
As it has been indicated above, the project has both positive and negative impacts. To begin with the
anticipated positive impacts of the project, it is expected to reduce vehicles operating costs, transport
and time costs for passengers and freight, and improvement in the availability of motorized transport
services. Moreover, the project is envisaged to create development impacts in facilitating socio-
economic and cultural activities. In the long term the project will also change the quality of life of the
people residing all along the project influence area for better.
The following are some of the major anticipated positive impacts of the project:
• Increase and improve trade and market facilities
• Timely provision of agricultural inputs
• Increase agricultural production in relation to availability of fertilizers, pesticides,

herbicides and other modern technologies.
• Help farmers to sell their productions at better prices.
• Facilitate conditions for the development of small scale business and enterprises
• Facilitate conditions for urban development’s and easy population movements
• Facilitate conditions for the improvement of social services and amenities
• Help women in reducing workloads and time to travel to market places.
• Employment opportunities during and after construction
• Encourage local community members to be engaged on off farm activities.
• Increasing the attractiveness of voluntary re- resettlements
Although the above outlined issues indicate the major positive impacts of the project, it likely has also
the following negative impacts:
• Spread of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) and HIV / AIDS
• Growth of squatters and uncontrolled settlements
• Noise disturbance specifically during construction
• Hazardous and waste materials dumping on farmlands, settlement areas, water points
• Pressure on local facilities and services

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• Land acquisitions for the project and related activities
• Demolition of residential, commercial and institutional structures.
• Pressure on vegetative cover of the area

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Table 5.4: Mitigation Measures
Negative Impacts Mitigation Measures Responsible bodies

No.
1 Loss of productive assets Remuneration payments at replacement rates or replacement ERA’s RoW branch, Woreda and Kebele Administrations
that incorporate land, of the lost productive assets. Income substitution and transfer in association with sector bureaus at Woreda level like
income, livelihood and costs during re-establishment plus income restoration bureaus of agriculture and rural development, rural roads
networks measures in the case of lost livelihoods. authority, capacity building etc.
2 Loss of housing, Compensation for loss of housing and associated assets at ERA’s RoW branch, zone sector bureaus of the Ethiopian
possibly entire replacement rates, relocation options including relocation sites Telecommunication and Electric Power Corporations,
community structures, development if required plus measures to restoring living Woreda and Kebele Administration’s, and lowest level
systems and services. standards. sector bureaus of water, health, roads, schools and
agriculture.
3 Loss of entire assets. Remuneration payments at replacement rates or replacement ERA’s RoW branch, Woreda and Kebele Administration’s,
including important provisions up to restitution of livelihoods sector bureaus like town administrations, agriculture and
to pre-project level or better. rural development,
4 Loss of community Replacement of the lost community resources, habitat, church ERA’s ESMT, Woreda Administration’s, Woreda level
resources, habitat and and goods, restoration if possible or payment of compensation Environment Protection Authority, cultural bureaus and
Church. to the community based on consultations and agreements. other sector bureaus like capacity building.
5 Spread of sexually Execution of HIV/AIDS alleviation program at the workplace ERA’s ESMT and the contractor in association with
transmitted diseases based on the sectoral policy Woreda health bureaus and nongovernmental organizations.
(STD) and HIV/AIDS
6 Growth of squatters and This could be tamed by controlling ribbon developments ERA’s ESMT and RoW branches, Woreda Administrations,
uncontrolled settlements (Meaning building of houses deep along a road) and unlawful the contractor and supervision consultant.
squatters in collaboration with the lowest administrative
bodies.
7 Noise disturbances Disturbances could be mitigated by using new machineries The contractor and supervision consultant.

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Negative Impacts Mitigation Measures Responsible bodies

No.
specifically during and limiting operations to only working hours in densely
constructions populated areas.
8 Hazardous waste Collecting and storing in septic tanks for further removal of The contractor and supervision consultant.
materials dumping on hazardous waste materials or burning solid wastes.
farmlands, settlement
areas and water points
9 Pressure on local These could be mitigated by provision of independent basic The contractor.
facilities and services facilities and services to the working force.
10 Land acquisition for the Remuneration payment for the lost productive asset or ERA’s ESMT and RoW branches, Woreda and Kebele
project cause replacement of it with equal productive capacity. administrations.
11 Demolition of residential Remuneration payments for the lost structures at replacement ERA’s ESMT and RoW branches, Woreda administrations
houses, commercial rates, providing new sites, important provisions till restitution and lowest level sector bureaus.
ventures, service of livelihoods.
providing installations
and institutions
12 Pressure on flora and Replacement of the lost flora if possible or other types and ERA’s ESMT, the contractor, Woreda level Environment
fauna of project precautionary measures not to disturb wild animals and Protection Authority, agriculture and rural development
influence area. including construction of animal crossings during bureaus and supervision consultant.
construction.

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5.8. Social impacts in urban and rural areas
The impact of the project in urban areas will be high on small business installations, fences and
residences. Depending on the proximity of the houses to the road, the impact varies from loss of strips
of land and fences to full displacements of houses and businesses. Apart from these, social services
such as electric, telephone lines and water pipes will also be affected. In rural areas, the project affects
houses, strips of farmlands and permanent trees along the ROW (See subsequent subsections for
further details). In all a total number of 307 residential houses, 477 fences and 171 commercial shops
(kiosks and other properties will be affected due to the road upgrading works. Details of affected
houses are given under Annex B.
Table 5.5.: Number of affected Residential houses by category
Fully Affected Partially Affected Total
65 240 305
Source: Consultant survey result, 2011
As the table above indicates out of the total residential houses impacted by the project 65 of them will
be fully affected by the project and 240 of them partially. All fully affected residential houses are
found in towns as they are closely constructed to the road rights way for various reasons of earlier
design and proximity.
5.8.1 Impact of the project on farmlands
The road alignment, detour, quarry and campsites will have a significant impact on farmlands in the
rural areas. Except in few sections where the existing road is narrower and farmlands are near to the
ROW, the road alignment is not expected to cause significant impact on farmlands. Nonetheless, the
detour, quarry and campsites will be impacted farmlands. Due to the road-upgrading project 19.8
hectares of seasonal farmlands permanently and 1.2 ha of grazing land will be impacted. Moreover,
Gerar, Banana, Mango, Bessana, Weyera, Tid, Wanza, coffee, Avocado and Enset, Hope (gesso zaf)
eucalyptus trees will be impacted permanently. Additionally 48.8 hectares of farmlands will be
needed temporarily for ancillary works like detour quarry and borrow pits, campsites and spoil areas.
5.8.2 Impact on fruit and non fruit bearing trees
It has been indicated above that the road widening does have an impact on fruit bearing and non fruit
bearing trees. Accordingly a total of 159,8912 of them will be dismantled due to the project. The
amounts of remuneration payments for the impacts are given at annex D.
5.8.3 Disruption to services
The project involves relocation of electric and telephone lines and water pipes, especially in the major
towns. Thus there will be a temporary disruption of electric, water supply and telephone services in
major towns. It will be safe and a common practice that E.R.A should discuss this issue with
2
Of these, approximately 81% are exotic trees predominantly Eucalyptus spp. that comprise about 64% of the total number of trees and
perennial crops potentially affected. It is followed by Cypress tree (Cuppressus lustanica), which is about 16%. The proportion of
potentially affected indigenous species (including Acacia, Cordia, Hagenia, Albizia, Croton, Juniper, Ficus, Olea spp.) is only about 1.3%
(approximately 2000 trees). The rest comprises fruit trees (like Avocado, Mango, Guava), shrubs (like Koshim, which is used as live
fencing), and perennial crops including Enset, Coffee, Bananas, and Sugar cane

March 2012
concerned governmental offices regarding compensations and restorations of these social services. In
the process of the civil work, 226 of telephone poles, 218 of electric poles will be impacted.
5.8.4 Impacts associated with ancillary works
Ancillary works associated with the road construction like quarries, construction camps and detour
roads will dispossess certain crop and grazing lands and trees. Normally such demands are temporary
in nature and the land can be reinstated to its original condition. However, past experience in Ethiopia
shows that hardly any attempts were made to reinstate the land. Moreover, campsites as they remained
for other services after the commencement of the road project should not be constructed on rich
agricultural lands and ecologically sensitive areas. Contrary to past experience this RAP assumes that
the land required for temporary activities related to the road construction will be reinstated to their
pre-project situation. Hence, compensation for temporary land expropriation is calculated for the
period of impact only. The following table shows temporary land requirement for the ancillary works.
Table 5.6: Temporary farmland land requirements
No. Item Width Length Area

1a Camp 1 Area 150 200 30,000
1b Camp1 Access 250 1,500
2a Camp 2 150 200 30,000
2b Camp2 Access 200 1,200
Total 62,700
Select Material
No Station Volume (m3) Area (m2) Area (ha)
1 2+500 25,000 2,500 0.25
2 2+850 20,000 1,000 0.10
3 2+600 100,000 5,000 0.50
4 2+850 4,500 643 0.06
5 26+600 60,000 4,000 0.40
6 39+000 60,000 6,000 0.60
7 51+800 50,000 5,000 0.50
8 2+000 12,000 2,400 0.24
9 3+200 20,000 4,000 0.40
Cumulative Area in hectare 3.5 ha
Quarry Site
1 2+000 60,000 2,800 0.28
2 26+600 35,000 4,167 0.42
3 58+400 25,000 5,000 0.5
4 15+700 100,000 3,000 0.3
5 26+600 30,000 2,800 0.28
6 2+000 60,000 4,167 0.42

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Quarry Site
7 26+600 35,000 5,000 0.5
Cumulative Area in hectare 2.6934 ha
Source:-Consultant Engineers Material report, 2011.
5.8.5 Gender, Vulnerability and HIV/AIDS
The 2010 Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP) of the government of Ethiopia take gender as a cross
cutting issue. The plan underscores the issue as the “inclusion of gender in any effort to alleviate
poverty is non-negotiable”. As to the Central Agricultural Census Commission (2003) agricultural
census result, women constituted 49.5% of the agricultural households. In spite of certain measures to
alleviate gender related problems by the government and nongovernmental institutions , still women in
general and female headed households in particular are identified as disadvantaged and vulnerable. The
survey done by the above mentioned program office in 1999/00 indicated that in terms of determinants
of poverty in rural areas, female headed households face 8.9% higher probability of being poor as
compared to male headed ones. Moreover a number of empirical studies show that there is a trend in
increasing in female headship for various reasons.
Gender related dynamics remained an obstacle for empowerment, equal communications and negotiate
to make family planning and safer sex. To halt the spread of the HIV/AIDS pandemic, the most
appropriate starting point is launching mainstreaming of Gender into the national and regional
HIV/AIDS strategic plans and programs. The national policy of the Federal government (1998) on
HIV/AIDS addresses Gender issues as objectives. The policy has acknowledged Gender inequality as
one of the root cause of the spread of HIV/AIDS. Therefore mainstreaming Gender issue in a fight to
the pandemic is an important variable.
A recent study at country level shows that an average adult HIV/AIDs prevalence rate estimated 4.6%.
This ratio comprises 5.2% prevalence among women and 4% among male counterparts. From this total
ratio the urban and rural prevalence rate estimated 12% and 2.8% respectively. However, there is a great
worry among professionals that the rural infection would increase as the urban rate would keep on or
decreasing at country level. Currently the dominant approach of the government, donors and NGOs to
the HIV/AIDS alleviation program focused on information, education, communication and medical
assistance.
However, these alleviation programs faced multiple challenges like, (1) Lack of adequate and reliable
evidence and data on existing prevalence rates, (2) Severe shortages of HIV/AIDS and other sexually
transmitted diseases testing equipments as well as counseling services before and after testing, (3)
Inadequate care and support of people living with HIV/AIDS and their families, (4) Lack of or shortage
of programs that targets vulnerable population that incorporates displaced people, commercial sex
workers and the unemployed, street children, (5) little efforts to prevent mother to child transmission of
the disease and, (6) Knowledge and behavior mismatch among local people. Therefore, these variables
shall attract attentions for successful implementation of HIV/AIDS alleviation programs.
Development projects like road constructions may entail displacements and population mobility’s for
various reasons. Such mobility’s and dislocations does enhance vulnerability to be contracted by HIV/
AIDS pandemic. Various studies on internally displaced people in the country shows there are risk
practices directly related to displacement and mobility. To combat this risk practices at work places
ERA adopted a sectoral policy in June 2004. This sectoral policy is designed to operate within the legal

March 2012
framework created by the labour proclamation No.377/2003.ERA’s Environmental Monitoring and

Safety Branch through its HIV/AIDS program coordinator shall monitor the awareness creation
programs and other related activities at work places. HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases
preventive clauses shall be incorporated in the bill of quantities.
Hence Gender and HIV/AIDS issue is one component of this RAP manual. The 1995 constitution of the
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia has certain provisions related to the rights of women of the
country. According to Article 35.6 of the constitution, “Women have the right to full consultation in the
formulation of national development policies, designing and execution of projects, and particularly in
case projects affecting the interests of women.” In the case of the Ambo-Woliso road project women
have been consulted about the benefit of the project and its possible impacts on the community they
resides in general and upon them in particular. All of them are delighted about the proposed project as
their male counter parts.
As to the Oromia national regional state land use and land administration proclamation No.56/2002
Article 5(1) women have an equal right to possess and use right over land. Article 35.7 of the
constitution states,” Women have the right to acquire, administer, control, use and transfer property. In
particular, they have equal rights with men in respect to use, transfer, administration and control of land.
They shall also enjoy equal treatment in the inheritance of property”. Therefore the constitution gender
provisions have a significant importance in the implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of the RAP.
The project is expected to reduce the burden of women in agricultural and pastoral activities,
transporting utilities, will reduce travel time to market places, schools and health centers.
During the implementation of this RAP special attentions and support shall be given to vulnerable
families, mainly female and elderly headed households. The socio-economic survey result identified a
total of 282 vulnerable PAPs who requested assisted resettlement. Out of these, 123 of them are female
headed households and 132 of them are old age, 15 hearing, and 7 sight and 5 Amputee households.
Assistances and supports that shall be given to this group of people include rebuilding their houses,
transferring and transporting their household items and materials to new sites. Kebele administration
offices in both urban and rural areas and RAP implementation committees have an obligation to give
special attention to this group of PAP’s.
All Project Affected People shall get an access to credit facilities, on time delivery of agricultural
inputs and agricultural extension program’s. Moreover, timely provisions of basic social services and
vocational trainings to Project Affected People have a paramount importance to resituate their lively
hoods. Assistances to vulnerable group members shall include 10% of their total remuneration as
additional provisions which is 1,184,400.00 ETB. The lists vulnerable group are annexed K.

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6. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA
Past experiences of the compensation process indicate that setting some criteria is very important to
identify eligible individuals for compensation. In this regard setting a particular date as a cut - off -date
is essential. Individuals whose properties inventoried prior to this date are eligible for any
compensation. For the Ambo-Woliso the field level socio-economic survey and property inventory was
completed between 30/06/11 to 29/07/11. Accordingly a cut-off date has been set for 28/07/11. Fixing
such cut-off date is quite essential so as to avoid unnecessary and sometimes fraudulent claims for
compensation. Easing the compensation process through such fixed criteria also helps during the
construction stage that usually delayed by issues related to compensation and relocation.
Once the Woreda and town level compensation committees approve holdings and use rights of an
individual who would lose houses, crop lands, permanent trees, fruit trees, business installations and
other properties, individuals will be eligible for compensation. Eligibility for compensation are
discussed in the World Bank OP 4.12 procedures for resettlement / rehabilitation, proclamation No
455/2005 of the federal government of Ethiopia, article 44(2) of the constitution, and ERAs'
resettlement /rehabilitation framework. These are adopted as part of this RAP.
According to the World Bank OP 4.12, (2001), procedures, the following project affected citizens
would be eligible for compensations.
• Those who have formal legal right to land (including customary and traditional rights
recognized by law of the country).
• Those who do not have formal legal rights to land at the time of the census begins but have
a claim to such lands assets: provided that such claims are recognized under the laws of the
country or become recognized through a process in the resettlement plan.
• Those who have no recognizable legal right or claim to the land they are occupying.
Proclamation No 455/2005 of the federal democratic republic of Ethiopia, Article 2(1) stipulates the
issue like this:-
• A landholder whose holding has been expropriated shall be entitled to payment of

compensation for his property situated on the land and for permanent improvements he
made to such lands. However, prospectors or individuals who may come to the project area
after the cut of date for an anticipation of compensations or other reasons are not entitled
for compensation.
Hence, based on the above-mentioned legal platforms and international policy frameworks, all
project-affected individuals (except encroachers after the cutoff date) have a legal and a policy backup
to be eligible for compensation.

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7. METHODS OF VALUING OF AFFECTED ASSETS
On the basis of proclamation number 455/2005 compensation for expropriation of landholdings for
public purposes or impacts of projects has to be calculated at replacement cost, taking into account
market values for land, structures, and/or materials. In determining the replacement cost, depreciation
of assets and salvage materials are not taken into account, nor is the value of benefits to be derived
from the project deducted from the valuation of affected assets. ERA’s Resettlement / Rehabilitation
Policy Framework, which was issued before the proclamation, also take the gross current replacement
cost as the basis for calculation for compensation.
Gross Current Replacement Cost is defined as “the estimated cost of erecting a building as new
having the same gross external area that existing with the site works and services on a similar piece of
land”. Hence, the valuations of affected assets along the ROW of the Ambo-Woliso project consider a
replacement cost approach for determination of compensation payments. For the methods of valuing
affected land structures, fruit and eucalyptus trees and business both productivity valuation methods,
current market valuation, material and labour valuation and average monthly income are taken into
consideration. Regulation No. 135/2007, (on the payment of compensation for property situated on
landholdings expropriated for public purposes), part two gives provisions on assessment of
compensation and part four miscellaneous provisions.
Article 22 of this regulation is in conflict with the World Bank OP 4.12 procedures in eligibility for
compensation payments in demanding or considering only those groups of PAPs who have legal titles
for eligibility. It states “Any person who claims for payment of compensation in accordance with the
proclamation and this regulation shall produce proof of legitimate possession of the expropriated
landholding and ownership of the property entitling compensation.” This article recognizes only those
who have formal legal rights eligible for compensation. However, for reasons of the Bank OP 4.12
procedures demanded, in case of conflicts between the national and international laws and regulations
the later has precedence over the former for the Bank assisted projects.
7.1. Guidelines for Expropriation
• All immediate stakeholders shall be formally informed about the specific project
• Zone, Woreda and Kebele level government institutions shall be consulted and involved in
the project cycle.
• Project Affected Persons and community members shall be informed, consulted and
encouraged to participate in the project cycle.
• Project Affected People shall be identified and their properties inventoried
• All project affected persons except encroachers’ are equally eligible for compensations
and rehabilitation assistances irrespective of their sex, religion and ethnicity.
• Project affected persons shall be compensated for their lost assets and livelihoods in a way
to ensure at least they are to be well off, if not better off than they would have been before
project.
• The compensation package shall reflect replacement cost approaches.
• Compensation and resettlement packages shall be satisfactory and completed before the
commencement of the civil works.

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7.2. Valuing compensation for loss of houses and business
According to proclamation No.455/2005, ERA’s policy framework on involuntary resettlement and

established practices, the following considerations and assumptions applied in this RAP in assessing
the amount of compensation for loss of houses and businesses:
• Entitlements and compensations provided to PAPs are adequate to at least to maintain or

improve their pre-project standard of living;
• Compensation for replacement of houses and buildings is calculated at the current

construction cost, (based on the floor area and type of construction material), without
allowing for depreciation of the assets to be replaced;
• The compensation rate was determined in consideration of the information collected from
town municipalities and rural village level administrative organs.
• Urban dwellers who could be completely displaced from their locations are entitled to a
displacement compensation equivalent to the estimated annual rent of the house to be
demolished;
• Business owners shall get remuneration payments for disruption periods in addition to
compensation payments for the lost structure and other fixed assets.
• 25% or more partially affected houses/structures are considered as fully affected and are
entitled to compensation for the entire house/structure.
• The entire project affected persons, irrespective of whether they have formal legal title to
land or not, are considered eligible for compensation.
The compensation principles for urban affected households are provided under the table below.

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Table 7.1: Entitlement Matrix for Urban Population
Fully Affected
Entitlements
Category
Type of loss Compensation for Compensation for loss of Compensation for
of PAPs Moving allowance Other Assistances
land & structures assets loss of income
Business Land A new land Replacement cost lost assets Additional payments Shifting cost for non Provisions of basic
owner comparable or better during relocation/ for disruption fixed assets, removal social services like
advantage demolishing & other periods. Multiplying of salvage materials electric city, potable
Structures Costs to rebuild a improvements done the average monthly & debris water and access
similar or better income of the owners roads.
structure for the by the disruption and
business. transition periods.
Business Rental Provision/construction Replacement cost of the lost Additional payments Shifting cost for non Provisions of basic
tenant accommodation of comparable or better assets during demolishing & for disruption fixed assets. Removal social services like
business structure by relocation periods. Multiplying of salvage materials electric city, potable
the Kebele/urban the average monthly and debris water and access
administration at the income of the tenants incorporated with the roads.
same rental cost & by disruption and costs of the
location advantages transition periods. municipalities or
Kebeles.
Residence Land A new land
owner comparable or better
advantage
Structure Costs to rebuild a new Replacement cost for the Shifting costs for non Provisions of basic
residence in similar or lost assets, & improvements fixed assets. Removal social services like
better structures within made on land and extension of salvage materials electric city, potable
the new plot. of social services to the and debris. water and access

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Entitlements
Category
Type of loss Compensation for Compensation for loss of Compensation for
land & structures assets loss of income
compound roads.
Residence Rental Provision/construction Replacement cost for the Shifting costs for non Provisions of basic
tenant accommodation of comparable or better lost asset during fixed assets. Removal social services like
houses for the tenants demolishing and transfer. of salvage materials electric city, potable
within the new plot that and debris included water and access
has location advantages with costs of the roads.
and social services. municipalities or
Kebeles.
Vulnerable Structures, Provisions as per the Replacement cost for the Additional payments Shifting costs for non Special attentions
groups business & type of loss and title. lost assets & title for the lost income as fixed assets salvage from local officials,
rental stated above if they materials and debris logistical support,
accommodation engaged in business based on their helping to restore
activities holding rights. impacted properties
and livelihoods.
10% additional
payments.
Squatters’ Structures/ Costs to rebuild their Replacement cost for the Payment for the Shifting costs for non
Business lost structures that has lost asset during disturbed & transition fixed assets and
been served for demolishing and transfer. period if they salvage materials.
residences or business engaged in business.
Street Structures/ Costs to rebuild their Replacement cost for the Payments for the Shifting costs for non
Vendors Business lost structure that has lost asset during disturbed & transition fixed assets and
been served for demolishing and transfer. period if they salvage materials.
business. engaged in business.

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Partially Affected
Entitlements
Category
Type of loss Compensation for land and Compensation for Compensation for
structures loss of assets loss of income
Business Land Non
owner
Structures Costs to rebuild/restructure Replacement cost Additional payments Shifting cost for non
business premises within the of the lost assets & for disruption periods. fixed assets & removal
remaining plot in a similar or extension of social Multiplying the of salvage materials
better condition. Structures services. average monthly
affected bellow 25% is partial income of the owners
impact. by the disruption and
transition periods.
Business Rental Provision / construction of Replacement cost Additional payments Shifting cost for non Provisions of basic
tenant accommodation comparable business structure of the lost assets for disruption periods. fixed assets. Removal social services like
by the urban / Kebele Multiplying the of salvage materials and electric city, potable
administration at the same average monthly debris will be water and access
rental cost & location income of the tenants incorporated with the road if they
advantages by disruption and costs of the transferred to another
transition periods. municipalities or location.
Kebeles.
Residence Land
owner
Structure Costs to rebuild/restructure the Replacement cost Shifting costs for non
residence in similar or better for the lost assets fixed assets. Removal
conditions within the remaining & extension of of salvage materials and
plot. Structures affected bellow social services. debris.
25% is partial impact.

March 2012
Entitlements
Category
Type of loss Compensation for land and Compensation for Compensation for
structures loss of assets loss of income
Residence Rental Provision/construction of Replacement cost Shifting costs for non Provision of social
tenant accommodation comparable or better houses for for the lost asset in fixed assets. Removal services like electric
the tenants at the same rental times of shifting. of salvage materials and city, potable water,
cost within the remaining plot debris shall be and access road if
or other places that has location incorporated with the they transferred to
advantages. costs of the another location.
municipalities or
Kebeles.
Vulnerable Structures, Provisions as per the type of Replacement cost Additional payments Shifting costs for non Special attentions
groups business & rental loss and title. for the lost asset for the lost income as fixed assets salvage from local officials,
accommodation. and title. stated above if they materials and debris logistical support,
engaged in business based on their title. helping to restore
activities impacted properties
and livelihoods. 10%
additional payments.
Squatters’ Structures/ Costs to rebuild their impacted Replacement cost Payments for the Shifting costs for non
Business structures that has been served for the lost assets disturbed & transfer fixed assets and salvage
for residences/business during demolishing periods if they materials.
& transfer. engaged in business.
Street Structures/ Costs to rebuild their lost Replacement cost Payments for the Shifting costs for non
Vendors Business structure that served for for the lost asset disturbed & transition fixed assets and salvage
business. during demolishing period if they engaged materials.
and transfer. in business.

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7.2.1 Compensation for loss of houses and other structures
307 residential houses and 477 fences are affected in urban and rural areas. The rest constituted
churches, institutions and offices. Regarding Kebele (local administration) owned rented houses and
other institutional structures like Woreda administration office, Church, school, and compensation
shall be paid to respective institutions, so that they could reconstruct impacted institutional structures
and residential houses and re- rent to households that were living in the demolished houses at the same
rent as to previous holdings. No houses will be demolished prior to finalization of new constructions.
Table 7.2.: Compensation rates for affected houses and fences
Affected House/ Fence Unit Birr/ Unit
Hollow block building with CIS roof m² of built area 5390

Concrete building with CIS roof m² of built area 3200
Wood and Mud building with CIS roof m² of built area 2250
Cottages (residential) with thatched roof No. 650
CIS with CIS m² of built area 4270
Hard metal with CIS m² of built area 4270
Wooden fence m² of surface 110
Mesh wire fence with iron poles m² of surface 400
Brick fence m² of surface 1200
Hollow block fence m² of surface 900
C.I.S fence m2 900
Source: Respective Woreda Municipality Offices, 2011
7.2.2 Compensation for business
Businesses are mostly located along roadsides in pursuit of location advantages for commercial
activities. In small towns they are often constructed as extensions to the already existing residences at
very small distance from the road. Such is the case with most of the businesses to be affected by the
Ambo-Woliso road project.
Dislocations of businesses have far more significant negative impact on the incomes and livelihoods of
the owners than having to relocate residences. The impact will even get higher when the businesses
are relocated away from the main road or the centers of the towns. Therefore, the business owners will
be paid compensation for loss of earnings besides the compensation for the structures / houses and
displacement compensation. Average monthly income of business will be calculated to establish the
compensation rates.
The trader category upholds those who involved in retail trading activities of various items including
food stuffs, shop keepers, local drink brewers, tea and coffee shop owners, restaurants, rural drug
vendors, bear house owners and small scale commercial endeavors.

March 2012
During the socio -economic survey, the study team noted that some of the presumed PAPs were
overstating while others were understating their incomes from their businesses. From informal
discussions it was learned that those who overstated their incomes were in anticipation of more
compensation. They have got information from other areas correlating the level of income with the
amount of compensation for the businesses. On the other hand, some of the PAPs were highly
understating their incomes probably afraid of taxes. Still some other portion of the PAPs declined from
giving a conclusive answer for their monthly income levels. Hence, the income data collected from the
PAPs were highly flawed and unreliable to base any compensation calculation for loss of business
earnings. For the purpose of this RAP, the team has estimated 1500 birr as an average monthly income
for businesses after gathering information from all traders PAPs. The total compensation for loss of
business earnings is then calculated to be the estimated average monthly income multiplied by six
months for all businesses affected. (6 x 171x 1500 = 1,539,000 ETB)
7.3. Methods of valuing compensation for loss of Farmlands
Since the project entails upgrading of the existing road, its impact on the existing land use is expected
to be minimal. Furthermore, in sections just outside the road right of way, there are eucalyptus trees
mostly concentrated on the edge of the existing road will be affected. In places where there is a need
for road widening and detour roads, its impact on this roadside cultivation would be significant.
Where road detours are built, it will be possible to restore the abandoned road section as agricultural
land by removing the pavement and restoring topsoil instead. If agricultural land is expropriated for
the project cause, it shall be charged against land reclaimed through such restoration or against
equivalent land nearby and the compensation principles for the temporary dispossession of agricultural
land shall be applied. In instances where it is not possible to compensate land-to-land, then monetary
compensation will be made in consideration of the permanent dispossession of the land.
According to Proclamation 455/ 2005, temporary loss of farmland will entitle the user a compensation
amount equivalent to the five preceding years average annual income multiplied by the number of
years of dispossession of the land. The compensation for permanent loss of land will be ten times the
average annual income stated above. As to the Ethiopian constitution land belongs to the state, but
citizens have a use right.
The compensation principles for temporary and permanent loss of land and crops are given under the
table below.

March 2012
Table 7.3.: Entitlement Matrix for Rural Population*

Temporarily / Permanently Affected
Entitlements
Category of
Type of loss Compensation for land Compensation for Compensation for loss of
PAPs Moving allowance Other Assistances
& structures loss of assets income
Own farmer Land Full replacement of land Crops on land, for Average annual income of Mobility allowance Modern farming
permanently with the same or better improvements made the farmer secured during that incorporates techniques’ teaching
productive potential & on land and land the five years preceding transportation cost by extension workers
the title for the preparation for the the land expropriation for for non fixed assets. and provisions of
permanently affected new harvest. ten years. No if a selected seeds and
land. substitute land is given. imputes.
Land Restore land to its Crops on land, for Average annual income of Mobility allowance Reinstatement of the
Temporarily original condition. improvements made the farmer secured during that incorporates land and modern
on land and land the five years preceding transportation cost farming techniques.
preparation for the the land expropriation for non fixed assets
new harvest. multiplied by the number if available.
of years of the impact.
Partially Costs to rebuild Replacement cost Non for residential houses. Shifting costs for
impacted houses /restructure the residence for the lost assets For Business additional non fixed assets.
& other in similar or better during demolishing payments for disruption Removal of salvage
structures conditions in the & relocation. periods. Multiplying the materials and
remaining plot. average monthly income debris.
Structures affected of the owners by the
bellow 25% will be disruption and transition
considered as a partial periods
impact.
Fully impacted A new land with

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Entitlements
Category of
houses & other comparable location
structures advantage and title
Compensation to rebuild Replacement cost Loss of income if there is Shifting costs for Provision of basic
a similar or better for the lost assets & a business installation. non fixed assets. social services like
structure / houses in the extension of social Non for residential houses. Removal of salvage electric city, potable
new plot and the title. services if available materials and debris water &access roads.
Crops /fruit & A new land with For annual crops it Valuation of fruit and non Non Selected seeds & high
non fruit bearing comparable productive shall be based on fruit bearing trees shall be yield fruit trees.
trees advantage. the current market based on the current and
price of the net present value of the
estimated future benefits that could
production that have been generated until
could have been similar new trees comes to
harvested from the maturity.
damaged crop.
Lease holder Rental Full replacement of land Crops on land, for Refund the amount of Shifting costs for
farmer accommodation equal or better improvements made money paid for the non fixed assets,
productive potential or on land and land remaining lease years. removal of salvage
Refund the amount of preparation for the This amount takes into materials
money that covers new harvest consideration interest rates
remaining years. and inflation.
Vulnerable Structures, Compensation amounts Replacement cost Additional payments for Shifting costs for Special attentions
groups business & calculated as per above for the lost asset the lost income as stated non fixed assets, from local officials,
rental mentioned variables and above will be done if they salvage materials logistical support,

March 2012
Entitlements
Category of
accommodation the title. engaged in business and debris based on helping to restore
activities their holding titles. impacted properties
and livelihoods. 10%
additional payments.
Encroacher’s Land Costs to rebuild their lost Replacement cost None Shifting costs for
asset and improvements for lost asset/crops. non fixed assets &
made on land. salvage materials.
*Note: The compensation for affected rural residences is similar to the one stated to the urban population.
As to the 1995 constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, there will not be a tenant farmer. This is strictly stipulated in article 40(3) of the
constitution. In that “land shall not be subject to sale or other means of transfer”

March 2012
7.3.1 Compensation for Permanent Loss of Farmlands/Grazing Lands
Compensation for permanent loss of farmlands depends on the average income from the same land for
the five years preceding expropriation. Steps followed to calculate the average income is presented
below.
Step 1: Primarily, the average yield, (for five commonly grown crops), per hectare is calculated for
each of the preceding five years. For simplicity, yield per hectare for each Woreda has been worked
out by dividing the total quintal of seasonal crops produced in each year by the total area covered with
the same crops in each year. Based on these Woreda level yields, (data), the average yield per hectare
for the entire projected affected area has been computed as the sample average of Woreda wise yields.
Step 2: Determination of the total area of land to be dispossessed permanently. Based on our
surveying data permanent land expropriated from centre is 23m ROW.
• The 60km’s of a rural road with a width of seven meters, it is estimated that 7m of RoW will be
additionally needed (11% land under cultivation). 62km’s x 23m x 11% =19.8hectares.
• Therefore the total agricultural land to be dispossessed permanently will be 19.8 hectares.
Step 3: Once the average yield per hectare of the major Woreda is given, agricultural land to be
dispossessed permanently determined. Then the total production on the dispossessed land will be
calculated as a product of the two. Moreover, according the information that has been gathered from
Ambo, Wenchi and Woliso Woredas agricultural offices, major environmental disruptions or changes
in productivity may not specifically in all Woredas for the proceeding agricultural seasons.
Table 7.4.: Gross annual income of a given from Woreda
Yield Qt/Crop
Proportion of Yield (Qt/ha) Market Price
Crop area Gross Sales
crop area Traditional Birr/Qt
Type Traditional (Birr)
covered per Ha method (average)
method
1 2 3 4=2x3 5 6=4x5
Teff 0.2 15.6 3.12 719.4 2245
Wheat 0.25 28.52 7.13 424 3023
Barley 0.22 25.56 5.6232 363.4 2043
Maze 0.21 11.86 2.4906 312 777
Chick Pea 0.12 9.9 1.188 500 594
Total 1 19.552 8682.18608
Source: Market price per quintal is obtained from Woreda Agriculture offices, 2011
Step 4: Once the weighted average price for the selected six commonly grown crops in the project
influence area in one hectare of land is obtained, the total value of production on the permanently and
temporarily dispossessed land could be obtained. Accordingly the five years average income from the
permanently expropriated land would be: 19.8 hectares x 2318.8= 45, 912.24 Birr. Again this shall be
multiplied by ten times. The total compensation payment for the permanently dispossessed land
would be: 45912.24 x 10 = 459,122.4 Birr.

March 2012
7.3.2 Compensation for Temporary Loss of Farmlands /Grazing lands
Compensation calculation for temporary losses of farmlands/grazing lands follows the same logical
procedures as of the above. However, the amount of compensation should be multiplied by the
number of years the land will stay expropriated. For the temporary loss of farmlands, holders shall get
an amount equal to the five years average income multiplied by the dispossessed land and years of
expropriation. Expropriation years in the case of temporary losses upholds three crop years during
construction and two years of soil recovery after the land is reinstated and returned to the holder. For
temporary loss of grazing lands an average yield of hay (205 bundles / hectare) multiplied by current
market price and number of expropriation years shall be taken into consideration. Based on this
calculation compensation payment for temporarily loss of farmlands / grazing lands for the Ambo-
Woliso project is calculated as follows:
• 37.36ha of land for detour roads
• 6.27ha of land is needed for camp sites
• 2.1ha of land is needed temporarily for quarry site
• 3.05ha of land is needed for selected material
The total temporary loss of farmland land is computed as 48.8ha. Hence, 48.8ha x 2318.8x 5years=
565,787.2 Birr.
7.3.3 Compensation for fruit and none fruit bearing trees
All along the project road traversed the study team identified fruit and none fruit bearing trees having
commercial advantages to be impacted by the project. Accordingly there are Acacia seyal Del (Girar),
Banana, Mango, Avocado, Orange, Wanza, Tid, Besana, Mukerba trees, Hope (Gesho), Enset and
eucalyptus trees, Besana, Kondo berbere. Compensation payments for these fruit and non fruit bearing
trees worked out based on their vegetative natures, productivity and usages. For the detail see the
annex D part.
a) Eucalyptus Tree
Eucalyptus trees mature in five years time. Therefore, the compensation for this tree will be the net
present value of harvests from the tree within the five year period. Once eucalyptus tree is cut it is
only after five years that it will again give another harvest from the same original root. So, according
to the compensation principles, this means that the value of compensation for the tree is just the
market value of the single harvest. A total of 110,647.00 eucalyptus trees of different sizes will be
affected by the road construction. Therefore, the total compensation to be paid for eucalyptus trees is
4,411,670.80 Birr.
b) Fruit trees (Enset, Banana and Avocado)

Depending on the number of years each specific trees takes from planting to maturity, the average
annual value of outputs from each tree, the net present values of the trees is calculated based on
present day market value of each fruit trees. Based on the net present values of each plant mentioned
above, the total values of compensations are provided under the table annex D.

March 2012
7.3.4 Compensation for Affected Services
Development of social services and amenities in the entire project area are found, electric, postal and
telephone services. As per the socio-economic survey result, a total of 218 of electric and 226
telephone poles will be impacted. Hence, 305 poles X80 birr = 35,520birr.

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8. ORGANIZATIONAL PROCEDURES FOR THE DELIVERY OF ENTITLEMENTS
The organizational procedure presented below indicates the responsibilities of the various
stakeholders to be involved in the delivery of entitlement rights and compensation payments due to
the project road. Zone, Woreda, municipality, and Kebele administrative officials are expected to
discharge their respective responsibilities and work together with other stakeholders and professionals
in the verification, organization and facilitation of compensation activities. Major activities for these
primary stakeholders include the followings:
• Final verifications and registrations of Project Affected People (PAP) make clear their
entitlement rights. In this regard the Kebele and Woreda authorities have a role in ratifying
and enforcing entitlements to PAPs who were found to be eligible. The cut–off date for
eligibility shall be respected (the cut- off - date is the final date when the field inventory
was completed). The cut of date for the Ambo-Woliso project is 30/06/11 - 31/07/11.
Although Regulation No. 135/2007 does not have an article specifically dealt with the cut-
off-date, Article 19 gives restrictions on properties that compensation payments are not
payable. As to this Article “there shall be no payment of compensation with respect to any
construction or improvement for a building, any crops sown, perennial crops planted or
any permanent improvement on land, where such activity is done after the possessor of the
land is served with the expropriation order.”
• Work together for the facilitation of the legal and customary rights of PAPs.
• Assessment of the resettlement action plan and monitoring of it to ensure compliance with
national and international agreements.
• Consultations with PAPs to reach a common understanding and consensus regarding their
entitlement rights and to solve misunderstandings.
Commercial Nominees or other financial institutions contracted by ERA shall pay compensations
either in cash or bank payment orders after agreements with individual PAP. Handover of the cash or
check shall take place in the presence of the compensation committee members and affected
individuals (both husband and wife are preferably to be present on the occasion or legal representative
of a given household). Such measures are intended for fast transfer of money and transparency
purposes.
8.1 Compensation Committee
The RAP shall be implemented by the Contract and Planning Division of ERA through the Right of
Way Branch and ESMT in consultations with local government authorities (Woreda, municipality and
Kebele administrations) and road project contractors. Moreover, day to day supervision and
monitoring shall be held by the road project resident engineers. Periodic supervision and monitoring
has to be arranged by the ERA.
As it has been indicated above, ERA is responsible for the implementation of the compensation
process and relocation of PAPs, after new sites are selected and prepared for resettlement. Zone,
Woreda, Municipalities, urban and rural kebele administration officials of the project area shall be
consulted. For the whole process, in addition to the aforementioned government and public
institutions, the participation of representatives of PAPs, community elders and NGOs is highly

March 2012
demanded. During the field assessment by the consultant team, the following governmental
institutions and community representatives were consulted.
• Zone administration offices
• Municipalities of the towns affected
• Woreda level administration offices
• Zone water resource offices
• Zone telecommunication offices
• Zone EEPCO offices
• Zone rural road authority offices
• Woreda level water resource offices
• Woreda level agricultural desks
• Woreda level road authority offices
• Woreda level health bureaus
• Woreda level education bureaus
• Rural and urban Kebele administration offices
• Community elders /Representatives of PAPs
As the above actors do have a direct and indirect stakes over the RAP, their participation should be
sought whenever required. During the field survey it was learned that there is high enthusiasm on the
part of the communities living along the project area. The people had made strong pledge for
cooperation and participation in the entire project implementation period. Tables 8.1 and 8.2 present
respective roles and responsibilities of the major stakeholders during the implementation of the
compensation process for both urban area and rural areas.
Table 8.1: Roles of Institutions for the implementation of the RAP (Town)
No. Institutions Responsibilities

1 Ministry of Federal • Follow up and ensure the practicality of the proclamation
Affairs • Giving technical and capacity building assistance
2 Ethiopian Roads • Management, implementation of the resettlement action plan,
Authority, (ERA) compensation payments, monitoring and evaluation.
• Management for the restoration of basic amenities like water,
electronic and telephone lines.
3 Oromia Regional Coordination of the various stakeholders’ offices under its direct
State/ Office supervisions, awareness creation, monitoring and evaluation of the
implementation of the project
4 Zonal Coordination of the whole resettlement issues, facilitations of land for

March 2012

Administration land compensations, restorations of services, monitoring compensations,
Offices selections and confirmations of relocation sites.
5 Zone industry and Preparations of site plans for the relocated PAPs and estimation of
urban development compensation for affected houses and other individual productive
desks or installations.
departments
6 Municipalities Selections and identification of land for the relocated, provisions of
support for the restoration of livelihoods, giving special attentions and
support for the disabled, sick, elderly and female headed households.
7 Zone Agricultural Preparation of cost estimation for affected crops, cash crops and other
Offices or desks individually owned vegetations. Provision of technical assistance to PAPs
in the restoration of their livelihoods.
8 Urban Water Responsible in the restoration of affected water supplies and construction
Supply of new lines in areas where PAP relocated/housed.
9 Kebele Organizing PAPs for the implementation of RAP, awareness creation and
Associations & working together with other stakeholders for the fairness of selection of
Community relocation sites and other related process.
Leaders Consultations for the fairness of valuation of properties, resettlement
costs and provisions of special attentions for FHH, elders, disabled and
sick PAPs.
10 Representatives of Ensuring the well-being of PAPs and represent them in all meetings.
PAP They are expected to work together with ERA’s right of way branch and
other stakeholders.
11 Telecommunication Restoration of telephone lines and construction of new ones for PAP’s.
12 EEPC Restoration of electric lines and provisions of its services for relocated
PAPs.

March 2012
Table 8.2: Role of Institutions for the implementation of the RAP (Rural)
1 Ministry of Federal • Follow up and ensure the practicality of the proclamation

affairs • Giving technical and capacity building assistance
• Preparation of national valuation formula for determination of
compensation
2 Ethiopian Roads Management of implementation of the resettlement action plan,
Authority (ERA) compensation, monitoring and evaluation.
3 Oromia Regional Coordination of the various stakeholder offices under its direct
State/ Office supervisions, awareness creation, monitoring and evaluation of the
implementation.
4 Zonal Coordination of the whole resettlement issues, facilitations of land for
Administration land compensations, restorations of services, monitoring
Offices compensations, selections and confirmations of relocation sites.
5 Woreda Identifications and selections of land for relocation of PAPs, provisions
Administration of the necessary support for the restoration of livelihoods. They are
Offices responsible in facilitation of RAP and giving special attentions for the
needy.
6 Woreda Agricultural • Preparation of cost estimation for affected crops, perennial crops
Offices/decks and other individually owned vegetations.
• Provisions of technical assistance to PAPs in the restoration of
their lively hoods.
7 Representatives of Ensuring the well-being of PAPs and represent them in all meetings.
PAP They are expected to have strong role and work together with ERA’s
right-of-way branch and other stakeholders.

March 2012
Fig 8.1: Synchronized Implementation Schedule

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8.2 Awareness Creation Phase
Briefings to the appropriate bodies (at Regional, Zone and Woreda and Kebele levels) on the Ambo-
Woliso project and its impacts shall be done by the client. Committee members to be formed in
charge of the compensation process needs to be well aware of their duties and responsibilities.
Committee members in turn with representatives of the PAPs and community elders elaborate the
scope and nature of the project to community members and all PAPs.The orientation and briefing
designed to establish a transparent and full participation of the PAPs and others, thereby smoothing
the compensation, relocation and restoration of livelihood. Composition of the compensation
committee in rural areas shall uphold representative from the Woreda administration, ROW agent,
representative from Woreda agriculture and rural development and representatives of PAPs. In urban
sections of the road committee members shall be representatives from the municipality or town
administrations, ROW agent, representatives from Woreda urban development office and
representatives from PAPs.
8.3 Committee Formation Phase
The Ethiopian Roads Authority in close collaborations with the Oromia National Regional state and
its lowest administrative bodies are responsible to inform about the project cause and formation of the
ad-hoc compensation committees at Woreda level. The Client (ERA) has to draw a time frame for this
task. The Oromia National Regional State and its lowest administrative bodies are responsible to
establish these ad-hock compensation committees at Woredas, towns and villages to facilitate
identification of eligible PAPs, property inventories, valuation of affected properties, selection of
resettlement sites and compensation payments in consultations with ERA’s ROW branch.
8.4 Compensation Phase
This phase is a stage where all form of compensations shall be executed in accordance with eligibility
criteria and principles outlined earlier. ERA is responsible for remuneration payments to all impacted
properties and use rights. Proper notifications have to be made by the compensation committee to
project affected people to collect their remunerations. Based on these notifications, owners of
properties or their representatives shall be checked in relation to the study document for eligibility and
receive their compensation amount in the presence of the compensation committee. For fast transfer
of money and transparency purposes ERA shall contract financial institutions like Commercial
Nominees, Commercial Bank of Ethiopia or regional credit and saving institutions.
8.5 Time required for Compensation and Relocation
All compensation and relocation activities shall be completed ahead of the civil works. No relocation
has to done prior to the compensation. Past experiences indicates that four to six (4-6) months would
be enough for relocation of the affected people if proper support, guidance and supervisions are in
place.
8.5.1 Reporting
The RoW branch, zone and Woreda level administrative offices shall produce a report regarding their
accomplishments and submit to ERA and the Oromia Regional State. The regional state has a
responsibility to notify to the client (ERA) about the accomplishment of the remuneration process and
the readiness of sites for road constructions.

March 2012
8.5.2 Budget Requirement for Compensation Committee

The ad-hock compensation committee has a responsibility to ensure proper assessment and timely
disbursement of compensations to PAPs. A one day training program for all compensation committee
members at Woreda level has to be given by dispatched Environmental Monitoring and Safety Branch
members. The committee shall provide a progress report to the regional government office, zone,
Woreda administrations, municipalities (city councils) and to the client (ERA). As committee
members are entitled for per diem payments compatible to the rate they deserve a minimum of 120
Birr per day has to be paid. Fund required for the compensation committee is given under table below.
Table 8.3: Budget Requirement for Compensation Committee
No. Cost Item Amount (Birr)

1 Per diem for 4 members for 120 days 120 birr/day 57,600
2 Per diem for 2 surveyors for 120 days 80 birr/day 19,200
3 Per diem for 1 driver for 120 days 70 birr/day 8,400
4 Per diem for 1 Professional from ESMT for 45 days 120 Birr/day 5,400
5 Fuel and lubricants 350 birr/day for 120 days 42,000
Total 132,600
Source: Consultant cost estimation
ERA is responsible for provision of financial resources for the implementation of the RAP.
Figure 8.2: Composition of the Implementing Committees
ERA
RAP Compensation RAP Compensation

Committee Urban Committee Rural Areas
Representative of the Representative from the

Municipality affected Woreda
Chairman
Representative from the Representative from the

Woreda Urban Woreda Agriculture office
office Member
Representative from PAP Representative from PAP

Member Member

March 2012
9 GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM
9.1 General Arbitration Process
The traditional Geda system among the Oromo initially developed for guiding the social, political,
economic and religious life of the people. This cultural and Juror-political system is instrumental in
management of natural resources like water points, grazing lands, browses and conflict resolutions
among individuals and communities. The foundation of the Geda system is rooted in the informal or
customary Oromo institution of the Aadda, (custom or tradition), Seera, (Borena laws), Safuu (ethics)
and Heera (justice). The Abba Gadda is the highest level of the institution and positioned by different
individuals elected every eight years.
Where a dispute arises between parties, in this case mainly between ERA, project affected persons
(institutions) the initially preferred means of settling disputes is arbitration. For arbitrations local
elders and officials have the capacity to mediate disputes. These traditional conflict resolution
mechanisms are suggested for their timesaving, non bureaucratic, cost saving and traditionally
functional and accepted natures. Moreover, Such grievance redressing mechanism have a legal
backup in the constitution and other proclamations like, Articles 3325-3336 of the civil code (1960),
proclamation No.455/2005 and Article 11 of proclamation No.456/2005.As to this article “Where
disputes arise over rural land holding rights, efforts shall be made to resolve the dispute through
discussion and agreement of the concerned parties. Where the dispute could not be resolved through
agreement it shall be decided by an arbitral body to be elected by the parties or to be decided in
accordance with the rural land administration laws of the region.”
Almost similar to the Federal proclamation the Oromia national regional state land use and land
administration proclamation No. 56/2006 has provisions on customary laws, As per this proclamation
Article 25 (1) (a) and (b) ‘any conflict or dispute that arose on farmland boundaries or landholding
shall be resolved (a) appealing first to local (Ganda) social court, (b) party who has complaint on the
decision given by local social court can further appeal to the ordinary court. Article 25(4) refers such
traditional mechanism as one way of resolving conflicts during land expropriations for public
purposes and compensation payments.
In addition to these statuary and customary institutions aggrieved parties could also organize arbitral
tribunal on site and the concerned parties may determine the number and composition of the arbitral
tribunal. Nevertheless the consultant would like to suggest the maximum number of the arbitral
tribunal members should not exceed five. This would allow meaningful representations and avoid
unnecessary delay in decision-making. Individual members of the compensation committee who
initially decided the compensation rates should by no means be member of the arbitral tribunal since
they have already taken a position.
Accordingly, the ad-hoc arbitration committee will be inclusive of the following members:
In urban areas
• Two members elected by the project-affected persons from the community.

• One member from the kebele administration
• One member from the city council
• One member from urban development department

March 2012
In rural areas
• One member from Woreda administration
• One member from Woreda agricultural office
• One member from Kebele peasant association
• Two members elected by the project-affected persons from the community.
9.2 Grievance Process
The procedures for handling grievances will be as follows if not resolved amicably:
• The affected person shall file his discontents in writing to committee chairperson. The
grievance needs to be signed and dated by the aggrieved person. Where the affected person
is unable to write, he shall obtain assistance to write the note and emboss the letter with his
thumb print;
• Committees shall respond within fifteen days after they discussed the matter with the
aggrieved person. If the grievance relates to valuation of assets, experts may need to be
requested to revalue the assets, and this may necessitate a longer period of time. In this
case, the aggrieved person must be notified by the committee that his/her complaint is
being considered;
• If the aggrieved person does not receive a response or is not satisfied with the outcome
he/she may lodge the case to the local Court;
• Decisions of local courts shall be the final.
But the preferred option for dispute settlement is amicable settlement and arbitration among aggrieved
parties. Project affected people; also have a right to appeal their cases to ERA’s Right-Of-Way
Branch, to the resident engineer or to the contractor before taking their appeals to the court.

March 2012
Fig 9.1 General Process
RAP - IC presents the

compensation package to PAP
The PAP evaluates the

compensation package
PAP's Decision
The PAP refuses to accept the

compensation package and expresses
his reservation to the RAP-IC
The aggrieved PAP is given a chance

by the RAP-IC to explain why the
package is not acceptable to him
PAP's Decision
The PAP and the RAP-IC fail to agree

ad either party reports the situation to
the local authority
The local authority brings the PAP

and the RAP-IC for further discussion
Decision
The PAP and RAP-IC fail to agree and the

local authority appoints arbitral tribunal
The arbitral tribunal hears from the

PAP and the RAP-IC. The tribunal
The RAP-IC review the

compensation package The PAP refuses to accept the
Decision
as agreed by the PAP verdict of the arbitral tribunal
PAP accepts the package The RAP-IC refuses to review the

compensation package as per the
verdict of the arbitral tribunal
The PAP gives his written
consent to the ROW-A/RAP-IC
The PAP receives the The PAP takes his case to

compensation from ERA the first instance court
Right of-way Agent
PAP: Project Affected Person
RAP: Resettlement Action Plan
IC: Implementing Committee
ERA: Ethiopian Roads Authority
R.O.W: Right -of Way Agent

March 2012
10 RAP IMPLEMENTATION COST

According to Ethiopian Roads Authority resettlement/rehabilitation policy framework a budget
requirement for the implementation of a RAP is inclusive of compensation costs for the relocations of
project affected households, restoration of assets and properties, replacement of dwellings, working
places and restorations of social amenities and services. Details regarding estimation of compensation
for the affected residential houses and other buildings are presented in table 10.1.
It has been stated earlier that the method adopted for valuing affected assets and properties has been
based on replacement cost approach. Remuneration payments for affected farmlands are based on unit
rates and productivity established in this RAP. Although the project is a new one, there is more
temporary loss of farmlands than permanent losses under the project operations due to the fact that all
through the route inhabitants are residing in a relative congested manner in pockets of settlements and
they are either pastoralist or agro-pastoralist. Beyond pockets of settlement areas, the land is covered
by bushes and woodlands. Compensation payments for residential houses and other buildings are
worked out in assuming full compensation for 25% and above impacted parts of a given property and
payments for only damaged parts bellows. The source of funding for the implementation of the RAP
is the Ethiopian government and disbursement of the budget is subject to monitored by the Ministry of
Finance and Economic Development, (MoFED), after ratified by the house of people’s
representatives. The summery budget is presented bellow.

March 2012
Table 10.1: Resettlement/Rehabilitation Budget
Unit
No. Budget Item Quantity Rate Total Cost (ETB)
A-Compensation Costs-4
1 Replacement Cost of 784 varies
Houses & Fences 8,262,613
2 Compensation for varies
Trees/Fruits 25,033,764
3 Compensation for 19.8ha number 459,122.40
Farmland and
Annual/Cereal Crops
4 Compensation for Grazing 1.207ha number
land or Pasture 232,485
5 compensation for loss of 167 number 1,539000
income and business
6 compensation for loss of 305 80 24,400
affected social services
7 compensation for
temporary loss of strips of
land 48.8 2,318.80 565,787.20
8 compensation for
vulnerable groups 282 number 1,184,400.00
B- Resettlement &
Rehabilitation
Support
1 Shifting Cost 396 50 19,800
2 Transitional Allowance 396 2100 831,600
C-Support for
Project
Implementation
1 Monitoring &Evaluation Ls 278,645
Cost
2 Training on HIV/AIDS Ls 2,000,000
Prevention Activities
Total 40,431,616.90
Contingency 10 % 4,043,161.69
Grand Total 44,474,778.59
Source: Consultant cost estimation, 2011.

March 2012
11 MONITORING AND EVALUATION
11.1 Responsible Authority
The Environmental Protection Authority is responsible to give technical and advisory support for the
sustainable use of natural and cultural resources and environmental management at Federal, Regional,
Zone, Woreda and community level.EPA is also responsible for the management, coordination and
evaluation of environmental issues from the Federal down to the community level as stated in the
Environmental Policy of the country (1995). Moreover, the aforementioned authority is responsible
for the integration of environmental planning with development planning.
To minimize and alleviate environmental impacts the Oromia national regional state established
regional environmental office in 2002. This office is responsible to ensure matters pertaining to the
region’s environmental, social and economic development activities are carried out in a manner that
shall protect the welfare of human beings as well as sustainable use and develop of natural resources.
To achieve this end the regional government environmental office adopted a community based or led
environmental protection strategy in addition to having offices at Woreda level. Hence, the roles of
Woreda level environmental offices and local communities geared towards environmental
conservation and management.
The Environmental Monitoring and Safety Branch of ERA shall monitor the implementation of this
RAP. Monitoring aim to correct implementation methods during the course of the project as required.
Evaluation is intended to check whether the RAP has been implemented in accordance with the
existing local and international laws and procedures. Monitoring will be internal and external and
shall be done by the Environmental Monitoring and Safety Branch as an internal monitor, and hired
consultants, municipalities and local administration representatives as an external monitor.
Monitoring will provide both a warning system for corrective measures and a channel for affected
people to make known their needs and reactions to the executed RAP. Internal monitoring is a
performance monitoring of the physical progress of the RAP, inputs, outputs and outcomes. External
monitoring should focus on impacts and outputs.
According to ERA’s Resettlement/Rehabilitation Policy Framework, evaluation needs to be
external.ERA will hire or consult local NGO’s or consultants for this purpose. The participation of
project affected people in monitoring and evaluation processes is crucial. Evaluation will be used as a
planning instrument to correct pending issues and suggest a post project monitoring period in the aim
to ensure that PAP’s have not been subject to impoverishment after the project.
11.1.1 Objectives
The general objectives of evaluation and monitoring, which are key components of the resettlement
action plan are: Monitoring of specific situations or difficulties arising from the implementation of the
RAP and its compliance.
• Evaluation of the long and mid-term positive/negative impacts of the
resettlement/rehabilitation framework on the project affected people and the community
in the project area.
• Furthermore, the main purpose of monitoring will be to verify:
• Actions and commitments described in the RAP are implemented;
• Eligible project affected people receive their compensations prior to the civil work;

March 2012
• The magnitude of RAP actions and compensation measures in restoring or improving

pre- project livelihoods and lost incomes;
• Complaints and grievances forwarded by project affected people followed up and
appropriate corrective measures are taken;
• If necessary, changes in RAP procedures are made to improve delivery of entitlements to
project affected people;
• Compensation disbursement to correct parties;
• The physical progress of resettlement and rehabilitation;
• Restoration of social services and amenities; and
• Special care and assistance given for social groups that needs additional help.
11.1.2 Performance Monitoring of the RAP
Performance monitoring shall have to be carried out as an internal management function. In this case
the Resettlement Implementation Committee will play a major role in close workings with the
Woreda environmental protection office and local communities. The participation of the affected
people in performance monitoring is also necessary. The PAPs will elect their representative to
participate in the monitoring of the implementation of the RAP. They should also be involved in the
identification of indicators for monitoring purposes.
Cash compensation shall be paid directly to the PAPs. The compensation committee will monitor the
rehabilitation process and is also responsible for ensuring that the PAPs are using the compensation
fund for restitution of livelihoods, rebuilding the affected houses, structures or other properties.
A simple means of conducting performance monitoring is by measuring progress against a list of

required actions and milestones. For example, each month the compensation committees expected to
document the following indicators:
• The number of meetings held with the PAPs, content of the discussions meetings, and
agreements reached.
• Grievance redress: the number of complaints lodged, how many complaints are being
addressed, how many have been resolved and how the grievance redress mechanism is
functioning;
• The number of compensation payments made, and the number of pending payments;
• The number of houses/structures constructed, and the number pending;
• The number of PAPs relocated to their new houses/structures, and the number that still
have to be relocated;
• The number of vulnerable people assisted the kind of assistance sought and how it was
given.
The Compensation committee shall present monthly reports to the Right of Way Branch and to the
Environmental Monitoring and Safety Branch of ERA. In addition, the Regional Bureau for Planning
and Economic Development should be availed of the monthly reports.

March 2012
11.1.3 Impact Monitoring of the RAP
Impact evaluation commissioned by ERA will be conducted by an independent third party to assess
compliance of the outcome of the RAP with the involuntary resettlement policy, in other words, to
determine the overall impact of the RAP. The key objective of the external evaluation will be to
determine whether efforts to restore the living standards of the affected population have been properly
executed. Evaluation will also verify the results of performance monitoring, and identify adjustments
to the RAP if required.
Evaluation will assess, inter alia:
• The appropriateness of the relocation sites;
• The appropriateness of the implementation schedule;
• The appropriateness of the grievance mechanism;
• Mechanism for assisting vulnerable groups.
During the external evaluation, a social survey shall be conducted. The baseline information collected
on the socio-economic conditions of the affected population at the beginning of the project (before
displacement) will be compared with the data collected during evaluation. Thus, any adverse or
beneficial socio-economic impacts due to the resettlement process (and also due to the road project)
may be determined, such as the impact on income levels, school attendance, health status, changes in
land use, changes in occupation patterns, changes in settlement patterns, etc.
PAPs and local communities shall be actively involved in impact monitoring, particularly in the
identification of indicators. Participatory meetings with PAPs and local community members are
necessary. A working with compensation committee is important during these evaluations. As stated
in the first and second paragraphs of this section, federal and regional EPA’s are responsible to
perform periodic impact monitoring of the project.
Impact monitoring should be first carried out approximately 3 months after the PAPs have been
relocated, and thereafter annually for a period of at least 2 years. At the end of each monitoring and
evaluation, a report should be submitted to the Right of Way and Environmental Monitoring and
Safety Branches of ERA. Costs for internal monitoring are accommodated within the contingency
amount in the total budget for the RAP.
11.2 Resettlement and Rehabilitation Assistance
Resettlement and rehabilitation assistances are mandatory as stipulated in various legal documents
issued by the government and the donors. This is due to the fact that mere compensation given for lost
assets does not necessarily ensure livelihood restoration.
In this report attempt has been made to briefly discuss the resettlement and rehabilitation assistance
that are needed to restore the livelihood of the PAPs at least to the pre project situation. The
consultant recommends that collaboration and integration of all stakeholders to make the proposed
schemes practicable. As a result, the role of the Kebele will organize and motivate the people to
participate to the proposed schemes and at the same time hearing the grievance of the beneficiaries
and minimizing the gap with the respective stakeholders. According to the woreda officials the

March 2012
woreda have a package of schemes, hence, the woreda has to provide the needed assistant like
providing land, consult the kebele level officials and arrange experts those who can give technical
support to the beneficiaries and kebeles’ officials. The Woredas were not only promised just for the
sake of consultation or not only suggested what should happen. The Woreda has mentioned the
location available and elaborated their experience what they did in the same project previously. There
− There are many pocket plot of land which can balance the land loss by PAPs. Almost all
PAPs prefer to have these lands. Because these sites are already developed, all facilities,
schools, markets, grind mills, telephone, water line, etc are available.
− These lands will be provided to the PAPs once approved by the regional government.
Based on the current procedure, the authority of providing the land is that of the regional
government. The Woreda identifies the location and send for approval to the regional
government not only for those who are dismantled due to road but also for investments. If
there is any requests for land for investments the Woreda identify the location and
forward to the regional state for approval. Since it is for the road as per the proclamation
455/2002 and regulation by the council of ministers 135/2007 there will no objection by
the regional government.
− For the dwellers in Kebele house the house to where they shift were already identified
and told to PAPs during public hearings held in each Woreda.
The Mitigation measure is sub divided into five major components and the activities considered under
each component are outline in the following paragraph.
11.2.1 Beekeeping and Honey Production:-
Objective: increase household income and standard of living from the sale of quality honey
production and there by food security.
Description: In order to improve the income as well as standard of living of affected household by
projects, it is essential to train, and provision of the necessary inputs. Thus improving honey
production through the introduction of modern technology/ modern beehives/ well produced through
Woreda Agricultural office and distribute to the affected household by project.
The traditional beekeeping practice is low in yield in region. As a result the average amount of honey
in crude from per harvest from a local hive is around 4 to 4.5 kg. Therefore, through training and
utilizing modern beehives one can harvest two times per year the best quality honey and can sell in a
better price.
To do this there will be two beehives to each households that are affected by the projects, and totally
1–2 honey extractor with fully equipped modern technical instruments (wax printer, spoon, smoker
and the like) for the whole group of beneficiaries.
Output: - the honey yield of the improved hives well increases from 4.5kg of a traditional hives 30kg
to modern hive. Therefore, by providing training in beekeeping with intensive supervision, it would
be possible to increase honey production and increase income of the affected farmers. The main
output expected will be increment in yield and better quality production of honey from bee hive per

March 2012
harvesting season. Improvement in quality and quantity bee products will play role in the livelihood
of affected households by the scheme. The other output from the production of improved apiculture
practice is production of bee wax. Therefore, through training, improved dry season bee forage and
utilization products will pay role in the livelihood dry season bee forage and utilizing modern bee hive
technology the amount of honey production will increase from 4.5 kg to 30 kg pure honey from a
single beehive/harvest period, due to increment in its yield and quality there will be augmentation in
price.
The price of a kilogram honey harvested from traditional beehive in the area costs about 45birr, where
the pure honey produced from modern beehive cost 60 birr, therefore a household having one modern
beehives can harvest 60 kg pure honey per year, of which 10kg for in house compensation and the
result 50kg will be 60birr and each HH will have 3000 Birr.
If each household has two modern beehives he/she will have 4000birr and from the sale of bees wax
approximately will get around 200 birr for the first time and they will get an income from selling of
each honey colony from birr 120 to 180.
11.2.2 Handcraft
Objective: - The main objective of the scheme to benefit and increase the income of affected
Households and poverty alleviation by the proposed venture. It will have support from Government
offices like micro finance development, small scale industry and women association. The micro
finance will have support in financing the organized group correlating with Small scale industries
enterprise and women association. Beside the stated offices have the same packages working on and
enhancing and/or support the project activities.
Description: - In order to improve the income as well as standard of living of affected household by
projects, it is essential to train, and provides necessary inputs. Micro and Small scale enterprises are a
group of people organized together with a minimum capital of 20,000 – 50,000.Through cooperation
with the local government the organizations (group) will have a provision of working premises and
space, information services, registration of new business as tax payers, credit facilitation.
The organizations (groups) will have access to information on market development training and a
market linkage. At the same time other vulnerable people will have the advantage of employment
opportunities. Hence, a provision of training for the beneficiary group is essential and mandatory,
facilitation of credit and monitoring of their business activities developing their business.
Output: - The outcome/profit from handcraft business development will be subsistence used of cloth
and crafty tolls and the amount of cash income obtained from the sale of products.
11.2.3 Flour Mill
Objective: -it is aimed to enhancement financial capacity of the targeted Household heads.
Description:-Establishment of Flourmills for in all Woredas.

March 2012
Outputs:-Service giving for community in the project area.
11.2.4 Agricultural Extension Support
Objective: - to enable the project affected households maintain food self-Sufficiency
Description: - this component involves Agricultural extensive
• Provision of input supply fertilizer, proved seed, etc

• If any surplus is produced to provide marketing support
Benefits: -to the minimum the Households affected by the project will secure their food.
11.2.4 Petty trading for organized women
Objective of introducing petty trading for organized women group is to generate income and enhance
project benefit for those female household headed in the project site.
Description
The petty trade will be managed by each individual female household head who at the same time are
in ensure of organized income generating groups to be estimated by the form waredas cooperative
promotion desk. Two IGAs (income generation activity) group would be established in from all
woredas. Seed money will be expended from the project to kick off saving and credit activities in the
two IGAs. The local micro finance organization is expected to handle this until the IGAs reach full
cooperative status and run their own business. The Woreda cooperative is expected to give all
technical support that includes assessment of business option for petty traders, market, legal support,
etc.
Target household
Female headed households affected by the project would be the primary benefit carries from petty
trading revolving fund scheme for female headed households from all woredas would be organized to
start the scheme. Individual beneficiaries have the liberty to choose on what kind of petty trading to
engage in, with strong technical back up by the woreda cooperative office.
11.2.5 Training and Capacity Building
Objective: -it is aimed to enhance the skill and capacity of the implementing bodies including the
affected Households, Resettlement implementation committee as well as concerned offices of form
woredas.
Description: -it will have two sub-components, i.e.; Training, and Capacity Building. The Training
subcomponent focuses mainly on DA’s refreshment course on investigation and such as bee keeping,
Handcraft and others.

March 2012
Output/Benefits: Number of households trained in beekeeping and women trained in handicrafts and
petty trading.
• Complementation and Management capacity of the Woreda Agricultural and Rural

development office; RIC Will be strengthened.
11 CONSULTATION WITH PAPS AND LOCAL OFFICIALS

All household head PAPs are consulted about the intended project and possible out-comes. This had
been done in the process of identification of project affected households age categories, occupational
stratifications, religion, and gender related issues. Community members and PAPs have a great
aspiration about the commencement of the intended project and eagerly awaited its realities. Loss of
agricultural and grazing lands, perennial crop areas and residential or other service giving installations
due to the project would be tolerable if reasonable compensations paid for affected properties as per
the consultation outcome. They disclosed that, they could be fully co-operative and participant in all
activities that the project demanded. During the field survey, public consultation meetings were held
with the Woreda officials, PAPs and local communities along the project road.
Public consultations were done through formal meetings and public gatherings. Focus group
discussions with selected women, professionals and elderly community leaders were done to clarify
misunderstandings and gaining additional information’s on public attitudes towards the proposed
project. Informal meetings were held with different age category members of the community. As it
has been mentioned above, local community members and other stakeholders vowed to participate in
activities that the project demanded and contribute whatever assistances at their own capacity. Public
consultation outcomes indicate that problems relating to displacement and dispossession of properties
can be contained by the primary stakeholders (community and local leaders), with the appropriate
assistance from outside.
Local authorities signed a commitment with the consultant to prepare land for resettlement
specifically for those totally displaced and needy households in the urban section of the project.
(Please refer minutes of meetings under Annex A). There is a relative abundance of land for extending
resettlement site within the immediate locality.
Minutes of the meetings were in Amharic major outcomes are summarized as follows:
• List of PAPs within the ROW of the project had been identified in the presence of local
administrative officials, public representatives and professionals. The full list of PAP’s in
Werdea Towns and villages had been given by the consultant to each respective body.
• Local authorities had been informed about the cut-off-date of identifications and
supervisions. They agreed to take precautionary measures to halt new constructions close to
the right of way.
• Local authorities had been requested about the availability of lands for those who would be
displaced and resettled. Despite the current problem to have vacant lands to provide land for
constructions of new residences, shopping and market places and provisions of plots of
lands for fully demolished government, community and non-governmental institutions, they
agreed to make all possible menses to find for the cause.

March 2012
• Local authorities were informed about their responsibilities and commitments during the
operational stages for which all agree vehemently. With regard to Kebele-owned houses, all
agreed to construct similar or if possible better houses for the affected people by using
compensation payments. They also agreed to re-rent these newly constructed houses for
PAPs (Kebele clients) with the same amount as they paid previously.
• Local authorities had been informed about their role in monitoring the proper usages of
compensation payments, especially in restorations of livelihoods. They all agreed to
encourage and help the affected people to properly use the compensation.
• Local authorities had been informed about the importance of giving special
attentions to the disabled, elderly, sick household head members and Female headed
families. They all agreed to extend the necessary support for these groups of PAPs to
rebuild their residences and restore livelihoods.

March 2012
12 THE RAP DISCLOSURE

Once the final RAP manual approved by ERA and accepted by the development partner, it is subject
to be disclosed first at national level. Accordingly, the manual with a summary of translation in
Oromiffa will be sent to the Oromia National Regional Government and its lowest administrative
bodies. Once approved and the Ethiopian government allowed the World Bank for public disclosure
purposes, the RAP will be made available via the World Bank Info Shop. In addition, short brochures
will be printed and distributed to inform people on the RAP implementation arrangements. The
following process will be followed by ERA to disclose the RAP.
• ERA will make available the RAP manual at designated places to the public in the
electronic media (including ERA’s Web site) and government news papers;
• ERA will send copies of the final RAP to immediate stakeholders including respective
Regional government, zone and Woreda offices with translations of the executive
summary in local languages and;
Furthermore, before project implementation, RAP consultant and the project director will prepare and
conduct information dissemination program in the project area.
The main objectives this program will be
• To inform and explain the entitlement policy and various options to the affected people
prior to financial assistance.
• To make public consultations and awareness creation for local community members
about relocations / rehabilitation.
• To minimize counter rumors and prevent unnecessary distress.
• To bring clarity on issues that might be raised related to entitlements and benefits
through question and answer.
• To seek help from local government officials and others, and encourage their
participation in the RAP implementation.
• To ensure that vulnerable groups understand the process and their needs are specifically
taken into consideration.

March 2012

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Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized

Volume I: Main Report

Volume II: Annex M (Signatures PAHs)

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority

5.1. Socio-economic Profile of the PAPs ............................................................................... 36

Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority

11.2.2 Handcraft ........................................................................................................... 78

Annex A: Minutes of Meetings

Annex M: Signatures PAHs

Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

ADLI Agricultural Development Led Industrial

CIS Corrugated Iron Sheet

CSA Central Statistical Authority

DBST Double Bituminous Surface Treatment

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

ESMT Environmental and Social Management Team

EPA Environmental Protection Authority

ERA Ethiopian Roads Authority

ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment

FDRE Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

FHH Female headed household

GCRC Gross Current Replacement Cost

HCB Hollow Concrete Block

HHH Household Heads

HIV/AIDS Human Immune Virus / Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

MOFED Ministry of Finance and Economic Development

NGO Non Governmental Organization

PAPs Project Affected Persons

RAP Resettlement Action Plan

ROW Right of Way

RSDP Road Sector Development Program

Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority

Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority

Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority

Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority

Table 1: List of Villages and Towns Traversed by the Road

B) Objectives of the RAP

• Desk studies and document reviews:

Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority

Population structure in terms of age-sex composition is very important in demographic studies.

E) Public and stakeholders Consultation

Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority

Table 2: Key Data of the RAP

1 Location Southern western Ethiopia

14 Total number of fruit bearing and non fruit bearing 159,8911

Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority

ERA is responsible for initiating preparation, implementation, and execution of compensation

H) Potential impacts and mitigation measures

Associated Engineering Consultants Ethiopian Roads Authority

I) Positive and Negative impacts of the project

• Increase and improve trade and market facilities

• Timely provision of agricultural inputs

• Increase agricultural production in relation to availability of fertilizers, pesticides,

• Help farmers to sell their productions at better prices.

• Facilitate conditions for urban development’s and easy population movements

• Facilitate conditions for the improvement of social services and amenities

• Help women in reducing workloads and time to travel to market places.

• Employment opportunities during and after construction

• Encourage local community members to be engaged on off farm activities.

• Increasing the attractiveness of voluntary re- resettlements

The upgrading project may have the following negative impacts:

• Spread of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) and HIV / AIDS