OROMIA URBAN PLANNING INSTITUTE

(OUPI).

TRAINING MANUAL ON

DEMOGRAPHY, SOCIAL SERVICES AND SOCIAL PROBLEMS

Compiled by Leenjiso Hussein

February, 2023

Finfinne, Ethiopia
 Table of Contents
1. Introduction..........................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Background..................................................................................................................................1
1.2 Demography.................................................................................................................................1
1.3 Social issues- (Education, health, housing and Social Problems)............................................1
1.4 Objective of the study..................................................................................................................2
1.4.2 Specific objectives:...............................................................................................................2
1.5 Scope of the study.........................................................................................................................2
1.6 Methodology of the study............................................................................................................2
1.6.1. Source of Data......................................................................................................................2
1.6.2. Method of data collection....................................................................................................3
1.6.3. Method of Analysis...............................................................................................................3
1.7 The three Phases of the study.....................................................................................................3
1.7.1. Phase I Preparatory Works/Time required: one weeks/..................................................3
1.7.2. Phase II-Data Collection/Time required: Three weeks/...................................................8
1.7.3. PHASE III – Data Analysis/Time: Four weeks/................................................................8
1.7.2 Method of Data Analysis.....................................................................................................9
2 Methods Analysis of Demographic aspects........................................................................................9
2.1 PHASE I -Activity 1: Data Analysis...........................................................................................9
2.1.2 Population Analysis..............................................................................................................9
2.1.3 Population Dynamics.........................................................................................................11
2.1.4 Educational Services..........................................................................................................13
2.1.5 Identified Problems and Planning Issues.........................................................................14
2.1.6 Health services....................................................................................................................14
2.1.7 Housing...............................................................................................................................15
2.1.8 Other Services....................................................................................................................15
2.1.9 Social Problems..................................................................................................................16
3 Population projection........................................................................................................................16
3.1 Variants of Population Projection............................................................................................20
3.2 Preparation of Inputs and Strategies.......................................................................................21
3.3 Preparation of Strategies...........................................................................................................22
3.4 Demonstrative exercises............................................................................................................22
4 REFERENCE.....................................................................................................................................23
 1. Introduction

1.1 Background
When we plan, it is for the people, and the people are the reference for the planning, Thus,
Planning is mainly meant to solve the physical, spatial and socio-economic problems of the
people, Thus, urban land use and other resources ought to be used in equitable, economical and
faire way and in proportion to the people where this could be achieved only through planning.

Hence, Social Services rendered to the residents must be linked to the number of populations,
Therefore, land use planning, it seeks detail study of the population in the town/city.

To sum up, Urban Planning is mainly for the Quality of Life, well managed townies or cities are
for the Good Quality of Life and a Good way of Living for the people.

1.2 Demography
Demography refers to is statistical study of populations, especially human begins, size and
density, growth, distribution, migration and vital statistics, and the effect of all these on social
and economic conditions. Demographic analysis examines and measures the dimensions and
dynamics of populations, it can cover whole societies or groups defined by criteria, such as
education, religion, age, sex, ethnicity and others. Elements: Size of population, Composition,
Distribution, stability or change; becomes the subject of political debates in many developed
countries; Factors influencing population - Fertility (births), Mortality (deaths) and Migration.

1.3 Social issues- (Education, health, housing and Social Problems)

Planned economic development of the town/city requires data about socio-economic conditions,
Indicators of development (Education, Health, Housing.), the size and structure of population at
different points of time, for example, new schools to be opened or upgraded and the number of
teachers required are decided on the basis of the number of children to be enrolled; projections
are therefore, made for these which are conditional statements about the future. They refer
mostly to the exercises of extrapolation of the past trends into the future, therefore, there is clear
link between demography, social aspects of a town/city and spatial planning.

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1.4 Objective of the study
The overall objective of the study is to assess the demography and the social service facility in
the town/city.

1.4.2 Specific objectives:

 Study the population size and characteristic of the town/city.
 Study the population dynamics of the town.
 To project the population for next 10 years based on the plan type.
 To assess the availability and facility of social services in the town
 To identify critical problems and existing gaps related to social service facility
 To project the social services, need of the town as the proposals input.
 To assess the social problem prevalence and the welfare service provision in the town
 To forward possible recommendation and indicate implementation mechanisms based on
the results of the study

1.5 Scope of the study

This study is trying to assess the social service facility in the town. The scopes of social service
are broadly categorized and limited to
 Education service
 Health care service
 Sport and community recreation service
 Worship and cemetery service.
 Social problem prevalence and social welfare provision

1.6 Methodology of the study

1.6.1. Source of Data

The study methodology will incorporate the both the qualitative and quantitative research design
and likewise, a combination of methods including both primary and secondary data collection
techniques have been used. Primary data were collected from different government and non-
government organization, as well as local community and community representatives. In
addition, different secondary data were collected from Different literature like books, urban
planning policies, guidelines and standards, and government reports to support and triangulate

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the primary data. Different similar projects were also reviewed to gain the experience at
international and national level. In addition to the above-mentioned data sources for study has
also make use of town base map to analyze the existing and distribution of social service
institutions in the town.

1.6.2. Method of data collection.

The study utilized different data collection methods as implied in the source of the data. Both
structured and non-structured questionnaires were distributed to governmental and non-
government organizations exist at different administration level. Key informants Interview were
also conducted with different organization representatives and government officials. In addition
to the two major above-mentioned major data collection methods, vital data were also collected
through focus group discussion, public consultation and field observation to support and
triangulate the information gained through the aforementioned data collection methods. Focus
group discussions were conducted with different groups like religion leaders and government
sector officers and representatives. The information also collected through public discussion by
participating on different public meeting with town community and town administration
officials. Added information was also collected through site visit and participating observation as
well.

1.6.3. Method of Analysis

The techniques of analysis used in this study are largely descriptive statistics. Different data
analyzing tools like SPSS, STATA and Microsoft excel were used to analyze the quantities data
in the study. The information obtained through the qualitative data collection mechanism like
interview, focus group discussion and public meeting were analyzed through qualitative thematic
analyze and used to support and triangulate those quantitative data. The physical distribution and
the service catchment area of some social services were analyzed through map by using GIS
software.

1.7 The three Phases of the study

1.7.1. Phase I Preparatory Works/Time required: one week/

Purpose

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  To ensure that the data collection incorporates all relevant types of data required for the
analysis phase.
 To acquire reliable data from the relevant sources.
 To avoid redundancy in collection of data by identifying those data which are available in
the office.
Out put
 Data collection formats
 List of those organizations from which data would be collected.
 Relevant data collected from materials that are available in the office / library.

1.7.1.1. Task 1 – Identify types and sources of data

o Activity 1: Identification of types of data to be collected

1. Demographic aspects

A. Population characteristics
 population size;

 Age composition;

 Sex composition;

 Ethnic composition;

 Religious composition;

B. Population dynamics

• Fertility- (TFR, CBR)

• Mortality (IMR, expectation of life at birth), and

• Migration (Proportion of in migrants, reason for moving, length of continuous residence);

2. Educational services

 Distribution of school by grade level,

 Trends of school enrollment by grade level,

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  Distribution of students by age and sex,

 Number of classrooms and sections,

 School age population by grade level,

 Distribution of teachers by qualification,

 Number of repeaters and dropouts by grade level,

 Distribution of students by origin,

 Physical condition of schools and facilities,

 Area occupied by the school,

 Location of the schools,

 Problems related to educational services, and

 Ongoing projects and future plans.

3. Health Services

 Existing number of health institutions by type; health personnel,

 Health institutions by ownership,

 Ten top diseases,

 Origin of patients,

 Facilities in the health institutions,

 Physical condition of health institutions,

 Area and location of health institutions,

 Type of health services rendered by existing health institutions,

 Family planning services,

 Future plan and ongoing projects, and

 problems related to health services.

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4. Housing

 Number of households and housing units,

 Housing units by tenure status (Private, rented, etc.),

 Housing units by purpose (residential, business, etc.),

 Physical condition of housing units,

 Distribution of housing units by construction material,

 Bathing facilities, Toilet facilities,

 Informal housing units,

 Problem related to housing, and

 Ongoing projects and future housing plan.

5. Sport and Recreational facilities

 Distribution of playgrounds by neighborhood,

 Distribution of sport fields by Kebele,

 Availability of stadium,

 Availability of parks and zoo,

 Availability of Libraries,

 Ongoing project and future plan, and,

 Problems related to sport and recreational facilities.

6. Worship Places and Cemeteries

 Existing religious institutions and their number of followers,

 Availability of cemetery for each religious institution and for the municipality,

 Ongoing projects and future plans, and

 Problems associated with religion and cemetery.

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 Social Problems:

 Crime against persons and property,

 Juvenile delinquency,

 Commercial Sex Workers (Prostitution),

 Beggary,

 Harmful Traditional Practices (HTPS),

 Unemployment,

 Streetism and other child-related problems,

 Disability,

 Elders without family support,

 Women and family in economically deprived situation,

 Youth and youth centered social problems and services,

 HIV/Aids related social problems, and

 Social Welfare Services /Program/ (Types of services being rendered, Number of

organizations engaged in service provision).

o Activity 2: Listing or determining source of data

Example – Demographic data

Secondary Data

 CSA reports
 Municipalities
 Urban Development Bureau

Primary Data

 Census or sample survey house to house data collection.

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1.7.1.2. Task 2: Collection of data which are available in the office
o Activity 1: Preparation of data collection format

o Activity 2: Collection of data which are available in the office.

1.7.2. Phase II-Data Collection/Time required: Three weeks/

Purpose
 To acquire data based on which the assessment could be carried out

Out put
 Data related to social development issues collected from the offices in the town for which
the study is to be carried out.

1.7.2.1. Task 1: Data Collection from Relevant Sources:

o Activity 1: Identification of location of offices,

o Activity 2: Distribution of data collection format for the relevant offices,

o Activity 3: Collection of the formats distributed to the relevant offices, and

o Activity 4: Cross-checking data collected from the offices.

1.7.2.2. Task 2 – Data Organization

o Activity 1: Tallying, arranging in descending or ascending order),

o Activity 2: Classification (By age groups, interval, etc.),

o Activity 3: Tabulation (Presentation of classified data in Table), and

o Activity 4: Graphic presentation (Presentation in graph or charts).

o Qualitative description will also be used in case of qualitative data

1.7.3. PHASE III – Data Analysis/Time: Four week/

Purpose

 Abstraction of significant facts from the collected mass of numerical data in order to
arrive at informed decision,

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  Preparation of inputs for the proposed land use plan, and
 Proposing alternative strategies by which identified problems could be solved.

Out put

 Identified critical Issues,

 Strategies to solve identified problems,
 Inputs for the proposed land use plan, and
 An edited final report.

1.7.3.1. Task 1 – Data Analysis and Interpretation.

o Activity1: Analysis of data by employing Data analysis tools
o Activity 2: Interpretation of findings/ Identification of problems

1.7.3.2. Task 2: Preparation of Inputs and Recommendations

o Activity1: Preparation of inputs for the proposed land use map
o Activity 2: Recommending strategies for the identified issues

1.7.3.3. Task 3: Preparation of the Report.

o Activity 1: Write up of the report
o Activity 2: Incorporating comments
o Activity 3: Editing the report and finalization

1.7.2 Method of Data Analysis

o Calculation of percentages, proportions, ratios, averages

o Trend analysis in case of time series data

o Comparison of figures at different periods

o Comparison of figures at different places

o Comparison of figures with standards

o Comparison of figures with figures at national, regional and zonal level

o Population projection using exponential growth function

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2 Methods Analysis of Demographic aspects

2.1 PHASE I -Activity 1: Data Analysis

2.1.2 Population Analysis

A. Population Characteristics – Points to be Analyzed

Sex Composition = (M & F have different biological, social, and cultural functions and
roles), used for various socio-economic analysis.

• Sex Ratio at Birth (No of males/No of females); M: F to make 100

= Male Births X 100

Female births
• The general sex ratio = All males X 100
All females
• Example, Sex ratio at National level is SR = N= 101.8, for urban U= 98.8, for rural R=
102.4; (CSA, 2007).

National sex ratios at birth - 100 – 105 males per 100 females.

National general sex ratios - 95 – 100 males per 100 females. This is normal variation from the
range implies losses from wars, epidemics and migration.

B. Age Composition: -The age structure of a population affects a nation's key socio-
economic issues.

Distribution of Population by Broad Age Group

Age group
0-14
15-64
65+

Category Developing Countries Developed countries

Young Population (0-14) >40% <20%

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Old Population (65 and above) <3% >10%

Median Age <19% >31%

Single Age Distribution (Age Heaping)

C. Dependency Ratio

• Young Dependency Ratio (YDR)

• YDR = Children under 15 years x 100

Persons aged 15 – 64 years

• Old Dependency Ratio (ODR)

Persons aged 65+ X 100

Persons aged 15 – 64 years

• Over All Dependency Ratio (OADR) = YDR +ODR

Analyze the trend and compare the figures with the regional, national and international
perspectives, comparing with sub-Saharan countries would be more feasible indicative for this
purpose. then, with other Cities and Towns.

D. Ethnic and Religious composition

• Religion. group = Religious composition essential for determining the No and type of
worship places and cemeteries.

• Information on Ethnic distribution of the population for various purposes, it could help us
to determine the media of instruction in schools in the locality where the planning is
undergoing.

2.1.3 Population Dynamics

Vital events for population change which is continuous process (birth, death, and migration)
that all affects the growth and decline of population of particular place.

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I. Fertility Rate

A. Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

• CBR = Total number of births X 1000

Total Population Size

Example, based on the 2007, CBR for Ethiopia at country level is 36.9

B. Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

• TFR = number of children a woman is likely to have during her reproductive period.

Example, based on the CSA 2007, TFR for Ethiopia at country

Level is 4.160, U=2.220, and R= 4.650.

II. Mortality rate

A. Crude Death Rate (CDR)

• CDR = Total number of death X 1000

Total Population Size

Example, based on the CSA (2005). Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey; CDR at country
level is 10.8 (per 1000)

B. Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

• IMR = Total number Infant death X 1000

Total number of Infants

Example, based on the CSA (2005). Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey; IMR at country
level is 77 (per 1000)

 123 Under 5 Mortality Rate (per 1000)

 673 Maternal Mortality Rate (per 100,000 live births)

III. Migration status

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 A. Migration at town/city level

• Change in population size, composition, and distribution over time is the function of
migration, besides fertility and mortality.

• Inward migration and out ward migration to balance the two movements-to show
influence area

• Compare M & F migration.

• In the absence of vital registration census data are the main source of information for this
purpose.

2.1.4 Educational Services

The main point to be considered during analysis of existing conditions would be the existing
conditions against the standards set by the Government and estimation of future requirements of
the social services.

The main point to be considered during analysis of existing conditions would be as follows:

A. Coverage

 Gross Enrollment Ratio

 Net Enrollment Ratio

B. Efficiency

 Repetition Rate
 Dropout Rate

C. Quality

 Proportion of qualified teachers

 Student-teacher Ratio
 Students-Section Ratio

The analysis should also include:

D. Trend of enrollment

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  Proportion of students from out of the town
 Facilities and Physical condition of schools
 Problems related to educational service
 Future requirements of educational services

In analyzing the existing school system, first review the education Policy (ESDP) against the
access, enrolment, gender disparity, and the MDG targets in order to analyze and provide sound
explanations, compare the data with the previous documented data information, compare it with
the National, Regional and with some other towns/cities, disaggregate it by sex analyzing it with
previous years, check whether the GER is declining/increasing.

2.1.5 Identified Problems and Planning Issues

Analyze and come up with the concluding remarks with the perspective of the following topics
for each sub-titles of the educational system in the town.

 Coverage

 Quality

 Efficiency

 Gender Gap (Gender parity Index)

 Facilities

 Number and Area Occupied by Schools

 Distribution of Schools by Kebele

 Public and Private Sector Participation in Education

2.1.6 Health services

The main point to be considered during analysis of existing conditions:

 Population –health institution ratio,

 Population – health personnel ratio,
 Population – bed ratio,
 Mortality rate,

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  The major cause of morbidity and mortality,
 Comparison,
 Proportion of patients by origin, and
 Future requirements of health institutions.

2.1.7 Housing
Housing which is one of the basic needs of human being is the major critical problem of urban
center in the country

The main point to be considered during analysis of existing conditions:

 Average household size,

 Household-housing unit ratio,
 The trend in the number of HU and HH,
 Proportion of HU with toilet and bathing facility,
 Backlog of Housing Units,
 Comparison with other towns and periods, and
 Future requirement of housing units.

2.1.8 Other Services

2.1.8.1 Sport and Recreational Facilities

Main points to be analyzed and assess

 The availability,
 Adequacy,
 Distribution of the facilities,
 Explain the consequence or impact of unavailability of these facilities on the urban youth,
 Recommend the type of facilities that are required currently as well as during the
planning period;

2.1.8.2 Worship and cemeteries

Main point to be analyzed

Assess if

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  There is demand for worship places,
 Every religious group has cemetery of its own,
 The existing cemeteries can adequately serve till the end of the planning period, and
 The existing cemeteries are compatible with the nearby functions.

2.1.9 Social Problems

Points to be analyzed:

 Prevalence rates, size or proportion of persons involved in or affected/victimized by

each category of the social problems,
 Estimates of annual incidence rate of each type of social problems,
 Identification of Major factors/causes for the occurrence and prevalence of the social
problems,
 Identification of Major consequences of the social problems,
 Proportion of literate and illiterate disadvantaged or affected/victimized groups,
 Proportion of male and female disadvantaged or affected/victimized groups,
 Identified need and expectation of disadvantaged or affected/victimized groups,
 Coverage, capacity of the existing service giving institutions, programs and the general
service delivery system, and
 Future requirements of services, intervention programs, activities.

3 Population projection
The Exponential Equation

Pt. = P0 ert

Where
Pt = Population after ‘t’ years

P0 = Initial population size

r = Growth rate

t = Projection period (year)

Estimation of Growth Rate (GR)

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GR= 1/t (ln Pt/Po)

• To project population size into the future, we need to estimate the growth rate;

• To estimate population growth rate, there should be at least two observations at two
different periods;

• For example, P1984 and P1994

Steps for Estimating GR

Step 1 - Divide P1994 by P1984 = P1994 / P1984

Step 2 - Take ln (exponential) of the result in step 1

= ln (P1994 / P1984)

Step 3 - Divide the result in step 2 by the time

= 1/ t x ln (P1994 / P1984)

Step 4 - Multiply the result in step 3 by 100

r = (1/ t x ln (P1994 / P1984)) x100 %

r = (1/ t x ln (P1994 / P1984)) x100

Given P1994, P1984 and Time = t

St 1 - P1994 / P1984

St 2 - ln (P1994 / P1984)

St 3 - 1/t ln (P1994 / P1984)

St 4 - (1/t ln (P1994 / P1984) x 100 % = r

Example on estimation of GR

Given P1994 = 25,000 and P1984 = 10,000  t = 10 y

St 1 - P1994 / P1984 = 25,000 / 10,000 = 2.5

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St 2 - ln (P1994 / P1984) = ln 2.5 = 0.916

St 3 - 1/t ln (P1994 / P1984) = 1/10 x 0.916 = 0.0916

St 4 - r = 1/t ln (P1994 / P1984) x 100 = 0.0961 x 100

r = 9.61 %

Steps for population projection

Step 1: Convert the Growth Rate into Decimal

number (Example: r = 2.4%  r = .024)

Step 2: Multiply the Converted Rate by Time (t), projection

period = t x r

Step 3: Take the Exponential of the Result in step 2

etr = ert

Step 4: Multiply the Result by Base Year Population (P0)

Pt = P0 ert

Example on population projection

Given r = 4%

Po = P2002 = 10,000 (Initial population)

t = 10 year

Pt = P2012 =?

Pt = Poe r x t

P2012 = P2002e r x t

St 1: Convert the rate, = 4% = 0.04 = r

St 2: Multiply the rate by time = 0.04x10 = 0.4 =rxt

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St 3: Take the exponential… = e.4 = 1.49 = erxt

St 4: Multiply by initial pop. = 1.49 x 10,000 = Poe r x t

P2012 = 14,900

Determining Future Growth Rate

• Determining Future Growth Rates require examination of past trend on the population
growth rate.

• To examine the Past Trend of the Growth Rate, there should be at least Three Observation
on the Population size at three different period.

• If the Trend is an Increasing one, the Future Growth Rate is assumed to Increase by the
extent the rates were Increasing.

• Similarly, if the Trend is a Decreasing one, the Future Growth Rate is assumed to
Decrease by the extent the rates were Decreasing.

• On the other hand, if the Rates have remained constant, the Future Growth Rate will be
assumed to remain constant.

Example on determination of future GR

Population size, Growth rate

P1979 = 10,000

3%

P1984 = 11,618

5%

P1989 = 14,917

7%

P1994 = 21,168

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 9%

P1999 = 33,198

P2004 = ? r =?,

The trend is an increasing one with Average Ann. Increase = 2

r = 11% = 0.11

P2004 = P1999 e0 .11 x 5 = 33,198 e 0.55 = 33,198 x 1.733

= 57,540

3.1 Variants of Population Projection

• During urban plan preparation, population projection is usually made under three variants
namely Low, Medium and High variants.

• For instance, if based on the past trend, future growth rate is assumed to be 4.5 %, then
the growth rates under the three variants could be taken as:

• 3.5 for the Low variant

• 4.5 for the medium variant

• 5.5 for the High variant.

• Population projection under the medium variant is applied for the purpose of estimating
future demand of housing and social services in order to use expansion areas effectively;

• The low variant is used when there is scarcity of land;

• whereas the high variant is used provided that there is expansion area abundantly and the
expansion does not result in displacement of the surrounding farmers.

Population Growth Rates (UN-2013)

• Countries with highest Growth Rate

Niger = 3.8

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Chad = 3.6

Uganda = 3.5

• Countries with the lowest Growth Rates

Greece = - 0.0

Poland = -0.0

Bosnia Herzegovina = -0.1

Germany = - 0.2

Japan = - 0.2

• Ethiopia’s Growth Rate is 2.6 (CSA, 2007) which is equivalent to Africa’s Average.

3.2 Preparation of Inputs and Strategies

Activity 1: Inputs to be given for The Planner

Education:
Number and type of educational institutions that will be required additionally during the
planning period.
Health:
Number and type of health institutions that will be required additionally during the
planning period.
Housing:
Number of housing units, which are required presently as well as during the planning
period.
Social Problems:
Number of Social welfare services, orphanages, rehabilitation centers, recreational
facilities for elders, etc
Recreational facilities and cultural centers:
• The type of sport and recreational activities, which are required currently
as well as during the planning period.

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 • In addition to this, based on the existing situation, cultural centers,
museum, public library, city hall, etc could be proposed.
Religious centers & cemeteries:
• Religious groups that need worship places and number of worship places
• Total size of land that will be required for cemetery

3.3 Preparation of Strategies

Summary Strategies of Social Services

Strategies to Address Problems related to Social Services and Social Issues:

• Strategies to address problems related to Educational Services;

• Strategies to address problems related to health service;

• Strategies to address problems related to Housing

• Strategies to address problems related to social issues;

3.4 Demonstrative exercises

Exercise on population projection and estimation of future requirements of future requirements
of social services

Let’s assume the /2006 E.C/ population size of a town to be close to 176,497. The total number
households and housing units is also about 35,450 and 34,500, respectively. Moreover, the
population size of the town back in 1986, 1991, and 2001 E.C is considered to be 70, 525,
95,675,123,464 and 151,355, respectively.

Among the social services rendered in the town, the educational service in the town is being
provided by 3 kindergartens, 10 primary schools and 4 senior secondary schools, whereas the
existing number of enrollment in the schools being 2,051 for KG,17,575 primary school, and
9,000 senior secondary school. The current school age population for kinder gardens, primary
schools and senior secondary schools is estimated to be 9, 500, 30, 450, and 17,750, respectively.

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Moreover, currently there are two health centers which are rendering health service for the
population of the town and the surrounding rural area. With these above assumptions, work out
the following exercises.

1. Estimate the trend of population Growth rate (GR) the town experienced during 1986-
2006.
2. Based on the observed trend in the population size of the town estimate the Growth Rate
(GR) at which the population is expected to grow in the future.
3. Having estimated the Growth Rate (GR) at which the population size will grow into the
future project the current population size to year 2016 E.C.
4. On the basis of the projected population and assuming that the existing participation
rate(PR) for kinder gardens, primary schools and senior secondary will grow to 40,85,75
percent respectively, estimate additional requirements for schools (kinder gardens,
primary schools and senior secondary schools) and health centers. When estimating
future school age population, assume the age structure of the town will remain constant.
5. Based on the current average household and assuming average household size and
household, housing unit rations of the town will remain constant during the planning
period , estimate the additional number of housing units ratios of the town will remain
during the planning period, estimate the additional number of housing units which will be
required by the end of 2016 E.C.

4 REFERENCE

1. Addis Ababa SP Standards Standard and Norms,2012

2. Small Towns Manual,2008

3. Urban Upgrading and Upgrading Manual, 2006.

4. Structure Plan Preparation and implementation,2012

5. Land use Planning Standards for structure plan preparation, OUPI, 2012

6. Integrated Urban Infrastructure and Service Planning Manual, 2006.Addis Ababa

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7. Ministry of youth and sport of Ethiopia.

8. Health facility by Ministry of health of Ethiopia.

9. CSA 1984, 1994 and 2007G.C census report

10. Federal Ministry of Education (FMOE)

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