Unit VI-Administration, Welfare and Development Services-

Social Welfare Administration: Meaning, History, Principles, Nature and

Type of Organizations-

Meaning-

Social welfare administration is the process which is used in the organization and
administration of public and private services. It includes those activities which are
undertaken with regard to an individual, group and community. In other words,
social welfare administration is a process of organization direction of a social
institution. Under this process those aims are determined which an agency or
institution has to achieve.

Our country is aiming at sustainable social development and social welfare. You
will be interested to know why the need for the practice of social welfare
administration as a method of social work is gaining importance. It is because we
have a large number of social welfare and social development settings. They
include government departments, Welfare Boards, Corporations, Social Welfare
Agencies, Non Governmental Organisation (NGOs), Inter Governmental
Organisations (IGOs), Community Based Organisations (CBOs) etc. We also have
a large number of National, state and local level welfare and development
programmes. In addition, Panchayat Raj institutions oriented to development work
have also been emerging as important institutional contexts for the practice of
Social Welfare Administration. As our country faces the challenges of poverty,
unemployment, disability, destitution, ill health, illiteracy, crime, suicide, violence,
accidents etc our social welfare administration should also become an effective
social work method.

Meaning of Social Welfare Administration as a Method of Social Work-

Social welfare administration is both scientific and professional activity. It

promotes social work practicein administration. Therefore it is also called as social
work. It administers or implements special programmes intended for vulnerable,
disadvantaged and weaker sections of the population such as women, disabled
children, chronically ill, the aged, scheduled caste/ scheduled tribes etc. through
social work processes. It also organises programmes for sustainable social
development. It also aims at the effective implementation of the regular and special
programmes of social welfare agencies.

History-

Mutual aid has been part of every society. The desire to help one’s fellowmen has
been in existence from time immemorial but the forms and methods of help have
been varying from society to society, depending upon the social, economic and
political factors. Indian traditional view of social welfare is based on daya, dana,
dakshina, bhiksha, samya-bhava, swadharma and tyaga, the essence of which
are selfdiscipline, self-sacrifice and consideration for others. Well-being of all
depend on these values upheld by people individually and through community
action. All the religions enjoined upon their devotees to put aside a portion of their
income to be utilised for charitable purposes as that would grant them happiness in
this world and salvation in the next world. The rulers of those days extended help
to the afflicted part of the population during emergencies like floods, earthquakes,
fires, droughts and other natural calamities etc.

From the administrative angle, in India, the reigns of king Ashoka, Harsha,
Chandra Gupta Maurya, Akbar, Sher Shah Suri and Feroze Tuglak, are the
landmarks of administration who took care of the social needs of the people. The
British Government also established an administrative set-up intended mainly for
maintaining law and order. Some social reform measures were taken up by banning
Sati and permitting widow remarriage by Acts passed in 1829 and 1856
respectively.

After independence, the old administrative pattern was more or less continued with
necessary changes to suit the social, political and economic set-up evolved. In the
field of social welfare, during the First Five Year Plan, government of India
created a unique administrative machinery consisting of an autonomous board
named CSWB (Central Social Welfare Board) in August 1953. Similarly, Social
Welfare Advisory Boards were established at state level. The main purpose of the
Board (CSWB) has been to provide financial and technical assistance to voluntary
organisations working in the field of social welfare.

If we look at the history of administrative organisation, we find that before 1964

social welfare programmes were being managed by different ministries such as
education, home, industries, health, labour etc. The Renuka Ray Committee in its
report submitted in 1960, recommended the establishment of the Department of
Social Security. Under the Prime Ministership of Lal Bahadur Shastri, a Social
Security Department was established and located in the Ministry of Law on 14th
June 1964. Subjects, namely, social security, social welfare, backward classes and
khadi and handicrafts were allocated to the Department of Social Security.

Principles-

Nature of Social Welfare Administration-

The question whether social welfare administration is science or art, has assumed
much importance with passage of time. There are conflicting views and opinions
on this issue and each appears to be justified in its own way. Social welfare lends
itself to two usages. It stands for the process of administering the social welfare
programmes. It is also an area of intellectual enquiry. The first is practice, the
second is study. As a practice social welfare administration is decidedly an art.

Social Welfare Administration as an Art-

The following arguments have been given to support that social welfare
administration is an art.
i) It can be acquired:

No doubt art is a natural gift. Music, dance, drama or painting are the examples of
this category of art. But natural gifts can find their best expression by proper
training, without which even the best artists will die unknown. On the other hand a
carpenter making furniture out of wood and a goldsmith shaping gold ornaments
are also the examples of art. It is so because they possess the following elements:

a) personal skills; b) practical know-how; c) result orientation; d)

creativity; and e) constant practice aimed at perfection.

ii) It is subjective in nature:

A painter contributes to art by mixing colours. A sculptor performs his job with the
aid chisel and hammer. A social welfare administrator with the application of
knowledge and skill can make wonders by combining and bringing together
available human and material resources to change the very fate of the nation.
Today success of every welfare programme depends on how a social welfare
administrator performs the job.

iii) Practical application of knowledge:

Art is the practical application of systematic knowledge. It is not merely theory but
putting that into practice. Similarly, social welfare administration is not merely
theory but it is application also. And the best knowledge can be gained by practice
alone.

Social Welfare Administration as a Science-

Science is a systematic study of knowledge. Those who believe that social welfare
administration is a science point out that there are certain specific and clear
principles on which day to day administration of social welfare programmes is
being run and managed.
Application of Scientific Method:

The claim of a discipline to be called a science depends on whether the scientific

method of study is applicable to it. Social welfare administration can be called a
science, because the scientific method of study equally is applicable to it, as in the
case of other social sciences.

Critical Examination:

Critical examination and study of evidence is the prime requisite of any scientific
study. This is possible in social welfare administration also.

Universal Guidelines:

Universal principles of social welfare administration also provide the colouring of

science. Even if we can not use all the guidelines in a similar manner, these
guidelines certainly helps the administrator in proper implementation of social
welfare programmes.

According to Bhattachary(2008 p. 361-371) principle of social welfare

administration are as follow:-

1) respect human dignity and freedom

2) need based program

3) public relation

4) quality services

5) clear goal, objective and function

6) organization

7) personnel policies and good working condition

8) budgeting

9) recording

Principles as explained by Trecker

1. The Principle of Social Work Values: The values of the profession are the
foundation
upon which services are developed and made available to persons who need them.
2. The Principle of community and client needs: The need of the community and
the
individuals within it are always the basis for the existence of social agencies and
the provision
of programs.
3. The Principle of agency purpose: The social purpose of the agency must be
clearly
formulated, stated, understood and utilized.
4. The Principle of cultural setting: The culture of the community must be
understood in as
much as it influences the way needs are expressed and the way services are
authorized,
supported, and utilized by the people who need them.
5. The Principle of purposeful relationship: Effective purposeful working
relationship must
be established between the administrator, the board, the staff and the constituency.
6. The Principle of agency totality: The agency must be understood in its totality
and
wholeness.
7. The Principle of professional responsibility: The administrator is responsible for
the
provision of high quality professional services based on standards of professional
practice.
8. The Principle of participation: Appropriate contributions of board, staff and
constituency
are sought and utilized through the continuous process of dynamic participation.
9. The Principle of Communication: Open channels of communication are essential
to the
complete functioning of people.
10. The Principle of leadership: The administrator must carry major responsibility
for the
leadership of the agency in terms of goal attainment and the provision of
professional
services.
11. The Principle of planning: The Process of continuous planning is fundamental
to the
development of meaningful services.
Social Welfare / work administration has much in common with administration in
business and Government. It also has distinguishing characters.
Purpose: To meet the recognized needs of the community
Nature of Services:
Restoration of impaired social functioning, Provision of resources for more
effective social
functioning.
Prevention of social dysfunctioning.
Representation: Committee/Board generally represents the community
Values: Avoiding using disproportionate amount of their resources for survival.
Social Welfare Administration. Administrative Arrangements for Social Welfare in
India
12. The Principle of organization: The work of many people must be arranged in
an
organized manner and must be structured so that responsibilities and relationships
are clearly
defined.
13. The Principle of delegation: The Delegation of responsibility and authority to
other
professional persons is essential
14. The Principle of co-ordination: The work delegated to many people must be
properly
coordinated.
15. The Principle of resource utilization: the resources of money facilities and
personnel
must be carefully fostered, conserved and utilized in keeping with the trust granted
to the
agency by society.
16. The Principle of change: The Process of change is continuous, both within the
community
and within the agency.
17. The Principle of evaluation: Continuous evaluation of processes and programs
is essential
to the fulfillment of the agency’s objectives.
18. The Principle of growth: The growth and development of all participants is
furthered by
the administrator who provides challenging work assignments, thoughtful
supervision, and
opportunities for individual and group learning.

Type of Organizations-

Formal organization-

A Formal organization is an organization with a fixed set of rules of intra-

organization procedures and structures. As such, it is usually set out in writing,
with a language of rules that ostensibly leave little discretion for interpretation. In
some societies and in some organizations, such rules may be strictly followed; in
others, they may be little more than an empty formalism.

Characteristics-

 Well defined rules and regulations

 Determined objectives and policies
 Status symbol
 Limitation on the activities of the individual
 Strict observance of the principle of co-ordination
 Messages are communicated through scalar chain
 It is to best attain the objectives of the enterprise.
 Hierarchical work distribution or clear division of labour.

Informal organization-

The informal organization is the interlocking social structure that governs how
people work together in practice. It is the aggregate of, norms, personal and
professional connections through which work gets done and relationships are built
among people who share a common organizational affiliation or cluster of
affiliations. It consists of a dynamic set of personal relationships, social networks,
communities of common interest, and emotional sources of motivation. The
informal organization evolves, and the complex social dynamics of its members
also.
Tended effectively, the informal organization complements the more explicit
structures, plans, and processes of the formal organization: it can accelerate and
enhance responses to unanticipated events, foster innovation, enable people to
solve problems that require collaboration across boundaries, and create footpaths
showing where the formal organization may someday need to pave a way.

Key characteristics of the informal organization-

 evolving constantly
 grass roots
 dynamic and responsive
 excellent at motivation
 requires insider knowledge to be seen
 treats people as individuals like
 flat and fluid
 cohered by trust and reciprocity
 difficult to pin down
 collective decision making
 essential for situations that change quickly or are not yet fully understood

Structured organization-

A structured organization is most common in larger organizations. It involves

clear, specific tasks that are expected to be done in a certain order, at a certain
time. The work is well-documented and scheduled. There should never be a
question about a person is assigned to work on. Expectations are easily understood,
and employees can expect consistent feedback from management.

Unstructured organization-

Unstructured organizations do not have a clear structure or framework. Various

committees, community organizations, social action are group are some of the
example of unstructured organizations.

Types of Administration: Distinction between Social Welfare Administration,

Public administration and Social Security administrations-

Distinction between Social Welfare Administration, Public administration and

Social Security administrations-

Social Welfare Administration-

Social welfare administration is both scientific and professional activity. It

promotes social work practice in administration. Therefore it is also called as social
work. It administers or implements special programmes intended for vulnerable,
disadvantaged and weaker sections of the population such as women, disabled
children, chronically ill, the aged, scheduled cast, scheduled tribes etc. through
social work processes. It also organises programmes for sustainable social
development. It also aims at the effective implementation of the regular and special
programmes of social welfare agencies.

Social Welfare Administration translates social welfare polices and social

legislation into social work practice. It administers the resources and personnel
available for social work practice. It ventilates the many choices open to clients to
adjust themselves as well as to recover themselves from problem situations.

Social welfare administration also enhances the psycho-social and economic

functioning of the clients and beneficiaries. Application of social work
administration in the fields of information technology and e-governance is also
very essential. This is new area for the effective administration of social and social
welfare services, social security and social work programmes at various levels.

Public administration-

Public administration can be broadly described as the development,

implementation and study of branches of government policy. It is the management
of affairs of the government at all levels --- national, state, local. It is a branch of
the wider field of administration dealing with machinery & procedures of
government activities. It is the systematic ordering of affairs & the calculated use
of resources aimed at making desired things happen.

Public administration is carried out by public servants who work in public

departments and agencies, at all levels of government, and perform a wide range of
tasks. Public administrators collect and analyze data (statistics), monitor budgets,
draft legislation, develop policy, and execute legally mandated government
activities. Public administrators serve in many roles: ranging from "front-line"
positions serving the public(e.g., peace officers, parole officers, border guards);
administrators (e.g., auditors);analysts (e.g., policy analysts); and managers and
executives of government branches and agencies.
Social Security administration-

In general sense, social security refers to protection provided by the society to its
members against providential mishaps over which a person has no control. The
underlying philosophy of social security is that the State shall make itself
responsible for ensuring a minimum standard of material welfare to all its citizens
on a basis wide enough to cover all the main contingencies of life. In other sense,
social security is primarily an instrument of social and economic justice.

According to a definition given in the ILO publication’, “Social security is the

security that society furnishes through appropriate organisation against certain
risks to which its members are exposed. These risks are essentially contingencies
of life which the individual of small means cannot effectively provide by his own
ability, or foresight alone or even in private combination with his fellows”.

William Beveridge has defined social security as “a means of securing an income

to take the place of earnings when they are interrupted by unemployment, sickness
or accident to provide for the retirement through old age, to provide against loss of
support by death of another person or to meet exceptional expenditure connected
with birth, death, or marriage. The purpose of social security is to provide an
income up to a minimum and also medical treatment to bring the interruption of
earnings to an end as soon as possible.”

Objectives of Social Security:

1. Compensation

2. Restoration

3. Prevention

Registration of Welfare Agencies: Laws relating to Societies, Trust and Non –

Profit organizations, Challenges-
Laws relating to Societies-

In India a Society is registered under the Societies Registration Act 1860. A

society is a group of individuals who have come together to pursue a common
cause. As per the Act “Societies formed by memorandum of association and
registration.—Any seven or more persons associated for any literary, scientific, or
charitable purpose, or for any such purpose as is described in section 20 of this
Act, may, by subscribing their names to a memorandum of association, and filing
the same with the Registrar of Joint-stock Companies form themselves into a
society under this Act”.

A society has a Memorandum of Association and Rules and Regulation. Unlike a

Trust which is executed on a stamp paper, these can be taken out on a simple A4
pages. However a Society needs to be registered with the Registrar of Society, duly
appointed by the State Government. The society can be formed by a minimum of
seven People. These members form the governing body by electing few of them to
posts such as President, Secretary, Treasurer etc. The governing body
undertakes the day to day management of the trust. Election of governing body is
usually an annual process. A Society can easily alter its MOA and increase or
decrease its scope of work.

If one wishes to form a society that can work across India, it should have at least 8
members, 5 of which are from different states. This is not required for a Trust.
Members can be added in a society as and when required. A list of members signed
by governing body suffices as proof. Special attention needs to be given to the
MoA while forming a society as it forms the most important document of a society.
Make sure that the objectives are exhaustive to avoid complication in future.
Changes in MOA need to be approved by the registrar of firm.

Main elements of a society:

 A minimum of 7 members
 A proper name
  Memorandum of Association & Rules and Regulations/ By-laws in the
specified manner
 Initial members/ subscribers to be member of a Governing Body
 Resolution passed for the registration of Society
 Minutes of aforesaid meeting
 Address proof of location of Society
 Identity and Address proof of all members.
Section 8 Company (same as section 25 Company under Indian Companies act
1956): According to section 25(1)(a) and (b) of the Indian Companies Act, 1956, a
section-25 company can be established ‘for promoting commerce, art,
science, religion, charity or any other useful object’, provided the profits, if any, or
other income is applied for promoting only the objects of the company an d no
dividend is paid to its members.

The Indian Companies Act 2013 that came into force on April 1, 2014 and the old
Section 25 has now become Section 8 with further additions. According to Section
8: “The Central Government may issue a License to:
A Limited or Private Limited Company having as its objects:

 The promotion of commerce, art, science, sports, education, research, social

welfare, religion, charity, protection of environment or any such other object
and
 Intends to apply its profits, if any, or other income in promoting its objects and
 Intends to prohibit the payment of any dividend to its members.
Thus, a not-for-profit company may be registered with the Registrar of Companies.
It cannot issue dividend to its shareholders. The Board of Director is the key
decision making body in the Company. A minimum of 2 Directors and/or
Shareholder are required to form the company.

MOA and AOA forms the legal document of a Section 25 Company. However, It
needs to be registered with the Central Government through the Registrar of
Companies after taking due approvals. The process is similar to that of formation
of a Private Limited or Public Limited Co. The Motive Not for Profit is the
differentiating factor. However it is a tedious task to form a company and requires
much stricter statuary and Income Tax filling every year. The help of a Chartered
Accountant may be required for registering the Company.

Main elements of a section 8 company

 A minimum of two trustees (members)

 MOA (in Form INC 13) and AOA of the company
 Declaration in Form INC.14 by an Advocate, CA, CWA or CS in practice that
MOA and AOA have been drafted as per provisions of Sec.8 and rules made
there under.
 Estimate of future income for next three years along with description of
sources of income and objects of the expenditure.
 Declaration by each of the persons in Form INC.15
Taxation and FCRA registration for a NGO

Many NGOs feel that they are immune to all form of taxation, as they exist as a not
for profit entity, this however is only a myth. The following section talks about
important sections that offer tax exemptions to a NGO and also tax deductions to
donors.

Section 11 and 12 of the Income- Tax Act 1961: These are the most important
sections of Income tax for Religious and Charitable trusts. The taxation of trusts
formed with the objective of providing relief to the underprivileged, work for
environment, general public benefit, religious purpose, etc fall under this section.
The section defines what part of Income of such trust is taxable and what is
exempt. The Income can be derived from capital gain from the assets of the Trust,
its activities, or from donations.

Section 12AA of the new Income Tax act defines how a trust can register under
these sections. An application is to be made using form 10A along with relevant
documents to the Income Tax Commissioner. This is one time registration and to
avail Tax exemption, NGO needs to register under section 12 A.
Section 80 G: Donations made to a NGO registered under section 80 G are
permissible for 50% deduction from the taxable income of the donation made for
such a person or an organization making the donation.

e.g. If a Person makes a donation of Rs. 100 to an organization with 80 G

registration then the person can avail Rs. 50 as deduction from his/her taxable
income (not to be confused with Income Tax).

80 G is a onetime registration and can be done using form 10 G. The application is

made to the Income Tax commissioner who has jurisdiction over such an
organization.

The following are the document lists required for registration under 12A and 80G;

1. Dully filled in Form – 10A for registration u/s 12A registration and 10G for
80G registration.
2. Registration Certificate and MOA /Trust Deed (two copies – self attested by
NGO head)
3. NOC from Landlord (from registered office)
4. A Copy of PAN card of your NGO
5. Photocopy of Electricity Bill / House tax Receipt /Water Bill
6. Evidence of welfare activities carried out & Progress Report since inception
or last 3 years
7. Books of Accounts, Balance Sheet & ITR (if any), since inception or last
3years
8. List of major donors along with their address and PAN
9. List of governing body or board of trustees members with their contact details
10. Original RC and MOA /Trust Deed for verification
11. Any other document or affidavit / undertaking, if extra information is by the
Income Tax department

Section 35 AC: To encourage businesses and corporate houses to donate for

specific approved social welfare projects, a tax incentive has been produced under
35AC of the Income Tax Act. This section offers full deduction of the entire
amount paid by business for financing particular schemes or projects. There is no
limitation for the donor to donate under section 35 AC.

Trust-

Trust is defined in section 3 of the Trust Act, 1882 as ” an obligation annexed to

the ownership of property and arising out of a confidence reposed in and accepted
by the owner, or declared and accepted by him, for the benefit of another or of
another and the owner. To put it in simpler words a trust is the safe keeper of a
property for the transfer of a property by the owner to another for the benefit of a
third person along with or without himself or a declaration by the owner, to hold
the property not for him but for the other.

Trusts are created when the settler of the property transfers property or provides
benefits for the welfare of beneficiaries or for the usage of public purposes. A trust
formed with the aim to utilize the assets of the Trust to attain well being of public
at large and promote a charitable cause is called a Public Charitable trust. Such
trust do not have a fixed beneficiary, but the public in large, generally demarcated
with common trait. E.g. for a Public trust located in a city the beneficiary may be
the illiterate kids in the slums of the city.

Different states in India have different Trusts Acts in force, which govern the trusts
in that particular state. In case a state does not have a Trusts Act, the general
principles of the Indian Trusts Act 1882 are applied. The other relevant acts are
Religious Endowment Act, 1863, Charitable & Religious Trust Act, 1920 and The
Bombay Public Trust Act, 1950. A Trust deed needs to be made by the Author for
the creation of a Trust. It can be then registered under any of the Trust Act being
practiced in the State. Commonly registration under Indian Trust Act of 1988 is
recommended and practiced.

The following are the Major elements of the trust;

  Author or Settler: One who forms the trust and transfers under irrevocable
arrangement the property and its future benefits to the trust.
 Trustee: A body of Individuals who undertake the management and
safekeeping of Trust and its property.
 Beneficiary: People who will benefit from the trust.
 Asset or property
 Objective of the Trust
 Trust Deed, defining all relationships, responsibilities, rights, terms and
conditions.

Non – Profit organizations-

The word NGO in India refers to an entity that remains once Government and
Business are removed from the framework. These entities work towards the
general betterment of the society and function as small units which fill the gaps at
places where Government can’t reach effectively and business cannot be done with
meaningful returns.

The term Non Government Organization or NGO is used as an umbrella to cover

all legal entities that seek charitable and philanthropic funds towards betterment of
society without the motive to derive profit from it. However there is no such legal
entity as a NGO. It can either be a Trust, a Society or a Section 25 Company. It is
important that we understand the legal framework of an NGO and the important
tax benefits available to an NGO.

To start with let us understand the key features of Non Profit Organizationsin
India.

 They are independent of the state.

 These are self governed by a board of trustees, governing council or group of
individuals
 Main objective is towards betterment of the society and wellbeing of the
community at large.
  Profit generation is not their principal goal.
 They impact education, arts, poverty, medicine, environment and other areas
that are not sustainable through a for-profit business model.
 Exist as a trust, society or a section 8 company.
The guide has two sections, the first section deals with registration procedures
while the second section talks about important tax related regulations.

Registration of a NGO

There are three ways through which a NGO can register itself as a legal entity in
India;

1. Trust
2. Society
3. Section 8 Company (same as section 25 Company under Indian Companies
act 1956)

Structure of Social Welfare Administration : Service Providers,

Administrative structures (Government and Non - Government),
Organization and Management of Institutional Welfare Services-

Service Providers and Administrative structures (Government and Non -

Government)-

Social Welfare Organisations-

There is no denying the fact that welfare state in the modern sense with its specific
characteristics of social and economic security and guarantee of a basic minimum
originated in developed countries like Britain,Germany,United States of America
and Scandanvian countries in the early twentieth century with Britain having the
credit of being the pioneer in social welfare and an ideal welfare state, yet of other
countries including the developing countries have their own fascinating accounts
of genesis ,development and growth, of social welfare in India

Social Welfare and its manifestations in the form of social services, social reform,
social security etc have come to be prominently used in the twentieth century but
social welfare in it’s the desire of people to help one another, in times of need and
stress of the world. But scientifically social welfare, service agency consists of an
organizational structure. The structure includes staff at various levels, committee
arrangements, board structure, chain of command and other factors related to
agency framework.

Service Agency-

‘social work agency’ may be used as generic term for all agencies within which
social work is practiced, it is relevant to bear in mind that many of these have
much broader purpose to serve than the provision of social work service to the
clients.

A local authority social services department on the other hand would be more
accurately described as a social service agency, within which social work services
are implemented but which is also required to serve socially determined purposes
much wider then social Work itself. Planning Commission is the chief instrument
for translating into practice the constitutional provisions relating to welfare state.

Structure & Role-

(a) Service to clients:

These agencies are essentially service organizations which by definition produce

services not goods. The main features are as follows:

All agencies have human as their major resource in the form of specialist
personnel through whom services reach clients and without whom these can be no
service.
 i. The service function of all agencies as a whole demands a broader and longer
term approach to the meeting of the need.

ii. There are difficulties in selecting objective of agencies, setting standards of

performance or of output and evaluating the work both of individuals and of
organization as a whole. iii. All agencies have an in built conflict between formal
or bureaucratic methods of operation.

(b)Service based on values:

the service to the client is based on values which include respect for growth, for
freedom of access to right in general and for professional freedom as a value in
itself.

(c) Democratic and professional authority:

in these agencies authority of professional knowledge and skills assume

significance. Traditional bureaucratic authority is unsuited to these agencies. Thus,
the administrator should exercise authority democratically and professionally.

Classification of Agencies Statutory or Governmental Agency-

This agency has following characteristic features:

1. This agency operates under the mandate of a legislative enactment.

2. This enactment frames rules and regulations for the functioning of agency.

3. This type of agency implements public policy.

4. This agency is subject to the impact of major changes in structure and function
over which they have no control.

5. These changes are politically motivated and have been implemented nationally.

6. The executive head of agency remains a statutorily constituted service cadre by

Government.
7. The executive head of agency remains responsible for the functions of agency as
well as his/her functioning towards Government and for meeting the statutory
obligations.

8. The executive head works as per sanctions of Government department under the
strict system of financial control.

9. This type of agency contains bureaucratic structures of local government which

has political overtones also.

Non Statutory Of Voluntary Agency-

Non statutory or voluntary agency is an organization having ‘voluntariness’ and

freedom from external control. The definitions are as follows: Bourdillon.
Voluntary agency is an organization “initiated and governed by its own members
without external control”

M.R. Malkani: “A voluntary agency is an organization, whether its workers are

paid or unpaid, initiated or governed by its own members without external
control”.

V.M. Kulkarni: “A voluntary worker is someone who gave unpaid services to a

good values and the group who was formed the running of good cause, came to be
known as voluntary organization”.

D. Paul Chaudhury: “A voluntary agency is a group of persons who have

organized themselves as a legal corporate body. It is initiated spontaneously and
governed by its own members without external control or compulsion. It has a
definite program in fulfillment of its objectives with the funds raised by it from the
community and grants received from government, if any” .

The following characteristics can be chalked out from above definitions:

1. Voluntary agency is a group of people.

2. It is established and maintained by private resources.

3. It can receive grants in aid from the government.

4. It has a definite objectives and program.

5. It provides services to people on non profit no loss basis.

6. It is an organization based on some legal enactment.

Thus a voluntary agency is an organization developed and maintained by private

resources irrespective of getting grants in aid form government organizations and
establishments.

Voluntary Agency in Social Welfare-

Understanding of voluntary agency organization strives of r knowing the following

concepts:

Voluntarism: for the welfare and development of the people and society, a spirit
of action carried on by person or group of persons or a community. It has
institutionalized set of principles to give services to the people at large.

Volunteering: An innate human characteristic having its impact differently on

different persons.

Volunteer:A person (male or female, belonging to any religion, caste, creed,

having any kind of life styles) serves fellow being either independently or with an
organization agency, full time or part time basis, engaged in long,short term
activities. The person can serve with free will for different kinds of activities.

Voluntary action: The action or set of actions initiated by the volunteer. It may be
formal and informal. Formal voluntary action may be in the form of organization
but not restricted to voluntary organization. Voluntary organization is formalized
and legalized while voluntary actions can be in formal or informal shape.

Role of Voluntary Agency in Social Welfare-

According to study team on social welfare and welfare of backward classes, 1959,
“the importance of role of voluntary organizations in a social welfare plan can be
accessed on the basis of fundamental considerations. In the first place, there is an
aspect of people’s participation in the planning and execution of a national plan
launched by a democratic government.”

According to seminar on social administration in developing countries, 1964

suggests the following services which can be rendered by voluntary organization.
1. Organizing and operating social welfare program.

2. Perceiving and publishing the changing social needs of community.

3. Creating public opinion in favor of progressive social legislation.

4. Pioneering new services which statutory authorities are slow in recognizing.

5. Experimenting with new techniques in bringing about changes in traditional

attitudes or in organizing social services.

6. Stimulating civic consciousness and public participation and enlisting voluntary

assistance to improve state or voluntary services.

Thus, in the field of social welfare, voluntary organizations are involved in the
welfare, development and empowerment of weaker sections of society. In the
area of welfare and social development these organizations are involved in the
following activities:

1. Educational activities such as organizing adult literacy and non formal

education centers, mobile libraries, libraries in the communities, running of crèche,
coaching centers, condensed courses for girls, balwadis, anganwadis, schools,
Page100 organizing camps on environment and ecology, discussions on issues
related to human rights, social justice, health, nutrition, family planning, etc.

2. Training and skill enhancement activities for farmers, artisans, cooperative

workers, youth, grass root workers of different departments etc.

3. Health programs,activities such as organization of immunization and nutrition

services, availability of safe ad potable drinking water, organization of games,
sports and recreational programs, as well as health and sanitation campaigns
including blood donation, eye care, Medicare etc.

4. Formation of cooperatives, children and youth clubs, beneficiary and target

groups, women’s organization etc. Rendering positive contribution in Pacnchayati
Raj Institutions.
 5. Environmental and ecological activities consisting of a forestation, campaigns
against pollution and waste of natural resources; legal education and awareness as
well as generation of awareness for the conservation and protection of ecology and
environment.

In the area of economic development, these organizations play an important

role in the following activities:

1. Land and soil activities such as redistribution of land holdings, soil testing, soil
conservation and reclamation, etc.

2. Irrigation and agricultural activities such as construction, depending and

desalting of tanks and wells, sinking of tube wells and other water resources, lift
irrigation, construction of small reservoirs and bundies, supply of agricultural
equipments, goods carriers, repair of equipments, etc.

3. Activities of khadi and village industries which include spinning, weaving,

paper making, oil ghani, basket making, rope making, tailoring and embroidery,
brick kiln, lime making, clay pipe making, bone made fertilizer, leather work,
carpentry, printing, sericulture, etc.

4. Activities such as dairy, poultry, piggery, fisheries, sheep rearing, cattle

breeding etc. strengthening of veterinary services, development of grasslands, etc.

5. Development of orchards, nurseries, community and social forestry, wasteland,

etc.

6. Activities related to food preservation, food processing etc.

Organization and Management of Institutional Welfare Services-

The United Nations Department of Social Welfare has broadly defined social
welfare ‘as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not
merely the amelioration of specific social evils .Prof Friedlander defines the
objective of social welfare as “to secure for each human being the economic
necessities, a high standard or health and decent living conditions, equal
opportunities with his fellow citizens, and the highest possible degree of self-
respect rights to others.

Thus social welfare is a very wide concept .However, in under –developed

countries like India ,strictly speaking ,the social welfare activities principally
concern themselves with under-privileged groups ,the neglected areas ,the
vulnerable sections of the community and those which are laboring under physical
and moral handicaps .The backward class have for a time remain objects of special
care .he needs and difficulties of women and children also must receive constant
consideration not merely because they occupy a vulnerable position but because
they constitute the most vital elements of the community .

When the Planning Commission was working ,it has rightly observed the
developmental and observed ‘Though the aims of social welfare are wider in scope
and social welfare is concerned with the well-being of the entire community and
not only of particular sections of the population which may be handicapped in one
way or another ,yet due to the limitation of financial resources available and
resources which can be spared for social services, lack of trained personnel and of
organization developed to social welfare and lack of reliable data pertaining to
social services ,lack of trained personnel and of organizations devoted to social
welfare and lack of reliable data pertaining to social problems limit the immediate
objects of social welfare services to group which are in a vulnerable position or
need special assistance.

CENTRAL SOCIAL WELFARE BOARD (CSWB) Center involvement for

social welfare directing all the states-

Establishment of Social Welfare Agencies-

Social Services to be effective should establish direct contact between the social
service agency and the beneficiaries’ .This can be achieved by community
originations and the community must provide initiate and leadership from within
itself ultimately. The resources of the state are limited and the villagers must
realize the basic principles of self-help for the attainment of individual as well as
community well – being. Thus in social welfare programmes in community project
area the basic idea of self –help is to be utilized to the maximum possible extent.

“The Central Social Welfare Board “ which was set up in 1953 interalia to
provide technical advice and guidance and financial support through grant-in-aid to
voluntary organizations all over the country .Soon after the Board was established
,the need to have organizations at the state level to implement the programmes of
the Board was felt . The Board found it difficult to assess the exact working of the
voluntary social welfare organizations scattered all over the country which it
wanted to assist the related state boards. It functioned as an autonomous body
which was part of administrative set up of the government. Structure: The main
features of this “Social Organization” carrying the following structure.

1. The organisation carries a head as called “Chairperson”.

2. There are 58 Members called as General Body.

3. It has Executive Body also which have 16 members.

4. The composition of General Body of CSWB is as follows.

(i) Chairperson, CSWB

(ii) All Chairpersons of State Social Welfare Board consists 33 members

(iii) Parliament Representatives (3 Members)

(iv) Five Professionals (Selectively from Law, Medicine, Social Work, Education,
Social Development)

(v) Three eminent persons with extensive experience of social work.

(VI) Representative from Ministries, Departments of Government of India.

Present Programme Available:

1.Awareness Generation Camp for Rural &Poor Women

2. Condensed Course of Education for Women

3. Rajiv Gandhi National Crèche Scheme

4. Family Counseling Centre

5. Short Stay Home

6. Integrated Scheme for Women’s Empowerment or North Eastern Region

Social Welfare Administration in State Context-

Due to organizational decentralization the government of India vested power to

State Governments and Union Territory to implement social welfare programmes
for the local developments of weaker sections. The centrally sponsored schemes
well distributed its services for the socially and economically weaker sectioned
people. The beneficiaries are children, women, scheduled castes, tribes, backward
classes, disabled, destitute and aged people. The various programmes and
planning’s for these sections well reflected in state welfare. A large number of
states have given similar social welfare methods regarding implementation of
central government schemes. If we look out the operational structure we observed
the following features.

1) It may be Central government or State government; practical welfare planning’s

conducted by bureaucracy or civil servants. These officers are expert
administrators of the countries and practical developments worked out under their
efficient hands.

2) It has normally headed by a cabinet.

3) The civil servants or the secretaries guided the ministers or the people
representatives as they are coming for a limited period.

4) It is not the ministers rather secretaries or IAS holders who are planned or
implemented various schemes for peoples development .

5) The Directorate carries the responsibility or headed by Chief Secretary

6) Each secretary carries a department and to execute work staffs are appointed
from time to time .
7) The Directorate or the bureau of various departments carried by IAS officers has
also Divisional Offices at district level . Normally at district level the responsibility
assigned to District Collector .He is carrying the official positions or chief of the
district administration.

8) A District has divided into Sub Divisions or in government level SDO’s are
responsible for the Sub Division administration.

9) At the bottom of the organization BDO in Block level and Panchayt’s are
working in the grass root level to implement governmental developmental policies.
10)But social work student should remember the administration is never be
responsible they are the executing organs of lines or staffs of organizations’.

At District Level Administration-

District Social Welfare Officer at each district level assisted by Programme

Officer of District ICDS Cell, Sub-Divisional Social Welfare Officer CDPO and
SEO/LSEO who are posted in 314 Blocks. Below the administrative channel there
are Sector Level Workers those who are responsible for various sectors .There is
one supervisor for twenty to twenty five Anganwadi Centers.

Components of Administration: Planning, Coordination, Staff Recruitment,

Training and Development, Recording and Documentation, Budgeting,
Monitoring and Evaluation, Networking and Maintaining Pubic Relations.

Planning-

It is primary preparation of the beginning of every action. It is an inherent part of individual and
co-operative or collective endeavour. For an example the politician’s plan for their winning in
elections and for it they will prepare the team or associating the members of their party and
preparing the strategy of winning. Similar to the Social Work observed the social problem and its
consistency to an area or examine by survey method and plan to set up organisational work
related to it. More less the following Social Scientists generally gives their views regarding the
term “Planning”.

Characteristics of Planning-
The following characteristics of planning may be defined:

(I) Planning is closely associated with the goals of the organisation. These goals might be
implicit or explicit; however, well defined goals lead to efficient planning.

(II)Planning is primarily concerned with looking into the future .It requires of fututure
forecasting.

(III) Planning involves selection of the best alternatives to achieve in the organisation.

(IV) Planning is comprehensive and includes every course of action in the organisation.

(V) Planning is flexible as it is concerned with future conditions which are dynamic.

Planning Process-

Planning is conscious and deliberate effort. It is rational and determined approach to the achievement
of an objective .It is not the result of chance and cannot be acquired in a “fit of absent –mindedness “. In
the words of Pfinner and Presthus’Planning is rational because it demands a systematic analysis of
several possible means and ends, followed by a selection of those means thought best suited to the
designated end. Planning is integrative and comprehensive in Page25 nature. It is an attempt at
coordination, integration and systematization of efforts for the achievement of set of objectives.
According to Seckler-Hudson, the steps are:

1. A careful definition and limitation of the problems as far as possible.

2. The exploration of all available information pertaining to the problem.

3. The posing of possible alternative solutions or methods of solving the problems.

4. The experimenting of one or more tentative solutions through actual operations.

Coordination-

Co-ordination is the unification, integration, synchronization of the efforts of group members so as to

provide unity of action in the pursuit of common goals. It is a hidden force which binds all the other
functions of management. According to Mooney and Reelay, “Co-ordination is orderly arrangement
of group efforts to provide unity of action in the pursuit of common goals”.

Coordination has both positive and negative connotations. Positively, it means bringing about
cooperation and team work among the persons and units of an organisation. Negatively, it means
removing conflicts, inconsistencies, friction, overlapping, and working at cross purposes among
persons or units of an organization.

Staff Recruitment-
For an Organization good and efficient staffs are necessary .In organizational work it is called as
‘Staff Agency” .Bust the term “Staff” is not as simple as we think .The word came from a
selective sources. Commonly speaking staffs are the field soldiers or field workers who are
carrying the responsibilities. Students have to remember the following lines for their clean
understanding of “Staff Agency”.

Staffing refers to the filling and keeping filled positions in the organization structure through identifying
workforce requirements, inventorying the people available. Recruiting, selecting, placing, promoting,
appraising, planning the carrier, compensating and training or otherwise developing both candidates
and current job holders to accomplish their tasks effectively and efficiently. In social work
administration, staffing is a major administrative process involving social welfare organization/agency in
order to locate and obtain staff and maintain its working and its separation form organization.

The following functions are to be observed by Staff:

Planning:

 Making appropriate plans for the implementation of administrative policies.

 Preparation for solution the problems at various levels of organization.
 Stipulated programmes for completion of work.
 Creating efficiency.

Coordination:

 Proper coordination the functions of subordinate authorities.

 Prepare successful coordination of plan.

Programming:

 Making programming for implementing administrative policies.

Research:

 Continuous research and innovation for enhancing efficiency

 Controlling Responsibility is established in the implementation of policies.

Organization:

 Establishment of mutual relationships among different staff members.

 Authority is exercised and transferred.
 Boundaries of responsibility are established.
 Supervision:

 The behavior of members of organization is made static.

 Morale of subordinate employees is boosted. Generate interest in work.

Documentation:

 Writing of organizational functions, behaviors, achievements and problems.

 Officer gets initiative form the organization.
 Restructuring failures and meeting the problems.
 Cooperation is established through information sharing.
 Other organizations also take interest.

Reporting:

 This makes top officers familiar of actions and progress.

 It brings out problems and success of organization.

Training and development-

Training and development describes the formal, ongoing efforts that are made within organizations to
improve the performance and self-fulfillment of their employees through a variety of educational
methods and programs. In the modern workplace, these efforts have taken on a broad range of
applications—from instruction in highly specific job skills to long-term professional development. In
recent years, training and development has emerged as a formal business function, an integral element
of strategy, and a recognized profession with distinct theories and methodologies.

Recording and Documentation-

Social workers keep records to demonstrate accountability to their agencies, clients,

communities, and profession. They also record to enhance practice and support a variety of
administrative functions. This entry describes the history of recordkeeping in social work, and
identifies important contributions to its development. The author discusses current issues
related to computerization, wide access to sensitive personal information in records, and privacy
legislation. The entry also outlines the characteristics of good records, those that meet the
complex demands of contemporary practice. Documentation establishes accountability and
evidence of the services provided.
Budgeting-