INAPPETENCE

Partial loss of
appetite. Partial
anorexia.
ANOREXIA

Complete loss of
appetite. Disinterest
in food.
DYSPHAGIA

Difficulty in
swallowing due to
oral, pharyngeal, or
esophageal
problems.
 PRIMARY
POLYPHAGIA

Increased activity of
the feeding center
and inhibited satiety
center.
SECONDARY
POLYPHAGIA

Due to negative
caloric balance or
increased metabolic
rate.
PICA

The craving of non-

food substances.
PTYALISM OR
HYPERSALIVATION

Excessive production
of saliva. Due to oral
lesions or CNS
disorder.
PSEUDOPTYALISM

Dribbling of saliva that has

accumulated in the oral
cavity.
REGURGITATION

Passive retrograde
passage of food or
fluid from the
esophagus into the
oral or nasal cavity.
VOMITING

Forceful ejection of
food or fluid through
the mouth from the
stomach and
occasionally the
proximal duodenum.
An active process.
HEMATEMESIS

Vomiting with blood.

DIARRHEA

Increase in volume or
fluidity of feces or
increased frequency
of defecation.
CONSTIPATION

Absent, infrequent,
or difficult defecation
associated with
retention of feces
within the colon and
rectum.
OBSTIPATION

Condition of
prolonged or
intractable
constipation resulting
in severe impaction
throughout the colon
and rectum.
TENESMUS

A clinical sign
characterizing an
animal straining to
defecate.
HEMATOCHEZIA

Passage of fresh
blood in the anus.
MELENA

Passage of black
stools containing
digested blood.
DYSCHEZIA

Difficult or painful
evacuation of feces
from the rectum and
usually associated
with lesions in or
near the anal region.
 FECAL
INCONTENENCE

Failure of voluntary
control of the anal
sphincters with
involuntary passage
of feces and flatus.
FLATULENCE

The anal passage of

intestinal gas.
BORBORYGMUS

Rumbling noise
caused by the
propulsion of gas
through the
gastrointestinal tract.
COUGH

A sudden, forceful
expiratory response
to irritating stimuli
situated in the
tracheobronchial
tree.
HEMOPTYSIS

Coughing blood.
Direct injury of the
pulmonary or
tracheobronchial
blood vessels.
DYSPNEA

Difficult or labored
breathing commonly
associated with
cardiac or pulmonary
disease.
SNEEZING

A protective reflex
described as a
sudden, involuntary,
and forceful, even
violent, expulsion of
air from the upper
respiratory tract.
RETCHING

The action of
vomiting that is not
productive or does
not produce vomit.
POLYURIA

The formation and

excretion of large
amount of urine
usually of low specific
gravity.
POLYDIPSIA

Increased thirst
resulting in the
consumption of
increased volume of
fluid.
URINARY
INCONTINENCE

The lack of normal

ability to prevent
discharge of urine
from the bladder.
OLIGURIA

Is reduced amount of
urine production and
output in relation to
fluid intake.
ANURIA

Is the failure of the

kidney to produce
urine.
DYSURIA

Painful or difficult
urination.
HEMATURIA

The presence of
blood in the urine
indicative of upper or
lower urinary tract
bleeding.
HEMOGLOBINURIA

The presence of
hemoglobin in the
urine.
MYOGLOBINURIA
Characterized by brown
to dark red urine, the
absence of RBCs in the
urine sediment, and a
positive finding on
testing for occult blood.
STRANGURIA

Straining or hesitancy
prior to or after
micturition.
POLLAKIURIA

Increased frequency
of urination.
NOCTURIA

The urge or need to

urinate at night.
ENURESIS

The unconscious
leakage of urine from
sleeping animal.
PRURITUS

An unpleasant,
sometimes intense,
epidermal
stimulation that
causes abnormally
frequent scratching
or biting.
PAPULES

Circumscribed, solid
elevation of skin with
no visible fluid,
varying in area from
a pinhead to 1 cm.
PUSTULES

A small elevation of
the skin containing
cloudy or purulent
material (pus).
WHEAL

A patch on the skin

that is elevated,
discolored, changes
shape, and often
itches.
PLAQUES

They are raised red

patches covered with
a whitish build-up of
dead skin cells called
scale.
ALOPECIA

The loss or absence

of hair coat in any
amounts or any
distribution.
ICTERUS/JAUNDICE

A yellow
discoloration of
tissue especially akin,
mucous membranes,
and sclera.
PALLOR

Pale color of the

mucus membrane.
CYANOSIS

It refers to the bluish

discoloration of the
skin and mucus
membrane.
HYPEREMIA

Increased volume of
blood in an affected
tissue.
CONGESTION

Marked increase in flow or

an increase in blood
volume but with a
reduction in flow due to
high cardiac filling
pressures and/or high
pulmonary vascular
pressures (a stasis like
condition).

ERYTHEMA

Redness of the skin or

mucus membranes
caused by hyperemia.
POLYCYTHEMIA

Increase in
hemoglobin
concentration, total
RBC and PCV.
ATAXIA

The loss of
coordination without
spasticity, paresis, or
involuntary
movement.

COMA
A state of complete
reversible or
irreversible
unconsciousness that
can result from
neurologic and
nonneurologic disease.

SEIZURE

Seizures most
frequently manifest
as involuntary jerking
movements of the
head, face and/or
limbs.

CONVULSION/FIT
A seizure may also be
called a convulsion or fit,
referring to a temporary
involuntary disturbance of
normal brain function that
is usually accompanied by
uncontrollable muscle
activity.

EPILEPSY

The term epilepsy is

used to describe
recurrent seizures
that arise due to an
abnormality in the
brain.

PARESIS

Deficit in voluntary
movement/partial
voluntary motor
paralysis.

PLEGIA

Complete voluntary
motor paralysis.
ASCITES

The distension of the

abdomen with fluids.
EMACIATION

Is a serious usually
chronic and
progressive condition
characterized by
significant body
weight loss.

CACHEXIA
Term used to describe
the end-stage of
emaciation.

BLINDNESS
Inability to perceive
visual stimuli.

PHOTOPHOBIA
Sensitivity to light.

PROPTOSIS
Anterior displacement
of the eye.

EXOPHTHALMOS
Severe proptosis or
endocrine- related
proptosis.

BUPHTHALMOS
Enlargement of the
eyeball.

ENOPHTHALMOS
The posterior
displacement of the
eye.

MICROPHTHALMOS
A severe developmental
disorder of the eye in
which one or both eyes
are abnormally small
and have anatomic
malformations.

PHTHISIS BULBI
End-stage eye disease
characterized by
shrinkage and
disorganization of the
eye with the resultant
functional loss.

STRABISMUS
A condition in which
both eyes do not look at
the same place at the
same time.

ENTROPION
Inward rolling of the
eyelid.
ECTROPION

Outward turning of the

eyelid.
CHERRY EYE

Prolapse of the third

eyelid or nictitans.
CORNEAL OPACITY

Scarring or clouding of
the cornea.

HYPHEMA
The presence of blood
within the aqueous
fluid of the anterior
chamber.
HYPOPYON

A collection of white
blood cells or pus in
the anterior of the
eye.
AQUEOUS FLARE

An optical
phenomenon based
on light scattering
within the anterior
chamber of the eye.
HALITOSIS
an offensive odor coming
from the mouth. Halitosis
can be caused by bacteria
associated with plaque or
tartar. Decomposing food
particles retained within
periodontal pockets.
GLAUCOMA

Occurs when there is

an imbalance in
production and
drainage of fluid in
the eye (aqueous
humor).
OTITIS

inflammation of the
external ear canal
and is a common
problem in dogs and
cats.
STRIDOR

Audible wheezing
and is associated
with restriction to
airflow, usually at the
level of the larynx.
DYSTOCIA

the difficulty in
passing the fetus
through the pelvic
canal, is a common
small animal
emergency.
ABORTION

All cases where the

pregnancy
terminates early, and
the foetus is expulsed
are called abortions.
METRITIS

Often associated with

retention of fetal
membranes or
trauma to the uterus
during dystocia, and
it may lead to
infertility.
DERMATOPHILOSIS

A bacterial skin
infection affecting
multiple species of
animals world-wide.
STUPOR

An animal is
unconscious but can
be aroused with very
strong external
stimulus.
FEVER

Fever, the regulation

of body temperature
at an elevated level,
is a common
response to infection.
DEPRESSION

These behaviors
typically involve
unusually low activity
or reduced interest in
pleasurable activities.
HYPOTRICHOSIS

the presence of less

hair than normal.
LAMENESS

occurs when an
animal has leg or
foot pain that affects
how they move.
DEHYDRATION
Dehydration in animals
is potentially life-
threatening. More than
just thirst, dehydration
is medically defined as
low circulating blood
volume.
VESICLES

A vesicular disease is
a disease that usually
produces a fever and
fluid filled vesicles.
Small blisters <5mm.
BULLA

A larger blister >5mm

in diameter.
BLISTER

A painful skin
condition where fluid
fills a space between
layers of skin.
 CLINICAL
MANIFESTATION OF
DISEASE IN THE
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
 CLINICAL
MANIFESTATION OF
DISEASE IN THE
NERVOUS SYSTEM
 CLINICAL
MANIFESTATION OF
DISEASE IN THE
INTEGUMENT
 CLINICAL
MANIFESTATION OF
DISEASE IN THE
URINARY SYSTEM
 CLINICAL
MANIFESTATION OF
DISEASE IN THE
EAR, EYE &
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
 CLINICAL
MANIFESTATION OF
DISEASE IN THE
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM