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심입 중간고사 최최종 정리본 - 심입 국제어 족보

심리학입문 (Sungkyunkwan University)

Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university

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Week 1. Chapter 1
1.Structuralism(구성주의)- Wilhelm Wundt, Edward Titchener

Identify the basic parts, or structure, of the conscious mind

2.Functionalism(기능주의) –William James, Charles Darwin

Describe how the conscious mind aids adaptation to an

environment.

3.Psychoanalytic theory(정신분석학)- Sigmund Freud

Understand how unconscious thought cause psychological

disorders.

Unconscious mind really is the motivator of our behavior.

Purpose 를 연구!! Focus on Why and What

4.Gestalt psychology(게슈탈트 심리학) –Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Kohler

study subjective perceptions as a unifed whole

5.Behaviorism(행동주의) – John B. Watson , B.F. Skinner

Describe behavior in response to environmental stimuli

6.Humanistic psychology(인본주의 심리학) – Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers

Investigate how people become happier and more fulfilled; focus on

the basic goodness of people. Free will!!

7.Cognitive psychology(인지 심리학) – George Miller, Ulric Neisser

Explore internal mental processes that influence behavior.

Scientific methods 강조, Brain 에 관심

Levels of analysis- Biological, Individual, Social, Cultural

Institutional review boards (IRBS, 생명윤리위원회)

Privacy, confidentiality: 참가자 정보 비밀로, informed consent: 어떤연구인지

말해주고 참여는 자발적으로 받아야함. , protection from harm

Cycle of the Scientific Method –

Focus on a 8.theory->State a 9.hypothesis -> Test with a research

method -> 10.Analyze the data. ->Report results and embark on further
inquiry.

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<Types of Reseach methods> –

11.Descriptive methods: provides systematic and objective description of

what is occurring.

12.Corrleational methods: positive(+) or negative(-) relation -> Does NOT

show 13.Causuation

14Experimental method: establish cause and effect relationship(IV and

DV)

Manipulate 15.independent variable.

16.Random assignment: allocate people into different conditions of the
experiment(이미 실험 참가 오케이 한 사람들 대상으로 실험에 관한 조작가함.)

17.Random sample: Select people from population. (실험 전 실험참여 사람모

집)

<The subfields of psychology>

Specialty areas.

18.Cognitive psychology
Conduct research on learning, cognition, memory, reasoning processes,
problem-solving, decision-making, language. Etc.
19.Social psychology

How people relate from one another

The study of how people’s think, fell, behave in social settings and relate
to and influence one another.
Self, social judgment inference, attitudes, persuasion, motivation,
emotion, behavior within and between groups, helping , aggression ,
interpersonal attraction.

20.Developmental psychology
Psysical, cognitive, social and personality development across one’s
lfespan
Industrial & organizational psychology

Personnel selection, placement and training, leadership

21.Clinical psychology

Helps people mental illness and function well

22.Counseling psychology

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Focuses on helping people who have adjustment problems that are usual
not as severe as the kinds of problems treated by clinical psychologists.
(educational, social relations, career adjustment, family problems)

They are 56 division of psychology

Week 2
2. The Role of Biology in Psychology
Nervous system
Central nervous system Peripheral nervous system
중추신경계 말초신경계

Brain Spinal Somatic Autonomic nervous system

Cord(척수) nervous 자율신경계
system
체성신경계 Sympathetic Parasympat
nervous hetic
system nervous
교감신경계 system
부교감신경계

Neuron structure.
Three steps of neural communication:

1. Transmission-> Reception->. Integration

Each neurotransmitter has either 2.excitatory or 3.inhibitory effects on the

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postsynaptic neuron.

Presynaptic= Before the synapse Postsynaptic= After the synapse

4. Action potential = 활동전위 is the neural impulse that travels along the
axon and then causes the release of neurotransmitters into the synapse.
And during the action potential, sodium ions continue to enter the neuron
and potassium ions leave the neuron.

5.Myelin sheath : fatty layer that insulates the axon.

<Communication from presynaptic to postsynaptic>

When Action potential arrives end of the axon, the terminal button release
6.neurotransmitters(carries chemical info from presynaptic neuron) ->
attach to 7.receptors(=on postsynaptic neuron that specifically respond to
certain types of neurotransmitters.)

8.Resting state potential begins when the electrical charge inside the
neuron is slightly more negative than the electrical charge outside.

9.Agonist : a substance which initiateds a physiological response when

combined with a receptor.

10.Antagonist: a substance which interferes or inhibits the physiological

response of another.

Neurotransmitter Functions
Acetylcholine Motor control over muscles
attention, memory, learning , and
sleeping
Norepinephrine Arousal and alertness

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Serotonin Emotinal states and impulse

control Dreaming
Dopamine Reward and motivation motor
control over voluntary movement
GABA(gamma- aminobutyric acid Inhibition of action potentials
Anxiety reduction
Intoxication(through alchol)
Glutamate Enhancement of action potentials
Learning and memory
Endorphins Pain reduction Reward

Brain
<Several studies of the brain>

-Early-
Phrenology: Analysis of personality based on the location and size of skull
bumps (뇌의 어느 부분마다 성격과 관련되어 있다고 믿음)

11.Broca’s area: in the left frontal lobe, crucial for producing speech.
-Contemporary-

Electroencephalograph(EEG) : different behavior states produce different

and predictable EEG patterns.

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI): This technique measures

changes in the blood’s oxygen level.

transportation management system (TMS) : This technique uses a very

fast and powerful magnetic field to momentarily disrupt activity in a
specific brain region.

MEDULLA: breathing, heart rate,

other survival mechanisms (숨뇌)
HINDBRAIN PONS: sleep, arousal, left-right
후뇌 body movement coordination (뇌
교)
CEREBELLUM: motor learning,
coordination, balance (소뇌)
MIDBRAIN SUBSTANTIA NIGRA: initiation of
중뇌 voluntary motor activity (흑질)
THALAMUS: sensory information
(except smell) (시상)
HYPOTHALAMUS: regulation of
body functions (e.g., temperature)
FOREBRAIN (SUBCORTICAL and motivation (e.g., hunger,

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STRUCTURES) thirst) (시상하부)

전뇌, 피질하부 HIPPOCAMPUS: formation of new
memories (해마)
AMYGDALA: association of
emotions with experiences (편도체)
BASAL GANGLIA: motor planning
and movement, reward (기저핵)
FOREBRAIN(CORTICAL Occipital Lobes: vision (후두엽)
STRUCTURES) PARIETAL LOBES:touch, spatial
전뇌, 피질 (생물체를 이루는 기관에서 information (두정엽)
겉의 층과 안쪽 층이 기능이나 구조면에 TEMPORAL LOBES: hearing,
서 서로 다를 때 겉의 층을 피질이라 한 memory (측두엽)
다.) FRONTAL LOBES:planning ,
movement, complex thought (전두
엽)

HindBrain-
1.Pons(sleep, arousal), 2.Medulla(herat rate, breathing) 3.Cerebellum
(balance, motor coordination, motor leraning)

Midbrain- 1. Substantia nigra(initiating voluntary movements)

Forebrain Subcortical Structures (subcortex) –

1.Thalamus(sensory gateway for seeing, hearing, etc.) ,
2.Hypothalamus(regulates body functions and motivates behaviors),
3.Hippocampus (formation of memories) , 4.Amygdala (associates motions
with experiences) , 5.Basal ganglia (motor planning and movement,
reward)
Cerebral Cortex- Occipital lobes( vision ) , parietal lobes (touch, spatial
information ), temporal lobes ( hearing, memory) , frontal lobes (planning,
movement, complex thought)

Prefrontal cortex (critical for rational thought).

Phineas Gage, a exlplosion drove the rod into his cheek, thorugh his
frontal lobes, after this explosion , he was “no longer Gage” he could not
get his formans’ job back. He lost the social processes.)

Lobotomy – 전두엽절제술

Hemineglect- is due to right parietal damage and results in contralateral

neglect.

Summary
The hindbrain includes three structures: the medulla, which regulate basic

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survival functions; the pons , which regulates sleep and arousal and
coordinates body movements; and the cerebellum, which is essential for
movement and control of balance.

The midbrain includes the substantia nigra, which is responsible for

initiating voluntary motor activity.

Together, the five 12.subcortical structure of the forebrain control

memory formation, emotions, and motivated behaviors.

The four lobes of the forebrain and associated 13.cortical areas are
responsible for the most complex processing.

Somatic(인체의) Nervous system

14.Autonomic nervous system- automatically regulates the body’s internal
environment. It has two divisions: 15.sympathetic nervous system and
16.parasympathetic nervous system.
15.Sympathetic division of the nervous system prepares the body for
action 위기예방

16.Parasympathetic division returns the body to a resting state(에너지보존)

17.Endocrine(내분비) system
Is a communication network that influences thoughts and actions.
Hormones are chemical substances released into the blood stream by
endocrine glands.
Ex. Gonads, androgens and estrogens

Genes
Plasticity - A property of the brain that causes it to change thorugh
experience, drugs ,or injury.(environmental influences)

Monozygotic tiwns (identical)일란성

Dizygotic twins ( fraternal)이란성

Week3 chapter 4
Development across the life span
<Developmental psychology>
- human’s change of conception ~ death, life span
(prenatal/ infancy-childhood/ adolescence/ adulthood)
- both nature & nurture result in changes

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- developmental changes have three domains

1) Physical: brain, hormones, body
2) socio-emotional: understanding ourselves, interaction w/others, emotion
3) cognitive: perceive, think and communicate

➀ Prenatal Development
- 2 cells –> 40weeks (9months) -> born
- Physical
1) Germinal period (배종기) : conception ~ 2weeks

-united cell divides rapidly

2) Embryonic period (배아기) : 2 ~ 8weeks

-brain, spine, major organ, structure begin to form in embryo

3). Fetal period (태아기) : 8weeks ~ birth

-brain developing, body structures refined, fetus grows in length & weight
- Effect of substances
1. Teratogens (기형 유발 물질)

-Environmental harming substances, long term effects, “monster”

-Types of teratogens: Legal drugs(술, 담배, 카페인),Recreational drugs(코카

인, 마리화나), Infections(rublla 풍진, syphilis 매독), Environmental factors(radiation,

mercury)
-Negative effect: Miscarriage(유산), deformities(기형)

-Drugs and alcohol : drugs affect mother & developing human

alcohol cause defects (Ex. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome->가장 위험!!!! )

➁ Infancy and Childhood

- infancy(~24month), childhood(11~14) => great change in three domains
- Physical
1) brain changes
- First, myelinated axons form synapses with other neurons
- Second, synaptic connection refined to preserve important connections

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* infant, child sometimes raised in environments with no brain 자극

2. inborn reflexes (non voluntary)

- rooting reflex : 자극된 방향으로 입을 벌림

- sucking reflex : 빨려고 함

- grasping reflex : 움켜잡으려고 함

3. motor skills(voluntary)
- maturation: physical development that prepare infants for voluntary
movement
(ex. Rolling over, sitting and walking)
- child achieve developmental milestones differently, depending the culture
4. sensory development
- infants obtain information from hear, see, smell, taste, perceiving touch
- some of the abilities are more fully developed at birth:
(1) 2 hours old infants prefer sweet tastes
(2) when infants are born, they can hear well
(3) newborns have poor vision
- Socio-emotional
5. Early attachment (애착)

- fundamental need to form strong connections with caregivers

- 1950 psychologist believed: the needed care is getting food from mother
- Harlow’s monkey attachment experiment
: milk mother < comfort soft mother
6. Separation anxiety (분리불안)

- 8 to 12 months
- occurs in all human cultures
Strange-situation test
- reaction, when the mother leaves her with stranger and when she returns
7. Secure attachment: distressed(l), quickly comforted(r) 60~65%
8. Avoidant attachment(insecure): not distressed(l), avoids the caregivers(r) 10-15%
9. Ambivalent attachment(insecure): inconsolably upset(l), seek & reject caring(r)

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20-25%
-Cognitively
- Self-recognition: who they are, mirror
10.Theory of mind: understanding others have different minds and
intentions
=> sophisticated thinking
11.Piaget’s theory: how children’s thinking changes
- schema & ways of thinking of how the world works => change how we think
- 12.Assimilation(동화): new information => existing frameworks

- 13.Accommodation(조절): new information => new frameworks or alter

existing frameworks

2) Piaget’s stages of cognitive development

(1) Sensorimotor stage: birth ~ 2 years

- acquire information through their sense & motor skills

- 14.object permanence(대상영속성)

(2) Preoperational stage: 2 ~ 7 years

- think symbolically

- intuition, superficial appearance > logic

- Centration -> lack of understanding about conservation

- 15.Egocentrism (자기중심성)

(3) Concrete operational stage: 7 ~ 12 years

- logical operations

- no longer fooled by appearance

-16.Law of conservation

(4) Formal operational stage: 12 ~ adulthood -> think through logic

- Language

1) from 0 to 60000 – phonemes(음소), morphemes(형태소), syntax(구문)

- 17.babbling: infants, intentional vocalization, no specific meaning

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- 18.telegraphic speech: toddler, logical syntax, meaning o, missing words,

grammatical markings

- 19.overregularization: young children, use syntax rule where they should

except the rule (배웠지만 잘못 적용 ex.ed 의 사용 -> runed)

➂ Adolescence
- Physical

-Brain puberty (사춘기)

1) onset of puberty

- puberty: physical changes in the body

- secondary sex: not reproduction but dictation of difference of sexes

- primary sex: sexually mature reproductive organs

2) brain changes

- synaptic connection refined, gray matter(지능) increases

- active: frontal cortex < limbic system

- frontal cortex: not fully developed ~20s

- limbic system: motivational and emotional

- Socio-emotional

-Identity (parents & peers)

1) influences

- culture they are raised

- gender

- their beliefs about personal characteristics

2) Unique identity

- Erikson’s 8 stages => 5 stage: adolescents face challenges “how to

develop adult identity”

: 20.identity versus role confusion – face the challenge of figuring out

who they are

3) Ethnic identity

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- shapes much of who we are

- determines identity accepted or rejected

4) parents and peers

- more conflict with parents

- peers play a crucial role

- Cognitive

-Moral emotions: shame, embarrassment, self-conscious emotions

-20.Moral reasoning – Kohlberg’s 3 level

1) preconventional level: self-interest and outcome determine moral

2) conventional level: societal laws and approval of others

3) postconventional level: abstract principles and value of all life

➃ Adulthood
- Physical

- Aging (physical decline)

1) Early to middle adulthood

- 20~40: steady decline in muscle, bone, eye, hearing

2) Transition to old age

- by 2030: more than 1/5 American – over 65 : diverse, well educated,

physically fit

- the body and mind start deteriorating rapidly at 50

- Socio-emotional

- Psychosocial challenges (marriage, parenting)

- Erikson’s theory

- 6th: intimacy vs isolation: young adults, long term friendships and romances

- 7th: generativity vs stagnation: middle-aged, positive legacy and caring for

future

- 8th: integrity vs despair: older adults, feeling satisfied of their life and
wisdom

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1) marriage: benefit – men > women, vast majority report satisfaction

2) having children: strain a marriage *couples with adolescence => less

marital satisfaction

` 3) finding meaning in later life: meaningful and rewarding experiences

meaning becomes preoccupation for elderly

- Cognitive development

- Cognitive decline

1) senior moment

- inability to remember

- may not notice cognitive decline

2) intelligence, learning and memory

- difficult with memory tasks

3) Dementia: impairment in intellectual capacity and personality, due to

damage to brain

- 3~5% Alzheimer: 70-75

- 6.5%: 85 ~

- initial symptom: minor memory impairment => forgetting daily routines

4) Wellbeing in older adults

- despite the challenges, most older adults are healthy and happy

- except for dementia, older adults have fewer metal health problems (ex.
Depression)

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Week4
5.Sensation and Perception
1.Sensation is the detection of physical stimuli from the world around us
and the sending of that information to the brain.

2.Perception is the brian’s further processing of sensory information. The

essence of perception is interpreting sensation.

<The steps from sensation to perception>

3.Physical stimulus -> Sensation -> Transduction -> Perception

4.Absolute threshold: the smallest amount of physical stimulation required

to detect a sensory input half of the time it is present. (절대식역 ; 관찰자가 자극
을 탐지하는 데 필요한 최소한의 자극 크기. 실제로는 관찰자가 자극을 탐지하는 확률이 50∼55%가
량 되는 지점의 자극 강도를 가리킨다.)

5.Difference threshold: the minimum difference in physical stimulation

required to detect a difference between sensory inputs. (차이역, 정리하면 적어
도 10 데시벨 크기의 소리가 있어야 우리가 들을 수 있으면 10 데시벨이 절대역이고, 소리의 크기가
적어도 2 데시벨이 차이가 나야 그 소리의 차이를 알아 차릴 수 있다면 차이역은 2 데시벨)

6.Weber’s law 자극을 받고 있는 감각기에서 자극의 크기가 변화된 것을 느끼려면 처음에 약한 자극을 주
면 자극의 변화가 적어도 그 변화를 쉽게 감지할 수 있으나 처음에 강한 자극을 주면 자극의 변화를 감지하는 능력
이 약해져서 작은 자극에는 느낄 수 없으며 더 큰 자극에서만 변화를 느낄 수 있다는 법칙이다.

Signal detection theory

Response given?
Yes No

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HIT MISS
Yes

Signal present?
No
False Correct
alarm rejection
7.Sensory adaptation : A
decrease in sensitivity to a
constant level of stimulation.
규칙적으로 매운 음식을 먹는 사람은 그것을 거의 먹지 않는 사람보다 매운 음식에 덜 민감하다.

감각적 적응.

How do we see?
Corena 각막, pupil 동공, iris, Brightness 홍채, lens, Distance 수정체, retina,
망막, cones 추상체(Color light, In Fovea)와 rods 간상체(black and white,
spread widely) fovea 황반(cones densely packed), blind spot 맹점, optic
nerve 시신경, ganglion cells 신경절 세포,

<Process of seeing>
8.Physical stimulus: Light wave(carries the info) reflected from the image
pass through the cornea and enter the eye through the pupil(brightenss).
The lens (distant) focuses the light on the retina.

9.Sensation: Sensory receptors in the retina, called rods and cones, detect
the light waves.

10.Transduction: Rods and cones convert light waves into signals. Those
signals are processed by ganglion cells, which generate action potential
that are sent to the brain by the optic nerve.
-Rod : do not detect color and fine info, low illumination

-Cone : 로드와 반대

11.perception: signals from each visual field are processed on one side of
each retina. They travel along the optic nerve and through the thalamus,
and they are processed in the visual cortex that is opposite the visual
field.
12.Retina is the thin inner surface of the back of the eyeball; this surface
contains the sensory receptors, called photoreceptors.
13.Ganglion cells are the first true neurons in the visual system in that
they fire action potential and bundle of ganglion cells are called 14. Optic

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nerve.

Where the optic nerve exists the retina there are no rods or cons so you
have 15.blind spots but your brain automatically fills in this gap.

-400to 700 nanometer of wavelength is Visible spectrum.

16.Wavelength : The distance between peaks

17.amplitude: The height between baseline and peak is high

S cones are most sensitive to short/medium/long wavelengths, and this
sensitivity results in perception of 18.blue/green/red
19.Trichromatic theory says that there are tree types of cone receptor
cells in the retina that are responsible for color perception and each type
responds optimally to different but overlapping ranges of wavelength.

20.Opponent process theory – Explains the perceptual afterimage effects.

(초록색보면 빨강 잔상이 보이고, 반대도 성립)the proposal that ganglion cells
in the retina receive excitatory input from one type of cone and
inhibitory input from another type of cone, creating the perception that
some colors are opposite.

We perceive objects by organizing visual information

Figure and Ground
21. Grouping – The visual system’s organization of features and regions to
create the perception of a whole, unified object.

22.Bottom up processing is the perception of object is due to analysis of

environmental stimulus input by sensory receptors; this analysis then
influences the more complex, conceptual processing of that information in
the brain.
23.Top down processing is the perception of objects is due to the complex
analysis of prior experiences and expectations within the brain; this

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analysis influences how sensory receptors process stimulus input from the
environment.
만약, 위에 제시된 그림이 무엇인지를 파악해 보라는 지시를 받는다면, 우리는 그림 속 자극이 무엇인
지 확인하기 위해 상향 처리를 이용할 것이다. 즉, 그림 속 패턴을 보고 이 자극이 무엇인지를 알아보
고자 할 것이다. (선제시 후분석) 하지만 이 그림 속에서 달마시안 개 한 마리를 찾아 보라는 주문을 받
으면, 자신의 기억 속에 저장된 달마시안 개에 관한 선 지식을 이용해서 정보를 탐색하게 된다. 이는
하향 처리를 이용한 것이 된다. (선분석 후처리)

Binocular depth cues and monocular depth cues

24.Binocular disparity is one of the ways we perceive depth, we have both
eyes to perceive depth through binocular disparity, where each retina has
a slightly different view of the world. (양쪽눈이 사물을 보는 데까지의 거리가 달
라서 뇌가 두 눈 시야를 computing 함)

25.Monocular depth cue = pictorial depth cue

Occlusion, Height in field, relative size, familiar size, linear perspective,

texture gradient

Motion aftereffects may occur when you gaze at a moving image for a
long time and then look at the stationary scene

stroboscopic motion is a perceptual illusion that occurs when the series is

presented fast enough.

How do we hear?

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Outer ear

Middle ear } Eardrum , Ossicles, 이소골

Inner ear } oval window 난원창 , Semicircular canals,반고리관 Cochlea,달팽

이관 hair cells,유모 세포 basilar membrane 기저막

26.Physical stimulus: sound make the eardrum vibrate. Then pass to the
middle ear, making the ossicles and the oval window vibrate. Finally, they
pass to the cochlea, in inner ear.
27.Sensation: pressure waves in the cochlea move the basilar membrane,
stimulating the sensory receptors, called hair cells, in inner ear.
28.Transduction: when the hair cells bend, they convert the pressure
waves into signals that are sent to the brain by the auditory nerve.
29. Perception: the auditory nerve carries the neural signal first to the
thalamus and then to the primary auditory cortex, which processes your
perception of the sound.

Wavelength + = low pitch (파동사이 길이와 음은 반비례)

Frequency + = high pitch (파동의 빈번도와 음은 비례)

EX. 도 레 미 = wavelength 30. (-), Frequency 31.(+)

32.Temporal coding – the perception of lower – pitched sounds is a result

of the rate at which hair cells are stimulated by sound waves of lower
frequencies.
33.Place coding – the perception of higher pitched sounds is a result of the
location on the basilar membrane where hair cells are stimulated by
sound waves of varying higher frequencies.(cochlea)

Ex. Low frequency(=low pitch) : basilar locates near the end

High “ (=high “ ) : “ the other end.

34.Localization – the brain compare the time and the intensity of a sound
as it arrives at each ear. (핸드폰이 오른손에 들려있을 때 오른쪽귀와 왼쪽귀가 듣
는 소리의 강도와 거리가 다르다.)

How can we taste and smell?

Taste buds 미뢰, papillae 돌기

Five main taste- sweet, sour, salty, bitter and umani

Taste preference – everyone have different taste preference.

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Olfaction 후각 odorant – a chemical molecules, Nasal cavity – 비강 olfactory

receptors 후 수용기, olfactory epithelium 후각상피 , olfactory bulb 후 신경구

Smell is the only sense that is not processed through the 35.thalamus

36.Gustation: sense of taste

37.olfaction: sense of smell

Taste and smell both go through physical stimulus->sensation-

>Transduction

How do we fell touch and pain?

Warm, cold, pressure receptors

Fast fiber has myelin on the axons , slow fiber

Gate control Theory

Week 5
Chapter 7. Memory
7.1 How do we acquire memories?

1. _____________ - the nervous system's capacity to acquire and retain skills

and knowledge retain skills and knowledge for later retrieval.

2. _____________- changing info into neural code that the brain can use. so
that it can be stored.

3_____________ - the retention of encoded representations over time. = 즉,

maintain info for some time.
4_____________ - the act of recalling or remembering stored information
when it is needed. -> 정보를 사용하기 위해 인코드된 정보에 접근

Focusing mental resources on information; allows further processing for

perception, memory, and response.

1.Encoding-> 2.Storage-> 3.Retrieval

Many students say that they have memory problems, but in fact they just
played in the classroom while the class in ongoing. This is the problem of
5. _____________.(Focusing mental resources on info)

6. _____________attention is the ability to direct mental resources to

relevant info to process that info further while also ignoring irrelevant info
-뒷받침 by 7. _____________ Theory( which is blinding large changes in our

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environment.)

Visual attention –
Auditory attention-

Laptops In the classroom –taking notes in class on laptop rather than by

hand leads to worse performance on tests of that material

7.2 How do we maintain memories over time?

7. 메모리 저장 순서 : _____________storage -> _____________storage ->

_____________storage

8. _____________stage : A memory storage that very briefly holds a vast

amount of info from five senses(visual, auditory, smell, taste, and touch
which is unintended info from external world.) -> function: enables us to
experience the world as a continuous stream.

9. _____________storage: A memory storage system that briefly holds a

limited amount(7 items) of info in awareness. Although it is just a
‘location’ for maintaining memory, 10. _____________ memory allows
manipulation of sounds, images and ideas for longer maintenance.

11. _____________ is using 10. _____________memory to organize info into

meaningful units to make it easier to remember. (무작위 글자에 의미부여 넣
음 마치 아미는 지디를 알아)

12. _____________ storage allows relatively permanent storage of a

probably unlimited amount of info.
To make 12. _____________ storage, info must be deeply encoded by 13.
_____________.
Deep encoding is a levels of processing model that requires 13.
_____________ that enables 14. _____________ in short-term storage.
15. _____________ memory rehearsal is using working-memory process to
repeat info based on sound(auditory info: provide shallow encoding)
16. _____________ rehearsal is also using working memory process to think
about how new info ‘relates’ to our prior knowledge(17.semantic info:
provides deeper encoding)

Chunking info depends on 17. _____________ that helps us perceive,

organize, process, and use info.

However 17_____________can lead to biased encoding.

Long-term storage is organized according to association networks and it is
consist of nodes. Activating one node increases the likelihood to activate
closely linked nodes (:”spreading activation models of memory)

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18. _____________ effect : people have a good memory for items at the
beginning of a list. It reflects long-term memory ( 첫인상효과)

19. _____________ effect : People also have a good memory for items at the
end of a list. It reflects short-term storage.

Sensory Short term Long term

Storage storage storage

Function of -Creates -Maintains -Stores

perceptual information for information for
storage continuity for the immediate use re-access and use
world aroun us at late time

Encoding -In the sense it is -Primarily -primarily

experienced: auditory semantic
for storage visual, auditory, -Also visual and -also visual and
taste, smell touch semantic auditory
-dual coding
provides richest
encoding
Duration of -up to a few -about 20 sec -probably
seconds, - inde昀椀nite with unlimited
storage depending on the working memory
sense manipulation of
items
Capacity of -Vast due to huge -about 7times , -probably
amount of plus or minus 2 unlimited
storage sensory input -Using working
memory aids
capcity
The three memory stores.
LTS;

maintenance rehearsal – using working memory processes to repeat

information based on how it sounds; provides only shallow encoding of
information and less successful LTS
Elaborative rehearsal- Using working memory processes to think about
how new information relates to ourselves or our prior knowledge
(semantic information) ; provides deeper encoding of information for more
successful LTS

Schema 스키마,마음의 모델, 예컨대 자동차의 핸들을 오른쪽으로 돌리면 차가 오른쪽으로

회전할 것이라는걸 인지하는 마음의 모델.

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Schema- ways of structing memories in LTS

, association networks – memories are organized in LTS based on the

meaning of information, concepts are connected through their
associations.

20. _____________ amnesia: a condition in which people lose the ability to

access memories they had before a brain injury.

21. _____________e amnesia: a condition in which people lose the ability to

form new memories after experiencing a brain injury.

22. _____________ memory: The system for long-term storage of conscious

memories that can be verbally described.

There is two type of 22. _____________ memory: 23. _____________ isodic

memory that includes personal experiences and 24. _____________ memory
that includes knowledge about the world.
25. _____________ memory: The system for long-term storage of
unconscious memories that cannot be verbally described.
There is also two type of 25. _____________ memory: 26. _____________
memory that involves motor skills and behavioral habits(like muscle
movement) and 27. _____________ memory that 치과에 갔는데 의사쌤이 내 이
빨 드릴해서 아파서 그 이후로 의사가 무서워짐->자극이 반응이끌어냄

28. _____________ memory : remembering to do something takes up

valuable cognitive resources.

따라서 memory is does not live in just one part of brain and memory is
distributed in 다양한 뇌부분

29. _____________ of memories: a process by which immediate memories

become lasting through long-term storage.
Retrieved memories can be affected by new circumstances, so
reconsolidated memories may be changed from their original versions ->
Ex. Erasing bad memory and interfere with new memory.(30_____________)
Long term memory

Explicit memory Implicit memory

Episodic memory Semantic memory Classical Procedual
conditioning memory
Personally Facts and Associating two
experienced knowledge stimuli elicits a Motor skills and
events. response habits
You got a great A tomato is a fruit Your dentist uses You are able to
present on your , not a vegitable a drill on your play a piano
last birth day teeth, and it
hurts, so next
time you are

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afraid of the
dentist

Summary .73

@ Amneisa is a deficit in LTS. Retrograde amnesia is the inability to recall past

memories. Anterograde amnesia is the inability to form new memories.

@explicit memories that we consciously remember include personal events

(episodic memory) and genera, factual knowledge (semantic memory)

@Implicit memories are processed without conscious effort and include classical
conditioning and procedural memories of motor skills.

@Prospective memory is remembering to do something in the future, and it has

“costs” in terms of reducing attentional resources and impairing STS and working
memory processing.

@Multiple brain regions process memory information. Through consolidation,

immediate memories become lasting memories. Memories may be altered
through reconsolidation.

7.4 how do we access our memories?

Processes that a昀昀ect access of memories in LTS

30.Retrieval cues 31.Forgetting 32.Persistence 33.Distortion
Anything that The inability to Continual Memory is 昀氀awed
helps a person retrieve a memory recurrence of in several ways
access a memory from LTS unwanted Including
in LTS. Including memories from -memory bias
- context -Interference LTS -昀氀ashbulb
dependent -blocking memories
memory 맥락기억 - -misattribution
- state dpendent absentmindednes -suggestibility
memory s -false memorues
Week 6
Chapter 8. Thinking and Intelligence
8.1 what is thinking?
Analogical representations VS symbolic representations

그림으로 생각하는것 / 글자로 생각하는것(추상적임) abstract

Mental maps (could be inaccurate)

Schemas are our prior knowledge and experience with information.

Concept is a mental representation of object, events, or relations around

common themes., category including concept.

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Prototype model- a way of thinking about concepts; with in each

category ,there is a best example(a prototype) for that category.
Exemplar model – a way of thinking about concepts; all concepts in a
category are examples(exemplars); together, they form the category.
Stereotypes - cognitive schemas that allow for easy, fast processing of
information about people.
8.2 how do we make decisions and solve problems?

Reasoning- using information to determine if a conclusion is valid or

reasonable

Decision making- attempting to select the best alternative among sever

options.

Problem solving- finding a way around an obstacle to reach a goal.

Heuristic 무의식의 결정- a shortcut (rule of thumb 경험범칙 or informal guideline)
used to reduce the amount of thinking that is needed to make decisions.

Availability heuristic- tendency to make a decision based on information

that comes most easily to mind. 더 쉽게 생각나는 것으로 결정

Representativeness heuristic – tendency to place people or objects in a

category if they are similar to the concept that is prototype. 직감이나 직관으로
대표적으로 문제해결

Framing – how information is presented affects how that information is

perceived and influences decisions 틀효과, 예를 들면, A 형태의 정보 제시 : 새로운 암 치료제
는 45%의 생존율을 보인다. B 형태의 정보 제시 : 새로운 암 치료제는 55%의 사망률을 보인다. 즉, 똑같은 제품
인데도 정보 제시의 형태를 어떻게 바꾸느냐에 따라 평가가 급격하게 바뀔 수도 있다

The paradox of choice – Too much choice make it difficult to choose one.

We solve problems to achieve goals

Subgoals- identify the goal state 목표상태, 문제의 끝 지점으로, 문제가 해결된 것 처럼 보
이는 상태 and several subgoals to be achieved.

Working backward- begin from the goal state and work backward to the
current state

Analogy- identify a previously solved problem that is similar to the current

problem.유사

Sudden insight- take a break from actively thinking about the problem.

We overcome obstacles to solve problems

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Rstructuring-재구조화 , thinking about a problem in a new way in order to

solve it.

mental sets – 심적 갖춤새 a tendency to approach a problem in the same way that
has worked in the past, which may make it harder to solve a problem.

functional fixedness. – 기능적 고착 a tendency to think of things based on their

usual functions, which may make it harder to solve a problem.

8.3 What is Intelligence?

IQ, intelligence quotient

General intelligence- the idea that one general factor underlies intelligence.

Model Key characteristics

General intelligence There is a single factor underlying
intelligence.
This factor tends to yield higher IQ
scores.
Fluid and crystallized intelligence General intelligence is made up of
昀氀uid and crystallized intelligence.
Fluid intelligence : thinking quickly
and 昀氀exibly in novel, complex
situation.
Crystallized intelligence:
knowledge from experience that is
used to solve problems.
Multiple intelligence Many intelligences are not
measureable by IQ testes.
These intelligences include
musical, bodily kinesthetic,
linguistic, mathematical/logical,
spatial, intrapersonal, and
interpersonal
Triarchic theory There are three aspects of
intelligence.
Analytical intelligence: skill in
solving problems and puzzles.
Creative intelligence: ability to
think in new and interesting ways
Practical intelligence: skill in
dealing with everyday tasks
Emotional intelligence Emotional intelligence: skills in
managing emotions and
recognizing them in other people
(Theories of intelligence)

intelligences a result of genes and environment.

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Behavioral genetics 행동유전

Environmental factors 환경요인

8.4 How do we measure intelligence?

Reliability – how consistently a psychometric test produces similar results

each time it is used.

Validity – how well a psychometric test measure what it is intended to

measure

Achievement test – a psychometric test that is designed to test what

knowledge and skills a person has learned.
Aptitude test – a psychometric test that is designed to test a person’s
ability to learn. That is , the person’s future performance.
Mental age- an assessment of a child’s intellectual standing compared
with that of sam-age peers
Intelligence is associated with cognitive performance.

Speed of mental processing, working memory and attention, savants,

Many factors differences in intelligence

Biological differences, environmental differences, stereotype threat 고정관념

의 압박

Week 7
Chapter 9. Motivation and emotion
Motivation- factors of differing strength that energize, direct, and sustain
behavior
Satisfaction of needs-욕구충족 a need is a state of being deficient in
biological or social factors. The deficiency motivates the person to engage
in behaviors that make up for it.
Drive reduction - a drive 동인 is a internal psychological state that
motivates behaviors that will satisfy a certain need. When the need is
satisfied, the drive is reduced.

Optimal level of arousal 최적각성수준 무언가에 가장 집중할 수 있게 만들어주는 상황 –

each person has his own optimal level of arousal, somewhere from low to
high. We are motivated to engage in behaviors that fit with our preferred
level of arousal.

Pleasure principle – 쾌락원칙 the pleasure principle says that people are

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motivated to engage in behaviors that make them feel good and to avoid
behaviors that cause them pain.
Incentives- 유인 행동을 일으키게하는 외적요인 Incentives are external factors that
motivate behaviors.

Some behaviors are motivated for their own sake

Extrinsic motivation – 외적 동기부여 a desire to perform an activity because

of the external goals that activity is directed toward
Intrinsic motivation – 내재적 동기 a desire to perform an activity because of
the value of pleasure associated with that activity, rather than for an
apparent external goal or purpose
Self determination and self perception 자기결정과 자기지각

9.2 What motivates eating, the need to belong, and the need for
achievement?
Many biological systems motivate eating.

Stomach and blood chemisitry

Insulin – a hormone, secreted by pancreas, that controls glucose levels in
the blood.
Ghrelin 배고프니까 밥줘! – a hormone, secreted by an empty stomach, that is
associated with increasing eating behavior based on short-term signals in
the bloodstream.
Leptin 그만좀 먹어라!– A hormone, secreted by fat cells, that is associated
with decreasing eating behavior based on long-term body fat regulation.

The brain,
Eating is influenced by Learning.

Conditioned to eat-
Familiarity and eating preferences

Cultural influences
Need to belong theory- the need for interpersonal attachments is a
fundamental motive that has evolved for adaptive purpose.
We have to achieve long term Goals

Achievement motivation 성취동기 도전적이고 어려운 과제를 성공적으로 수행하려는 욕구로서

학습자가 탁월한 업적을 이루고자 하는 동기이다 –the need, or desire, to attain a certain
standard of excellence.

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Goals affect achievement. Self- efficacy affect achievement, 자기효능감, 자신이

수행하려는 직무에 대해 이를 성공적으로 마칠 수 있다는 믿음의 정도를 나타내는 것으로

Delaying gratification – 만족지연

Grit-
성장(Growth), 회복력(Resilience), 내재적 동기(Intrinsic Motivation), 끈기(Tenacity)의 줄임말로 성
공에 결정적인 영향을 미치는 투지를 나타냄

Classical condition: 고전적 조건

9.3How do we experience emotions?

Primary emotions – 기본정서, Evolutionarily adaptive emotions that are

shared across culture and associated with specific physical states; they
include anger, fear, sadness, disgust, happiness, and possibly surprise and
contempt.
Secondary emotions – Blends of primary emotions; they include remorse,
guilt, submission, shame, and anticipation.

James-Lange theory-울기 때문에 슬프고 도망하기 때문에 무서움을 느낀다는 것이다 bodily
responses are the basis for feeling emotions.
Cannon-Bard theory- 시상하부(hypothalamus)가 정서를 매개하는 데 중요한 역할을 한다고
Processing in the brain is the cause of emotions and bodily responses at
the same time.
Schachter-Singer two factor theory – How a person thinks about and labels
bodily responses is the basis for emotion.
James- lange theory

A bear approaching -> heart rate increasing -> feeling of fear.

Cannon –bard theory

A bear approaching -> Brain proceesed -> Emotion and bodily response at
the same time

Two factor theory

A bear approaching -> bodily response-> emotion label “afraid” ->
feeling of fear.

Both body and brain are important for emotion

Sensory information -> Thalamus ->(fast path) amygdala -> response

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ㄴ> (slow path) Cortex -> amygdala ->

response

The amygdala
The prefrontal cortex

We regulate our emotional states

Humor

Thought suppression and 생각 억제

rumination 반추(자아성찰)

Distraction 분심(分心)

Reappraisal 재평가 . 재평가는 단지 우리 앞에 일어난 사건에 대한 처음의 평가에 뒤이어 하는

평가

9.4 How do emotions a昀昀ect us?

contextual effect: 맥락효과 처음에 제시된 정보가 나중에 들어오는 정보를 해석하는데 영향을
주는 것.

We interpret emotions in facial expressions

Display rules – rules that are learned through socialization and that dictate
what emotions are suitable in certain situations.
Affect as information theory – people use their current moods to make
decisions, judgments, and appraisals, even if they do not know the
sources of the moods.
Guilt- (잘못된 일에 대한) 책임 a negative emotional state associated with
anxiety, tension, and agitation

Emotions strengthen our interpersonal relations.

me active when we observe a goal-directed behavior.

This response may be a neural basis of observational learning.

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