Pertemuan 3

Biological and
Psychodynamic
Approach
Rullita Aristya Mintarsih, M.Psi.
Biological Model
Brain Structure and Chemistry
Communication in the nervous system

The nervous system moves quickly with nerve impulse moving in few hundredths of a second to send an information
and respond to all over the body.
The Nervous
System
Central Nervous
System
Central Nervous System is the control center
of the nervous system, which receives,
processes, interprets, and stores incoming
sensory information.
Peripheral
Nervous System
SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
allows for voluntary regulates functioning of
movement by controlling blood vessels, glands, and
the skeletal muscles and internal organs such as
carries sensory information bladder, stomach, and heart.
to the CNS.
SYMPATHETIC
provides the strength to
fight back or to flee (fight-
or-flight instinct) from the PARASYMPATHETIC
stress or harm.
recharges and calms the
body to relaxation state.
The Neuron
Glial Cells
Glial cells play an important part in helping the
nervous system and support neurons that serve five
main functions:
• They act as a glue and hold the neuron in place
• They form the myelin sheath
• They provide nourishment for the cell
• They remove waste products
• They protect the neuron from harmful substances
Neural Transmission
Axon and Neural Impulse
Neural Transmission (cont)
Action Potential

• Threshold potential level which hits -55mV

must be reached for neuron to fire and send an
electrical impulse down the length of the axon
(action potential or depolarization) called
threshold of excitation. But, this is the all-or-
nothing principle, if it doesn’t reach it does not
fire at all.
• Depolarization results excitation called
excitation postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
• Hyperpolarization results inhibition called
inhibitory postsynaptic (IPSP)
Neural Transmission (cont)
Synapse
• Once the electrical impulse reaches the
end of the axon, called the axon terminal,
it stimulates synaptic vesicles to release
the neurotransmitter.
• Neurotransmitter will only bind to their
specific receptor sites that fit.
• Neurotransmitter that do not bind to a
receptor sites might go through reuptake,
which is the process of the presynaptic
neuron taking up excess neurotransmitter
for future use or enzymatic degradation
(enzymes destroy excess
neurotransmitter).
 Neurotransmitter
NEUROTRANSMITTER AND HORMONE
• Acetylcholine – motor neurons and voluntary
muscle cells.
• Dopamine – voluntary movements and
pleasure chemical.
• Serotonin – pain, sleep and digestion, stable
mood (calming chemical).
• Endorphin – play role as neurotransmitter to
reduce pain and making the person calm and
happy.
• Norepinephrine – increases the heart rate
and blood flow also regulates mood, arousal,
vigilance, memory, and stress.
• Glutamate – learning and memory.
• Glycine - an inhibitory neurotransmitter found
in spinal cord
• GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid) – blocks
the signals of excitatory neurotransmitters
responsible for anxiety and panic.
• Epinephrine – also known as adrenaline, as a
response of the stress and linked with increase
cardiac rhythm, respiratory, blood pressure, and
digestion.
• Oxytocin - controlling reproductive system,
childbirth, lactation, and other aspect of human
behavior.
 The Structures of the Brain
Medulla
breathing, heart rate, and blood
pressure
Cerebellum
sense of balance and
coordinating the body’s muscles,
involved in simple responses and
acquired reflexes
Amygdala
evaluating sensory information
and quickly determining its
emotional importance
Pons
a bridge connecting the cerebellum and
medulla and helps to transfer messages
between different parts of the brain and
spinal cord
Thalamus
the major sensory for all senses except
smell
Hippocampus
gateway to memory, forms spatial
memories and form new memories about
facts and events
Reticular formation
alertness and attention
Hypothalamus
temperature by triggering sweating or
shivering and controls the complex
operations of the autonomic nervous
system
Cerebrum
• Frontal lobe – motor cortex,
• Parietal lobe – somatosensory
cortex
• Occipital lobe – visual cortex
• Temporal lobe – auditory cortex
Brainstem
Genes, Hormonal Imbalances, and
Viral Infections
GENES
DNA or Deoxyribonucleic acid = heredity material consist of 23 pairs or 46 total chromosomes,
and 23rd pairs is called sex chromosomes to differentiate between males and females.

Research suggest that a person may be genetically at risk of developing certain disorders
Genes, Hormonal Imbalances, and
Viral Infections
HORMONAL IMBALANCES
• The endocrine system moves slowly with hormones, released by endocrine glands to reach
target.
• Hormonal manages the nervous system and body tissues at certain stages of development and
activate behaviors such as alertness or sleepiness, sexual behavior, concentration,
aggressiveness, reaction to stress, and a desire for companionship. Meanwhile, imbalanced
hormones can cause mental disorders.
• Pituitary gland = master gland influences blood pressure, thirst, contraction of uterus during
childbirth, milk production, sexual behavior, body growth, and the amount of water in the
body’s cells.
• Pineal gland regulates the sleep-wake cycle.
• Thyroid gland regulates the body’s energy levels by controlling metabolism.
• Adrenal gland releases cortisol to help the body deal with stress, this hormone can lead
increase weight gain, interference with learning and memory, and increase risk of depression.
Genes, Hormonal Imbalances, and
Viral Infections
VIRAL INFECTIONS
Some types of infection can risk someone's mental illness or make it worse. Such as, chemicals,
alcohols, or substances.

Cause brain damage and lead to the development of mental illness or exacerbate existing
symptoms.
 Treatments

PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY ELECTROCONVULSIVE PSYCHOSURGERY

AND PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS THERAPY

Antidepressants Brief application of electric Perform brain surgeries,

Anti-anxiety medications stimulus is used to produce a it leads to ethical issues
Stimulants generalized seizure with conducting such
Antipsychotics surgeries as well as
Mood stabilizers scientific issues
Psychodynamic Theory
The Beginning
Freud considered Breuer's way of treatment for
hysteria patients, sharing stories or "talking cure", to
be the origin of psychoanalytic therapy and what
would come to be called cathartic method.
The Structure of Personality
CONSCIOUSNESS
awareness or reality

PRECONSCIOUSNESS
sensations, thoughts,
memories, and feelings

UNCONSCIOUSNESS
not available since the
content was turned away or
being repressed
Component of Personality
SUPEREGO
represents consciences
(society’s and parents
expectations) and ego ideal
(moral standards and rules
for behavior).
EGO
attempts to mediate the
desires of the id and the
demands of reality, and
eventually, the moral
limitations or guidelines of
the superego, called as
reality principle.
ID
represent life instinct, an
impulsive part that express
sexual desire (Eros include
libido) and death instinct,
aggressive instinct
(Thanatos), called as
pleasure principle.
 The Development of Personality
Psychosexual Stage

ANAL STAGE
2-3 years. If parents are too
ORAL STAGE lenient, children may become
infant to 24 months. Fixation is messy or unorganized. If
linked to a lack of confidence, parents are too strict, children
argumentativeness, and may become obstinate, stingy,
sarcasm. or orderly.

PHALLIC STAGE
3 to 5-6 years. Oedipus or
GENITAL STAGE Electra complex. A fixation at
puberty to adult, sexual this stage may result in low self-
impulses reawaken. esteem, feelings of
worthlessness, and shyness.
LATENCY STAGE
6-12 years. Hidden psychosexual.
Dealing with Anxiety
Kecemasan sebagai dampak dari munculnya konflik yang tidak dapat terhindarkan dan berfungsi untuk
mengamankan ego dari ancaman bahaya.
REALISTIC ANXIETY
ketakutan terhadap adanya
bahaya yang nyata.
NEUROTIC ANXIETY
ketakutan pada hukuman
yang mungkin diberikan
ketika individu memuaskan
insting dengan caranya
sendiri dimana hukuman
tersebut dapat bersifat
khayalan.
MORAL ANXIETY
ketakutan akan hukuman
yang mungkin diterima
namun kecemasan tidak
dalam bentuk distress tetapi
individu mampu berpikir
dengan rasionalitasnya.
Dealing with Anxiety (cont)
Ego-defends Mechanism
Repression unacceptable ideas, wishes, desires, or memories are blocked from consciousness

Reaction formation impulse being repressed and then expressed by its opposite.

Displacement satisfy impulse with a different object

Projection attribute threatening desires or unacceptable motives to others.

Sublimation find a socially acceptable way to express a desire.

Denial denying all the bad things happen.

Identification model someone who has found a socially acceptable way to satisfy their impulse.

Fixation/Regression stop or move from a mature behavior to one that is infantile.

Rationalization offer well-thought-out reasons, but these are not the real reason.

Intellectualization avoid emotion by focusing on the intellectual aspects of a situation.

Psychodynamic Techniques
FREE ASSOCIATIONS
the patient describing whatever
comes to mind during the session.
RESISTENCE
when the patients change the
subject, stop talking, or lose their
train of thought, this revealed where
issues persisted.
DREAM ANALYSIS
to understand a person’s innermost
wishes. Including the manifest
content (actual retelling of the
dreams) and latent content (hidden
or symbolic meaning).
TRANSFERENCE
patients transfer attitudes he/she
held during childhood to the
therapist. Transference positive
(friendly or affectionate) and
negative (hostile and angry).
 Discussion

What are some issues facing Why is the psychodynamic

the biological model? approach has received so
much critical evaluation?
Thank You