Dr.

Mamitag File PCU 2024_0426

Philippine Christian University Master’s in Management major in

Environmental Planning (MMEnP)

MMEP 611
Theory and Practice of Environmental Planning

NAME: BAGSAC, IVY M. SECTION: G1 STUDENT NO.: 2023443485

Activity No. 3: Theories of Urban Growth / Land Use

1. What are the key theories of urban growth and land use, and how do they differ
from one another? 20pts

The three classic key theories of urban growth and land use are: Concentric Zone
Theory (Burgess, 1925), Sector Theory (Hoyt, 1939), and Multiple Nuclei
Theory (Harris & Ullman, 1945).

Concentric Zone Theory. The concentric zone theory of urban land use was created
by EW Burgess in the middle of the 1920s after he looked at Chicago’s historical
development up until the 1890s. Being descriptive as opposed to analytical, it differs
from Von Thunen’s methodology (Harvey, 1996). The foundation of this theory is the
idea that a city develops by radiating
outward in concentric rings of
development from a central area.
According to Burgess, the city is
classified into five broad zones: the
Central Business District (CBD), the
Zone of Transition (generally
manufacturing district with some
residential dwellings), the Zone of
Factories and Working Men’s Homes,
the Residential Zone (housing for the middle class), and the Outer Commuter Zone
(better quality housing with amenities for the upper class residents). According to this
model, lower-class and disadvantage people live in the outer zones of the city, while
social and economic activity is more concentrated in the center.

Sector Theory. Similar to the Concentric Zone Model, this theory (developed by Homer
Hoyt in the 1940s) divides the city
into sectors as opposed to
concentric zones. In a radial pattern
around the city center, the model
proposes, are arranged various land
uses and population groups. Hoyt’s
model mainly addresses where
residential uses are located in urban
areas. The model aims to explain
why different socio-economic
groups have a tendency to separate
when it comes to where they
choose to live. Hoyt presents wedge-shaped sectors in his model. Which visually

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resembles Burgess’s concentric zone model. He finds concentric zones of differential

rent within the dominant urban land use. According to the model. Superior housing
gradually spreads out from an urban center in the direction of the quickest travel routes.
Hoyt does this by converting Burgess’s concentric zones into sectoral or radial wedges of
land use.

Multiple Nuclei Theory. This theory, developed by Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman
in the 1950s, opposes the idea of a single central
business district. It suggests that cities have
multiple centers of social and economic activity.
This model recognizes that smaller outlying
settlements are absorbed by larger cities as they
expand. As the city grow, it becomes more difficult
to commute between its borderline and central
business district, and smaller centers sprout up all
over the place.

The Concentric, Sector models and Multiple Nuclei have features in common. Each
model emphasizes how important accessibility is. The most accessible and having the
highest land value or rent-bid is the centrally located CBD. The theory of distance decay
is relevant to both models. The farther one is from the center, the lower the land value
and population density. The boundaries between the various land-use zones are sharp
and distinct. And social-economic status segregates residential areas.

The difference between these models is in the pattern of their land use zones. The
concentric model has circular patterns while sector model has sectoral ones. The
concentric model never mentions the transport development, the sector model’s land use
zones were developed along the transportation routes that radiate out from the CBD.
While the sector model places emphasis on the repelling forces of land uses, the
concentric model addresses the invasion, succession forces on the land use pattern.
Both the concentric model and sector model shows that there is a single central point of
the city, while the multiple nuclei model believes that city has not developed around a
single CBD but has a group of mini centres. Thus, the land use zones of the multiple
nuclei model are more complex (presence of industrial suburb) than the concentric and
sector model.

2. Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the concentric zone model proposed by
Ernest Burgess in the context of urban growth. 10pts

The strengths of the concentric zone model include being simple and clear. It offers
a clear visual representation of how a city might be set up making it a helpful framework
for understanding the distribution of land use, clear illustration of spatial organization,
and showing how cities evolve from a central business district outward through a
sequence of rings. This model also conceptualized the bid rent curve, which explains
how land value is influenced by accessibility to the CBD. However, because of its
simplification, variations within zones are not taken into account. Rich neighborhoods
could be found close to the center, and industrial zones might encircle the outer zones.

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The model is only applicable to industrial cities and fails to capture the varied growth
pattern of modern cities which can include suburban downtowns, gated communities,
and multiple CBDs. It does not take into account how cities evolve and change over time
and fails to recognize the importance of travel routes, topographical features of land,
and the role of race and ethnicity on urban geography.

3. How does the sector model proposed by Homer Hoyt explain the patterns of urban
growth and land use? 10pts

According to Homer Hoyt’s sector model, cities expand in sectors rather than in
concentric rings. Visualize a pie that has been sliced. The sectors that extend from the
central business district are represented by the slices. People from similar socio-
economic classes will typically associate within each sector, and growth will be
accommodated by pushing further out from the city center rather than by invading an
adjacent sector. Various transportation routes radiating out from the city have an impact
on these individual sectors. Each sector’s specific land uses will typically spread outward
along these principal routes and may also become natural borders between different
areas. The sector model takes into account both the direction and the distance of growth
from the city center by incorporating the location of industrial and environmental
amenity values. Physical features like topography limits the growth of sectors and the
Hoyt model does not take into consideration out-of-town development or the rise of
edge cities after its creation. This model works best in cities with more traditional
transportation infrastructure, like railroads, and may not adequately depict more modern
cities with high rates of private vehicle use and suburban sprawl.

4. Compare and contrast the multiple nuclei model by Chauncy Harris and Edward
Ullman with other theories of urban growth. 10pts

There are similarities between the nuclei model with other theories of urban growth.
That is, all these models focus on the spatial organization and growth of cities. They all
acknowledge the importance of the central business district which is the most accessible
and has the highest land value. The distance decay theory is pertinent among the
models, that the land value and population density decrease with distance from the CBD
and the residential areas are separated by the socio-economic status of the residents.

The nuclei model differs from other theories of urban growth in the aspects of its
structure. While the concentric zone model envisions cities expanding outward from the
CBD in concentric circles, and the sector model in pie-shaped wedges following
transportation lines, the multiple nuclei model suggests that cities develop around
multiple centers beyond the CBD, each with its own function. In the aspect of land use,
the social class determines the housing location (that is, the wealthier are far out the
circles) in the concentric zone model and different land uses are developed in each
sector based on the accessibility in the sector model. While in multiple nuclei model,
different factors such as industry and commerce, influence the way land is used around
different nuclei.

The multiple nuclei model distinguishes itself for recognizing the complexity of urban
areas, the independent growth of multiple centers, and the distinct roles of different
nuclei within a city. By emphasizing the various demands and activities that influence

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city development, it provides understanding of urban growth and is a useful addition to

urban planning theories.

5. How does the bid-rent theory explain the spatial distribution of land use within cities?
10pts

American economist William Alonso created the theory of Bid Rent in the 1960s. It is
a framework for understanding the factors that influence how and why land is valued in
urban areas. The theory explains how various economic activities compete for land
based on their ability to pay rent, resulting in a pattern of concentric rings of land use.
Bid rent is based on the concept that different land used have various spatial
requirements and are prepared to pay varying prices for land based on accessibility and
location. Land users in the CBD (include the retail, industrial, and residential sectors)
compete for the most accessible land, and they are all willing to pay a certain amount
known as “bid rent” for the right to choose their preferred location. According to the
theory, the most desirable and easily accessible land is typically found in the city center
and would command the highest rent because of its proximity to the customers. As a
result, a concentric pattern of land use develops, with retail usually found in the CBD,
followed by commercial and industrial activity in the next ring, apartments further out,
and single-family homes in the outskirts.

6. Analyze the applicability of the diffusion of innovations theory in understanding

urban growth and the spread of new land use patterns. 10pts

The diffusion of innovations theory provides a valuable viewpoint on how new land-
use patterns can expand throughout cities. This theory focuses on the how, why, and
rate at which new concepts, innovations, and methods spread within a population. For
example on land use practice like the adoption of green roofs in cities/urban areas.
Vegetation is installed on rooftops for insulation, stormwater management, and
aesthetics. These innovative land use practice could gain momentum and media
attention be adopted over time by property owners and developers and develop
potential city mandates for green roofs in new constructions by the government.
Diffusion of innovations theory can also be applied to tactical urbanism projects which
employ brief interventions to test and implement new urban design ideas. For example,
emergence of temporary shops and restaurants on vacant spaces for short periods. It
could attract entrepreneurs seeking low entry into the market, that would possibly create
social media buzz and community engagement. With potential increased foot traffic,
more pop-up shops would emerge and may result in community vibrancy. This might
become a new land use pattern that may have a greater chance of being
accepted/expanded, consistent with the community’s current social norms and values.

7. What role do socio-economic factors play in shaping urban growth and land use
patterns according to various theories? 10pts

Urban development theories vary in their emphasis on the fundamental role that socio-
economic factors play in shaping land use patterns and urban growth.
 The concentric zone model focuses on the distance from the CBD and social class.
Residents with greater income have greater disposable income. Because of this, they
are able to afford longer commutes and opt to live in neighborhoods farther from the

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city center that have bigger homes, better facilities, and possibly lower population
densities. While residents with lower incomes frequently have more limited housing
funds. They might have to move closer to the city center, where there might be
cheaper rent, and a large concentration of blue-collar jobs may be available for
them. Thus, it creates a spatial hierarchy within the city: the center is in closer
proximity to industrial areas and affordable housing (mostly in older buildings) which
may house low-income residents and essential service workers. Locations further
from the CBD have new housing developments, larger properties, and high rents.
 The sector model acknowledges the impact of transportation but takes social class
into account also. Wealthier residents cluster along desirable transportation corridors
with high income housing. Same as the concentric zone model where the low-income
resides near the center and industrial sites, the richer residents resides further since
they can also afford for transportation, and have also options to reside on locations
along coveted transportation corridors.
 The multiple nuclei model does not have a rigid structure based on social class, but
recognize that economic factors play a role in the development of various nuclei.
Social class may still have an impact on where individuals choose to live within a
nucleus, even if it is not the only factor. For example, a university may be
surrounded by dining establishments and student housing, accommodating varying
income levels of residents.
 The bid rent theory emphasizes the significance of economic activity and their
capacity to pay land rent. According to this theory, the ability of various economic
activities like retail, industry, and residential, to pay their rent, influences the use of
land in a city. The CBD is typically the best site because of its high level of
accessibility. All other activities, would prefer this location but are not able to pay the
high rent, thus, a concentric land use pattern is produced by overlapping the bid rent
curves of all urban economic activities, with retail in the CBD, industry/commercial
on the next ring, apartments further out, and single-family homes in the distance.
 The diffusion of innovations theory emphasizes the dissemination of ideas, although
adoption is influenced by economic factors. Compared to cities with tighter budget,
those with greater resources may have adopted innovative land use patterns.

8. Discuss the relevance of contemporary urban theories, such as the new urbanism or
smart growth, in addressing current urban growth challenges. 10pts

Modern urban theories like New Urbanism and Smart Growth provide useful
frameworks for sustainable development as cities struggle with issues like social
inequality, environmental degradation, and sprawl. New Urbanism focus on developing
mixed-use, walkable communities with an emphasis on public areas, pedestrian,
infrastructure, and community-friendly architectural design. It encourages denser, more
compact development, which counteracts sprawl. It prioritizes pedestrian and bicycle
movement, reducing the use of automobiles and the pollution they cause, encouraging
walking, cycling, and the use of public transportation. It energizes public areas,
promoting social interaction and a sense of belonging. Smart Growth focuses on
compact, transit-oriented development, preserving open space, and supports mixed-use
development in order to promote sustainable development. It encourages denser
development patterns that maximize land use. For example, is building up (that is,
adding stories to existing buildings), or building out (filling in empty lots within existing
neighborhoods) at higher densities that sprawling suburbs. It encourages mixed-use
development, which lessens traffic and commuting. It encourages the integration of
housing, employment, and amenities close to public transportation hubs through transit-

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oriented development. It focuses on preserving green spaces by integrating sustainable

building practices, thus reducing environmental impact. It addresses urban growth
challenges like traffic congestion, environmental issues, and social inequality and same
with New Urbanism, envision a more sustainable, equitable, and livable cities for the
future.

9. How have globalization and technological advancements influenced urban growth

and land use patterns in recent decades? 5pts

Cities are growing more and more as a result of the globalized world, which is
characterized by the flow of people, products, ideas, and, money across national
boundaries. This is accomplished in a few ways, all of which are concentrated in urban
areas and include drawing in investments, enhancing economic activity, and creating
new jobs. Globalization gives the rise of global cities as a result of economic integration
and now serve as important hubs for trade, finance, and transportation. These cities
draw talent and businesses, which concentrates growth and development in particular
areas. Globalization also has impacted manufacturing and inner-city industrial areas. In
certain developed countries, manufacturing has declined because of the emphasis on
free trade and lowering of trade barriers as a result of competition brought by
globalization. In effect, factories are closed and inner-city industrial areas become empty
and underutilized. With that, redevelopment opportunities appear, transforming those
vacant areas into areas of other uses. For example, warehouses can be converted into
office buildings, or showrooms, loft apartment with exposed brick walls and high ceilings
are a unique and appealing option for urban dwellers made out of large factory
buildings, and putting up retail, commercial, and residential space together that can
make an area lively and pedestrian-friendly.

Technological developments like automation, digitalization, and innovative city

projects have shaped the digital and physical infrastructure of urban areas, impacting
patterns of land use and urban growth. In certain cities, automation has resulted in a
decrease in jobs related to labor-intensive manufacturing. Large industrial spaces are
becoming less in demand as a result, prompted the redevelopment of it. B rick and
mortar retailers have been impacted by the growth of e-commerce. Due to this, there
are now openings in certain commercial spaces, and mixed-use developments that
combine retail and residential or office space may become more common. Cities are
embracing “Smart City” programs, which use technology to increase sustainability and
efficiency. For example: use of sensors in traffic management systems to optimize traffic
flow and reduce congestion, having public transportation networks with real-time
information and integrated ticketing systems, and have energy-efficient infrastructure
that promotes renewable energy use. The sharing economy platforms influence
transportation and housing markets. Platforms like Uber and Airbnb may have an impact
on the demand for parking spots in cities and could increase the number of short-term
rentals, which would reduce the supply of housing. People might choose to use these
ride-hailing services for some trips, potentially leading to fewer cars on the road, thus a
decrease in demand for parking spaces creating underutilized parking spaces that would
become eyesores. Airbnb offers a platform for short-term rentals, resulting in declining
of hotel/apartment occupancy rates in some areas. There may be less long-term housing
options, particularly apartments, if there is a spike in short-term rentals. The character
and affordability of neighborhoods may be impacted as a result of rising rental costs and
make it harder for residents to find affordable housing.

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10. Evaluate the potential implications of urban growth theories on urban planning and
sustainable development practices. 5pts

Cities can be better understood by the use of urban growth theories, which can also
be used to guide sustainable development and urban planning strategies. Urban
planning theories like the Concentric Zone model and the Sector model acts as roadmaps
for city growth. By understanding these patterns, planners can strategically zone areas
for homes, businesses, and industry. This results in well-organized and efficient layouts
that cater to the needs of a growing population. Placing people at the center of design,
New Urbanism promotes walkable neighborhoods with a mix of residential, commercial,
and recreational spaces. This approach prioritizes pedestrian-friendly infrastructure,
leading to a more sustainable and livelier urban environment. Smart Growth prioritizes
sustainable development by weaving existing natural spaces into new neighborhoods
and promoting eco-friendly practices. This approach fosters livable and resilient cities
that can thrive in harmony with the environment. By taking socio-economic factors into
account, urban planners can design cities that are more equitable and inclusive.
Strategies like mixed-use development can bridge divides within communities and
ensure everyone has easy access to essential services. The recent decades have
witnessed a surge in globalization, marked by the movement of people, goods, ideas,
and money across borders. This interconnected world has fueled the growth of cities by
attracting investments, boosting economic activity, and creating jobs, all concentrated in
urban centers. Technological advancements, have also played a key role. These have
transformed cities into economic powerhouses, cultural hubs, and global magnets for
tourism, business, and talent. The key to unlocking sustainable and equitable cities lies
in critically examining current urban growth theories and merging them with fresh ideas.
This approach will pave the way for a brighter future for our urban centers.

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