GROUP 3

Location Theory: The Foundation of Planning

Start

ARC: O36 INTRODUCTION TO URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING

 Contents

Topic 1
Overview of Urban & Regional Theories and
Issues: Implications to Architectural Practice

Topic 2
Issues of Urban Planning URBAN PLANNING
ARC 036: Introduction to Urban and Regional Planning
Instructor: AR. Lester V. Garcia UAP, PIA
Topic 3 Schedule: Monday/ Wednesday (8:00- 9:00 A.M)
8 Elements of Comprehensive Planning Process

Reporters
Topic 4
Comprehensive Planning Process

Maneclang Santiago Servanda Estrada Prado

 Introduction

Urban Planning
Is a technique and method that contributes to
the organization, development and evolution
of urban areas and their urbanizing
environment based on economic, social, legal
Goal of Planning
and aesthetic concepts and conditions in
order to promote the welfare of public and To guide the development of a city or town so
quality environment. that it furthers the welfare of its current and
Regional Planning future residents by creating convenient,
It is specific type of planning based on specific equitable, healthful, efficient and attractive
Planning structure (regional system). For environments.
including public action aimed at societal well-
being. It implies that regional planning is
condemned fundamentally with the society in
the context of space.
 Theories of explaining the emergence of towns

Theories given for new towns:

1. Single Nuclei Theory / Concentric Zone Theory

Also known as The Bull’s Eye model

• The concentric model, also known as the burgess model
or the CDD model, is one of the earliest theoretical models
to explain urban social structures.
• It was created by sociologist Ernest Burgess in 1925.
• The model portrays how cities social groups are spatially
arranged in a series of rings.
• The size of the rings may vary, but the order always
remains the same.
• Single Nuclei Theory this is a model of urban land use in
which a city grows from central point center being the
nucleus is the major part of the city. The major complexes
formed the center of the city and other parts of city
originate from the center of the nucleus.
THANK YOU
 Theories of explaining the emergence of towns

Theories given for new towns:

Concentric Zone theory:

1. Central Business District (CBD)- this area of the city is a non-

residential area and it’s where businesses are. This area is
called downtown, a lot of skyscrapers houses government
institutions, businesses, stadiums, and restaurants.
2. Zone of Transition- the zone of transition contains industry
and has poorer quality housing available. Created by
subdividing larger houses into apartments.
3. Zone of the working class- This area contains modest older
houses occupied by stable, working class families. A large
percentage of the people in this area rent.
4. Zone of better residence- This contains newer and more
spacious houses. Mostly families in the middle-class live in this
zone.
5. Commuters Zone/ Suburbs- This area is located beyond the
build –up area of the city. Mostly upper class residents live in
this area.
 Theories of explaining the emergence of towns

Theories given for new towns:

2. Multiple- Nuclei Theory
• The multiple nuclei is a model of urban land use in which a
city grows from several independent points rather than
from one central business district. Each point acts as a
growth center from a particular kind of land use, such as
industry, retail or high quality housing. As these expand,
they merge to form a single urban area. Some centers or
nodes include: ports, universities, airports, parks, and
neighborhood business centers.
• The Multiple Nuclei Model is an ecological model created
by Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman in the 1945
THANK YOU
 Theories of explaining the emergence of towns

Theories given for new towns:

3. Central Place Theory
• Developed by the German geographer Walter Christaller
in 1933
• It explains the reasons behind the distribution patterns,
size, and number of cities and towns.
• Tested in southern Germany and came to the conclusion
that people gather together in cities to share goods and
ideas.
Assumptions
- Humans will always purchase goods from the closest
place
- Unbounded all flat, homogenous, limitless surface
- Evenly distributed population
- All settlements are equidistant and exist in a triangular
lattice pattern
- Evenly distributed resources.
THANK YOU
 Theories of explaining the emergence of towns

Theories given for new towns:

4. Neighborhood Unit Theory
• Clarence Perry conceptualized the neighborhood unit
• Similar to the super block bounded by major streets
• Has a church, school, shops
• No through traffic – residential area bounded on all sides
by arterial roads
• A hierarchy of roads/ streets (to promote road safety,
pedestrian safety, conserve residential environment)
• The objectives were:
- To make the people socialized with one another
- To enable the inhabitants to share the public amenities
and recreational facilities
- To support a safe and healthy environment within the
neighborhood
- To provide safety and efficiency to road users and
pedestrians
- To maintain, enhance, and improve area
THANK YOU
 Theories of explaining the emergence of towns

Theories given for new towns:

5. Broad-acre City Theory
• Low- density
• Car-oriented
• Freeways and feeder roads
• Multi nucleated
• Proponent of urban decentralization
• Involved communities
• Included social services in the forms of schools, trains, and
museums, as well as employment in the forms of markets,
offices, nearby farms, and industrial areas.
THANK YOU
 Theories of explaining the emergence of towns

Theories given for new towns:

6. Public Choice Theory

• Advanced by Paul Peterson in his 1981 book, City Limits.

States that urban politicians and governing regimes are
subordinate to the overall economic principles that force
cities to compete, to capture new investment and capital .
The competitive nature of cities encourages the business elite
and politicians to favor new development.
 Theories of explaining the emergence of towns

Theories given for new towns:

7. Sector Theory
• Developed by Homer Hoyt
• Basic ideas: once contrasts in land use had arisen near
the center of a city, these differences were perpetuated
as the city expanded distinctive sectors of land use were
likely to grow out from the center often focused on major
route ways. It was a wedge like expansion, which was also
an improvement to previous theories.
• Stresses the importance of transportation corridors. Sees
growth of various urban activities as expanding along
roads, rivers, or train routes.
Sector Theory:
1. Central Business District
2. Transportation and Industry
3. Low Class Residential
4. Middle Class Residential
5. High Class Residential
 Theories of explaining the emergence of towns

Theories given for new towns:

7. Sector Theory
Shortcomings:
• Applies well to some towns only
• Low cost housing is near industry and transportation
proving Hoyt’s model.
• Theory based on 20th century and does not take into
account cars which make commerce easier
• With cars, people can live anywhere and further from the
city.
THANK YOU
THANK YOU
 Issues of Urban Planning

- Individual Control or Small Parcels

of Land
- Arbitrary Political Boundaries
- Irregularity of Environmental Site
- Heritage of Past Construction
- Anticipation of Future Change
 Comprehensive Planning Process

- general in nature, does not call for specific action or

encourage any particular legislative strategy. Rather, it
provides a framework and policy context within which make
all decisions relating to land use and future development.

History
• Hippodamus of Miletus is considered the first city planner
because of his efforts in several Greek Cities in the fifth
century B.C.
• After the American Revolution, the focus on property
rights turned to self rule and personal freedom, as this was
the time of very strong personal property rights.
• The original Williamsburg was one of the first highly
successful products of an attempt to create a land use
plan in the colonies.
 8 Elements of Comprehensive Planning Process

Population and Demography Land Use Utilities and Services Community Facilities
Should be looked at in Existing land use map Should include water, Include hospitals, schools
terms of existing should be included sanitary, and storm and government
conditions and future along with projections of sewer, and treatment buildings, and so forth.
trends. future use. information.

Traffic circulation and Park and Open Space Housing Economic Development
transportation Element is fairly easy to Information can include Will also be a necessary
As automobile use rises grasp. Changes to the provisions for affordable element of the plan for
and traffic worsens, the existing system should be housing, planned most communities.
need for roadway outlined as well as residential growth, and Whether geared toward
expansions, system projections of future building and density serious efforts to attract
improvements, and need based upon requirements. major employees or
public transportation forecasted growth. toward business retention
increases. and improvement, an
economically strong
community is a goal.
Comprehensive Planning Process

Identifying Stating Collecting Preparing

Issues Goals Data the Plan

Goals are Data is needed Plan is

The planner
community in the planning prepared using
must first
visions. It process in the the information
address the
requires the order to gathered
issue they
active evaluate during the
are
participation of current and the data collection
investigating
all people in predict future and goal
the community city conditions settings.
Comprehensive Planning Process

Creating Evaluating Implementi

Implementati Adopting ng and
Alternatives
on Plans A Plan monitoring
the plan
Usually done by the Using the
These plans Alternative implementation plans
should be City Council through
defined in the earlier
focus on public hearings and
weighed given once the plan is
stages, this city will
issues such its potential carry out the goals in
accepted by the city the comprehensive
as cost and positive and officials, it is then a plan. City planning
effectivenes negative effects, legal statement of staff monitor the
outcomes of the plan
s. impacts on the community policy in
and may propose
community and regards to future future changes if the
governments development. results are not desired
 THANK YOU!
We hope you learned something!

Start

ARC: O36 INTRODUCTION TO URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING