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Presented by Group 3

Plumbing Ventilation
Group Members:
Atalad, Molina, Najal, Penaflor, Talaid, Tenorio
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Intro
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Ventilation Individual Vent

Trap Seal Loss Unit Venting
Retardation of Flow Circuit or Loop Vent
Ventilating the Drainage System Relief Vent
Main Soil and Waste Vent Looped Vent
The Main Vent Wet Ventilation
Size of The Main Vent
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VENTILATION

Ventilation of a plumbing system, is

that portion of the drainage pipe
installation designed to maintain the
balance of atmospheric pressure inside
the system to prevent problems like,
trap seal loss, retardation of flow, and
deterioration of materials
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BACKGROUND

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This portion of plumbing science
is one of the most important, but
was not seriously regarded by
most plumbing mechanics.
Plumbing during the early period
was not considered a scientific
industry, plumbers regarded the
system as a means of waste
disposal only.
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BACKGROUND
HISTORY
Recently, the construction of large
buildings and congestion in cities
played an important role of bringing
plumbing practice to scientific level.
The proper way of plumbing has
improved and was regarded as a
work of professionals and experts
PRINCIPLES
Ventilating a drainage system
requires a thorough knowledge of:
The principles of governing the
atmosphere
the principles of gravity
the principles of siphon, pressure
and vacuum
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ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE AND
THE DRAINAGE SYSTEM

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE COMPRESSIBILITY

The surface of the earth is subjected to Compressibility is one of the property

an atmospheric pressure valued at 65.47 of gas. Air can be compressed or
Newtons at sea level. Any elevation withdrawn from a space. When
above or below the sea level would be compressed, plus pressure is
subjected to minus or plus pressure. developed. When withdrawn, it is
Pressure < 1 atmospheric pressure is
called vacuum, and would indicate a
minus pressure, while pressure > 1
pressure less than one atmosphere
atmospheric pressure is plus pressure.
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01
Chapter 1

TRAP SEAL LOSS

The most common and serious problem in a drainage system. It can be
attributed to insufficient ventilation of the trap, and unbalanced
atmospheric pressure
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TRAP SEAL LOSS
Contents

01 Siphonage 02 Evaporation
Is the result of minus pressure in the Trap Seal or water seal evaporates
drainage system.

03 Back Pressure 04 Capillary Action

Is the result of plus pressure in the Draining of the seal caused by foreign
drainage system. objects.
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SIPHONAGE

1 2 3
Siphonage is caused by Closing one end of a When water seal is
minus pressure in the pipe without loss, gasses coming
drainage system. If the ventilation will create from the public sewer
trap of a seal is exposed
an unequal amount of line will enter into the
to the atmosphere, the
pressure, and the trap and then spread
pressure is balanced and
water seal will be throughout the house
the seal will not move.
discharged
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SIPHONAGE
DIRECT
Direct siphonage occurs in
unventilated trap. Direct siphonage is
created when a rapid flow of water
passing through a pipe, siphon down
the water seal inside the trap without
vent provision
INDIRECT
Is the result of a minus pressure in the
pipe created by a heavy discharge of
water from a fixture installed within
the same pipe line of another fixture
at a lower floor
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TRAP SEAL LOSS

BACK PRESSURE EVAPORATION CAPILLARY ACTION

Is caused by plus pressure. Is considered a minor This kind of trap seal

When large amount of water
flows downward rapidly,
forming a slug like, the air
inside will be compressed and
will find a way out through a
weak point, which is the trap
seal. The seal will then be
blown out by the air.
problem in plumbing. It loss is rarely
may occur on floor experienced by
drains that are exposed homeowners. It is the
to extreme draining of the water
temperature seal caused by foreign
objects like a string
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02

RETARDATION OF FLOW Chapter 2

In plumbing, the term "retardation of flow"
describes the slowing down of water or other fluids
as they pass through a system
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) KEY FACTORS THAT CAN LEAD TO
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THE RETARDATION OF FLOW IN
PLUMBING:

FRICTION FITTINGS AND

The roughness of the pipe's 01 02 OBSTRUCTIONS
interior, the type of material it's The presence of fittings,
made from, and the diameter of valves, elbows, and other
the pipe all influence the degree
of friction and, consequently,
obstructions within the
the flow retardation. plumbing system can disrupt
the smooth flow of water,
PIPE DIAMETER causing localized
retardation.
The plumbing pipes' diameter has an impact
on flow retardation as well. Pipes with a VISCOSITY
smaller diameter provide greater flow
resistance than those with a larger diameter,
04 03 The viscosity of the fluid being
which lowers flow rates. Selecting pipe widths transported also plays a role. More
that correspond with both the water demand
and the pipe's length is crucial for ensuring
viscous fluids, like certain chemicals
sufficient flow. or slurries, experience greater flow
retardation compared to water.
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CONSEQUENCES OF FLOW
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RETARDATION
REDUCED WATER
PRESSURE
Flow retardation can lead to lower
water pressure at the faucets,
showers, and other fixtures in a
building, making it difficult to meet
daily water usage needs.
INCREASE ENERGY
COST
Slowing down the flow means using
more energy to force the water
through the pipes, which can raise
operating expenses and energy
consumption.
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In conclusion, the concept of "retardation of flow" in plumbing encompasses

both intentional and unintentional reductions in the flow of water or fluids within
a plumbing system. While intentional flow retardation can serve specific
purposes like water conservation or control, unintentional flow retardation can
lead to reduced water pressure, inefficiencies, and maintenance issues. Proper
design, maintenance, and the use of appropriate fixtures and control devices
are essential to ensure that flow retardation in a plumbing system serves its
intended purpose and does not lead to undesirable consequences.
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03
VENTILATING DRAINAGE
SYSTEM
A ventilating drainage system, often referred to as a plumbing vent system, is an
essential component of plumbing infrastructure in buildings. It is designed to Chapter 3
ensure the efficient and hygienic removal of wastewater and sewage from the
plumbing fixtures in a building while also preventing issues like backflow,
siphonage, and the buildup of noxious gases within the plumbing system.
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) TYPES OF VENTILATION IN THE
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PLUMBING SYSTEM

MAIN SOIL AND CIRCUIT LOOP OR LOOPED VENT

WASTE VENT VENT

LOCAL VENT
MAIN VENT RELIEF VENT

UTILITY VENT
INDIVIDUAL VENT YOKE VENT

UNIT VENT WET VENT

Each type of ventilation has a definite function to perform in a complete

plumbing system that may be grouped in to two major classifications
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MAIN SOIL AND WASTE INCREASE ENERGY

VENTS COST

The vent pipe used to ventilate soil
and waste pipes.
This type of ventilation only serve the
fixture trap indirectly. Their main
function is to maintain the balance
atmospheric pressure inside the
waste pipe system.
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Other types of ventilation whose main purpose is to protect the trap seal
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against back pressure and siphoning are called:

INDIVIDUAL OR BACK
LOOPED VENT
VENT

UNIT VENT

CIRCUIT OR LOOP
VENT

WET VENT
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In conclusion, a plumbing ventilating drainage system is an essential

component of any building's infrastructure. It not only provides safe and
effective wastewater removal, but it also plays an important role in maintaining
interior air quality and minimizing health risks related with sewage gasses.
Proper design, installation, and maintenance are required to keep the system
operational and in accordance with local building norms and laws.
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04

MAIN SOIL AND WASTE VENT

By definition, the main soil and waste vent is that portion of the soil stack
above the highest installed fixture branch extending through the roof. It
serves the terminal for the main vent and other vents of the system.
Chapter 4
 MAIN SOIL AND WASTE VENT ILLUSTRATION
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) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) GENERAL CONDITION IN INSTALLING THE
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MAIN SOIL AND WASTE VENTILATION

1 2 3
That, it must be Short radius fittings As much as possible,
installed as direct as should be avoided, long horizontal line
possible. because it reduces the must be avoided
flow of air 4. Generally, it should
have the same
diameter as the soil or
waste pipe.
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THE MAIN VENT

The main vent is that portion of the vent pipe

system, serving as terminal for the smaller forms
of individual and grouped fixture trap ventilation.
It is sometimes referred as Collecting Vent Line
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ILLUSTRATION OF MAIN VENT
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) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) General Condition for the Maint Vent Installation
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The main vent shall be in full size at their base to

the main soil or waste pipe below the lowest fixture
branch.It shall be extended undiminished in size
above the the roof. or shall be coonected with the
main soil vent, at least 1.00 meter above the 2
highest fixture branch.
The main vent shall also serve as relief vent for any
anticipated backpressure. It must be free from offsets to
allow free movement of air and well supported on each
floor, if not embedded in concrete colmn, walls or
partitions.
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SIZE OF THE MAIN VENT

Sizing the main vent pipe presents challenges similar to soil and waste
pipe sizing. Each plumbing system operates differently, making it
impossible to establish a sizing method for every installation. The volume
and velocity of waste flow inside the pipe cannot be determined, and long
runs reduce air flow due to friction. Studying these phenomena is crucial
for establishing sizing methods.
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INDIVIDUAL VENT

A pipe installed to vent a fixture

trap and that connects with the vent
system above the fixture served or
terminates in the open air.
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UNIT VENT
Unit vent is defined as: that portion of a vent pipe system that ventilates two
fixture traps that discharges into a sanitary cross with deflectors. It is
classified as another form of individual vent, with identical form of back
venting, having the same principles and functions.
Chapter 10
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ILLUSTRATION OF UNIT VENT
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CIRCUIT OR LOOP VENT

Circuit or Loop Vent is employed where two or more fixture traps are
installed on a horizontal soil or waste branch.

Chapter 10
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ILLUSTRATION OF CIRCUIT/ LOOP VENT
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A group of 5 lavatories is to be
circuit vented. Find the size of the
circuit vent pipe.
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10

RELIEF VENT
A relief vent is installed to ventilate the soil and waste pipe and connecting
branches rather than the fixture traps. The installation of a relief vent could
be determined outright, at the very start if the plumbing layout was properly
planned, and carefully analyzed on the drafting table. Chapter 10
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ILLUSTRATION OF RELIEF VENT
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) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ON RELIEF VENT, THE PLUMBING CODE
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PROVIDES THAT:

1 2
Waste Branches which The base of Soil Stack on
are circuit vented, tall building installation is
shall be provided with susceptible to back
relief vent. pressure, due to the large
volume of water rushing
down inside the pipe.
3
Relief vent may be
installed at the
interval of the soil pipe
having changes in
directions.
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ON RELIEF VENT, THE PLUMBING CODE
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PROVIDES THAT:

4 5
On long vertical soil Relief Vent serving a
pipe, a Relief Vent is circuit vented branch,
installed at 3rd to 5th should have at least one
floor intervals. half diameter of the said
soil pipe, but in no case, be
less than 38 mm
diameter.
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ON RELIEF VENT, THE PLUMBING CODE
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PROVIDES THAT:

6 7
A Relief Vent used on a Yoke vent between the
change of direction, and at main vent and the soil
the base of the soil pipe, pipe at 5 floor intervals
shall have a diameter equal must have equal pipe
to the main Vent, and in no diameter as the main
case, the relief vent must be event.
less than 50 mm
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RELIEF VENT FOR TALL BUILDING
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RELIEF VENT FOR HOUSE DRAIN
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THE RELIEF VENT AND YOKE VENT
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11

LOOPED VENT
Is one type of ventilation use in fixtures in a room away from partitions. This
is common to beauty parlor, barber shop, dental clinic, and operating room.
The used of looped vent is not practical, but sometimes tolerated, only when
other methods of ventilation could not be possible. Chapter 11
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ILLUSTRATION OF LOOPED VENT
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12

WET VENTILATION
is defined as that portion of the vent-pipe system where liquid waste
regularly flows. It is considered as one interesting topic for arguments,
because both the affirmative and the negative sides, argue with sense of
merit. Chapter 12
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ILLUSTRATION OF WET VENTILATION
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Thank You
By group 3