Topic: Ethical Opportunities of Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Introduction
In today’s world, possibly nothing has captured the public’s attention as much as Artificial
Intelligence (AI), which is defined as the capacity of computers or machines such as robots to carry
out tasks by displaying intelligent, thought processes, reasoning and human-like behavior (Russell
and Norvig, 2016). The earliest and most widespread definition was made by Alan Turing (1950), in
Turing’s test which demonstrated that if we place something behind a curtain and it speaks with us
and can’t make the difference between it and a human being, then that will be Artificial Intelligence
but this definition is informal (Dobrev, 2012). In the 50's powerful computers and big data were
programmed by humans and followed rules of human invention but advances in technology have led
to the development of new approaches such as machine learning, which is now the most active area
of artificial intelligence (Shaw, 2019). Machine learning is an evolving section of computational
algorithms that are designed to emulate human intelligence by learning from their surrounding
environment and the increasing availability of the so-called big data has pushed its growth (El Naqa
and Murphy, 2015). The field of Artificial Intelligence has seen many failures and disappointments as
well as successes, hype, and high expectations periods which has brought up many questions about
how Artificial Intelligence operates as it approaches human intelligence (Bostrom and Yudkowsky,
2018). Despite increased enthusiasm as the age of Artificial Intelligence is upon us, there is a sense
that the hype is adopted from the framework set by major corporations’ claims of current systems
having surpassed human abilities to the point where machines might be best for running society
(Katz, 2017). The popularity of Artificial Intelligence as a subject for mankind has brought much
debate from both researchers and practitioners who hold diverse opinions on the risks and benefits
of Artificial Intelligence in society (Tegmark, 2018). Advocates of Artificial intelligence see it as a
wonderous and useful tool of limitless recall, and self-improving learning ability to drive social
advertising, product innovation, and R&D (functional benefits) as giant companies such as Coca-Cola,
Amazon, Google, and Facebook have taken the lead (West et al., 2018). However, there are ethical
concerns about the advancement of the use of artificial intelligence in society as data scientists have
real concerns about bias, about ethical implementations of the technology, spurred anxiety about
unemployment and believe this can be a larger problem both in the social and economic scale (Shaw,
2019). The most important ethical concern is that artificial intelligence focuses on the military sector
with the extreme use of deadly military drones, weapons, and other machines, which causes anxiety
as humans feel unsafe for machines make their decisions (Bistron and Piotrowski, 2021).
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has arrived and is here to stay, it is already changing our daily lives in almost
every department with great improvements in manufacturing, human healthcare, education, public
safety and security, education, entertainment, and service robots (Kumar, 2019). Artificial
Intelligence has become so important in virtually all fields: science, education, medicine, business,
engineering, accounting, finance, marketing, economics, stock market, and law, among others (Halal,
2003). The AI market was valued at $16.06 billion in 2017 and is projected to be worth $190,61
billion by 2025, as AI gadgets like Amazon's Alexa and Apple's Siri, robots are becoming widely used
and crucial components of daily life (Singh et al.,, 2021). The United States market for home robots
alone is set to quadruple to more than $4 Billion by the year 2025, with home robots helping children
to play and learn, taking better care of the elderly, home cleaning, and many more (Kumar, 2019).
The effectiveness, speed, capacity for self-leaning, and infinite memory of Artificial intelligence has
made researchers, scientists and practitioners view AI as an important useful tool (Singh et al., 2021),
as Google CEO Sundar Pichai stated "Artificial intelligence (AI) is the most crucial project that
humanity is engaging in, and it is deeper than electricity or fire" (Clifford, 2018). As the range of AI
capabilities expands, so does our awareness of ethical issues related to this technology and its
application for social good (Trotta et al., 2023). One of the core stances on AI should be the
development of intelligent systems along fundamental human principles and values, to ensure
human growth and well-being in a sustainable world (Dignum, 2018).

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 Conceptual Framework

i. Ethics in Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Artificial intelligence (AI) continues to revolutionize the way we live in every aspect of our society
from healthcare and humanitarian aid, to the mundane like dating and advancing scientific research
(Trotta et al., 2023). Artificial intelligence continues to evolve as artificial intelligence in robotics and
techniques like machine learning can enhance economic, and social welfare and the exercise of
human rights but at the same time if Artificial intelligence is misused then it can be very harmful to
society, which brings the questions on the role of ethics in governing artificial intelligence systems
(Cath, 2018). Ethics is at the center and is a growing concern in all applications utilizing artificial
intelligence (Kochupillai et al., 2022). The rise of Artificial intelligence has brought the awareness of
ethical issues leading to the design, development, deployment, the promise of positive change that
will see many opportunities arise from the use of artificial intelligence (Trotta et al., 2023). Ethics in
governing Artificial intelligence systems is more relevant than before because the digital revolution
transforms our views about values, good behavior and innovation which is not only sustainable but
socially preferable (Floridi, 2018). Most Artificial intelligence systems apply learning techniques from
statistics to find patterns in large sets of data and make predictions based on those patterns and
owing to the proliferation of artificial intelligence in high-risk areas, pressure is mounting to design
and govern artificial intelligence to be accountable, fair and transparent to society (Cath, 2018).
Focusing on ethical governance is important as ethical issues raised by artificial intelligence cover
issues such as fairness, transparency and privacy, the allocation of services and goods (the use of AI
by industry, companies and government) and even the ethical response to the disappearance of jobs
due to artificial intelligence is vitally important (Wachter et al., 2021). So for highly complex
algorithmic systems accountability mechanisms cannot solely rely on interpretability by machines, so
for ethical concerns auditing mechanisms are proposed as possible solutions that will examine the
inputs and outputs of algorithms for bias, fairness and harms as this will play a huge part to societal
acceptance of Artificial intelligence (Mittelstadt, (2021). Ethical guidelines are most times perceived
as something whose purpose is to stop or prohibit an activity, to hinder valuable research and
economic endeavors but this shouldn't be so, and the role of ethics should be to broaden the scope
of action, uncover weaknesses, promoting freedom, and fostering sovereignty (Boddington, 2017). It
is therefore important to foster artificial intelligence that focuses on virtues aim at cultivating a moral
character or expressing techno-moral virtues such as honesty, justice, courage, empathy, care, and
civility, which will raise the likelihood of ethical decision-making practices in organizations that
develop and deploy artificial intelligence applications (Vallor, 2017). This is simply because every
person involved in data science, data engineering to applications of Artificial intelligence has to take
at least some responsibility for the implications of their actions (Leonelli, 2016).
ii. Ethics in Artificial Intelligence (AI)

The key attraction of Artificial Intelligence is that it can perform a variety of human-like functions,
learn from past experience and adapt to new inputs, and attain superior performance for specified
tasks (Kaplan and Haenlein, 2020). Artificial Intelligence has grown exponentially in recent years and
has been applied to offer many benefits across various industries, including the critical healthcare
industry (Minz and Mahobiya, 2017). Healthcare is a complex field and requires systematic
approaches rather than traditional linear thinking to understand its complexity (Strachna and Asan,
2020). Artificial Intelligence has exponentially transformed the manual health system into a digital
version in many areas, whereby humans are now only required to perform more fundamental duties
in medical practice to manage patients and medical resources (Comito et al., 2020), leaving
complicated procedures to be handled by or dependent on AI components. Smart health means
“intelligent health” and the intelligence referred to is digital, guaranteed by innovative tools such as
Internet of Things (IoT) devices, artificial intelligence (AI), and big data, thanks to these new
technologies connected to patients, such as technologically advanced bracelets and watches, it is

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possible to collect data on the state of health of people and treat them, even remotely anticipate
critical situations before they occur (Comito et al., 2020). The combination of Artificial Intelligence
and genotype analysis holds immense promise in the realms of disease surveillance, prediction, and
personalized medicine and AI can effectively monitor for emerging disease threats (such as COVID-
19), while genomic data can provide valuable insights into genetic markers which can trace specific
diseases such as cancer (Alowais et al., 2023).
In the education sector, there has been an increased application of artificial intelligence which has
shed a new light when trying to understand the powers of artificial intelligence (Chen et al., 2020).
Artificial intelligence technologies are used to ensure equitable and inclusive access to education
whereby marginalized people and communities, people with disabilities, refugees, those out of
schools, can have access to appropriate learning opportunities for sustainable development (Pedro et
al., 2019). Artificial intelligence helps advance collaborative learning where learners are not
physically in the same location, web-based and online education, as enumerated in different studies
enriches the educational experience (Devedžić, 2004). The Computer Assisted Learning (CAL) field
creates systems to support students’ learning strategies with digital and artificial intelligence
technology (Schittek et al., 2001). Artificial intelligence can now help individual students with learning
plans, their strengths and weaknesses, subjects that are easily assimilated or learned, and learning
preferences and activities (Pedro et al., 2019). Artificial intelligence has been applied in the education
sector including curriculum and content development and instructions leveraging technologies such
as virtual reality, video conferencing, and plagiarism checkers, which has made teachers and students
have a personalized and richer educational experience (Chen et al., 2020). Artificial intelligence has
gained significant attention in the efficiency and effectiveness of academic research and one example
of this advancement is ChatGPT, ChatGPT is designed to generate human-like language and can
engage in a conversation on a wide range of topics (M Alshater, 2022)
Cockburn, Henderson, and Stern emphasize that machine learning is a general-purpose technology
for science and innovation, as such it is likely to impact various sectors and economics are amongst
(Agrawal et al., 2019). Artificial intelligence may be deployed in the ordinary production of goods and
services, thereby exponentially impacting economic growth and income shares (Aghion et al., 2017).
Artificial intelligence and machine learning are emerging as important tools for market design and
companies such as eBay, Amazon, Uber, many others are using their vast amounts of data to identify
patterns to help create better experiences for their customers and increase the efficiency of their
markets (Agrawal et al., 2019). Two-sided markets such as Google are not only using artificial
intelligence to set reserve prices and segment consumers into profitable categories for ad targeting
but also develop Artificial intelligence-based tools to help advertisers bid on ads (Agrawal et al.,
2019). Automation is a result of artificial intelligence increasing productivity and many tasks are
dangerous, dull, or dirty, and shines a good light on artificial intelligence (Brynjolfsson, 2022). Future
progress in artificial intelligence and robotics is expected to be even more exponential, and many
forecasters predict that these technologies will transform work, businesses, industries around the
world (Brynjolfsson and McAfee, 2014).
Digitalization has major implications for the labor markets (Acemoglu and Restrepo, 2018). As
artificial intelligence systems are becoming more sophisticated, this is eventually lead to job
displacement but what have been overlooked is the fact that many new jobs will be created (Wilson
et al., 2017). Rapid automation may spontaneously generate incentives for firms and industries to
introduce new labor-intensive tasks, which will lead to new job opportunities (Acemoglu, and
Restrepo, 2018). Artificial intelligence may facilitate the creation of new tasks, as a recent report by
Accenture PLC's global study identified entirely new categories of jobs that are emerging in firms
using AI and these jobs include “trainers” (to train the AI systems), “explainers” (to communicate and
explain the output of AI systems to customers), and “sustainers” (to monitor the performance of AI
systems), (Acemoglu, and Restrepo, 2018).

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Conclusion
In this article, the authors reviewed some of the role ethics can play in the advancement of artificial
intelligence and how these ethics can help shape opportunities from the use of artificial intelligence
despite backlash on this technological development. The study aims to make inferences about the
ethics governing artificial intelligence perceptions in manufacturing, human healthcare, education,
public safety and security, education, entertainment, service robots, and the literature part on the
opportunities created by artificial intelligence in these sectors has been examined in detail. It has
been demonstrated that Artificial Intelligence (AI) has arrived and is here to stay, it is already
changing our daily lives in almost every department (Kumar, 2019) from manufacturing to human
healthcare, education, public safety and security, education, entertainment and service robots. The
introduction of machine learning has seen exponential growth in artificial intelligence as machines
can emulate human intelligence by learning from their surrounding environment. However, the field
of artificial intelligence has suffered many failures and disappointments as well as success, hype, and
high expectations periods which has brought up many questions about how artificial intelligence
operates as it approaches human intelligence (Bostrom and Yudkowsky, 2018) and if it is really going
to be useful to mankind. The study shows that it is not a matter of whether artificial intelligence is
here to stay but a question of how far can AI go and as Google CEO Sundar Pichai stated "Artificial
intelligence (AI) is the most crucial project that humanity is engaging in, and it is deeper than
electricity or fire" (Clifford, 2018). New technologies including artificial intelligence are always
created for the good of humanity and artificial intelligence offers us with amazing new abilities to
help people and make the world a better place (Green, 2020) and to do this, we need to choose to do
this in accordance with ethics. So as per the study, all humans need is the ethical governance of
artificial intelligence and the transparency from its practitioners and scientist to make sure artificial
intelligence works without bias and in fairness for all. Humans need not fear the fact that artificial
intelligence will replace humans in jobs because the introduction of artificial intelligence will facilitate
the creation of new tasks, as a recent report by Accenture PLC's global study identified entirely new
categories of jobs that are emerging in firms using AI (Acemoglu, and Restrepo, 2018). The study
narrates that there will be many opportunities in many industrial sectors due to the advancement of
artificial intelligence. Companies should engage in artificial intelligence-related socially responsible
actions to attain realistic and moral legality for their AI-enabled value creation (Suchman, 1995).
Artificial intelligence has the potential to revolutionize academic research in a variety of fields (M
Alshater, 2022) and the introduction of NLP tool ChatGPT's applications, has the capabilities as
revealed to significantly enhance academic research in general, economics and finance. During the
COVID-19 attack on the world, all sectors were shut down and the education sector survived
particularly thanks to the introduction of Computer Assisted Learning (CAL) field, which creates
systems to support students’ learning strategies with digital and artificial intelligence technology
(Schittek et al., 2001). Recent advancements in artificial intelligence technology, the medical field has
gained in automatically quantifying radiographic patterns in imaging data and eventually leading to
earlier interventions and significant improvements in diagnosis and clinical care (Bi et al., 2019). The
most profound being the artificial intelligence reported successes within cancer imaging.
Given the exponential growth of artificial intelligence-enabled products in today’s marketplace and
the profound impact that these products have on individual and societal wellbeing, understanding of
ethical challenges and opportunities associated with artificial intelligence value creation is important
(Du and Xie, 2021). The study believes that through the concerted effort of many individuals and
organizations, we can hope that artificial intelligence technology will help us to make a better world.
These can be achieved through checks and balances with more non-US led initiatives like the Europe-
based AI4People4 and the Council on Europe's Expert Committee on artificial intelligence and Human
Rights (Cath, 2018).

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