Module 1:

1. Describe the term IOT with examples

IOT is network of physical things(objects) sending ,receiving or communicating information
using the Internet or other communication technologies and network just as
computers ,tablets and mobiles do.
 Smart home devices. Smart devices are interactive electronics that use
wireless connections to understand user instructions. To an extent, smart
home devices like thermostats and home security systems can work
autonomously to assist with daily tasks. For example, you may program
your smart thermostat to adjust automatically to a cooler setting before
you arrive home from work. Or, you may receive a security camera
notification to inform you that someone is at the door when you are not
home.
 Wearable technologies. One of the most common Internet of Things
examples is smartwatches. Wearable IoT technology like Fitbits and Apple
Watches connect to other devices (like your smartphone) to share data.
They typically also connect to the internet to track GPS locations.
 Personal medical devices. Personal medical devices like pacemakers are
also IoT devices. Remote medical devices can help monitor and share a
patient's vital signs or detect early signs of health issues for fast
intervention.
 Autonomous vehicles. Self-driving cars and other connected vehicles rely
on the internet to share real-time information. Sensors throughout the
vehicle help map its surroundings, transmit camera footage, and respond
to traffic signals.
2. Explain the importance of Digitization.
IoT and digitization are terms that are often used
interchangeably.
Digitization, as defined in its simplest form, is the conversion of information into a
digital format. Digitization has been happening in one form or another for
several decades.
Digitization is important for the Internet of Things (IoT) because it speeds up
communication between people and machines. Digitization also helps with data
processing, storage, and transmission

The following are some common examples of information that can undergo
digitization:

 Text, such as books, articles and contracts.

 Images, such as photos, artwork and medical images.

 Audio, such as music, speeches and interviews.

 Video, such as movies, TV shows and webcam footage.

 Data, such as numeric data from sensors, financial data and weather data.

 Data from barcodes and quick response (QR) codes can be scanned into
a digital format to make them machine readable.
 3. Brief about impact of IOT for the below given examples:
1.Connected Roadways
2.Connested Factory
3.Smart connected buildings
4.Smart Creature.
4. Highlights challenges in IOT.
While an IoT-enabled future paints an impressive picture, it does not
come without significant challenges. Many parts of IoT have become
reality, but certain obstacles need to be overcome for IoT to become
ubiquitous throughout industry and our everyday life.
IoT Challenges
Scale
Scalability refers to the ability of a system to handle increasing workloads or
numbers of users without a significant decline in performance. In the context
of the Internet of Things (IoT), scalability is a major challenge as the number
of connected devices is rapidly growing,
Security
Security is a critical concern in the Internet of Things (IoT) as it involves the
protection of sensitive data and systems from unauthorized access, theft, or
damage.
Privacy
Privacy is a critical concern in the Internet of Things (IoT), as IoT devices
collect, store, and transmit large amounts of personal and sensitive
information.
Big Data analytics : Challenges in IoT Big Data analytics include data
volume, variety, velocity, security, privacy, and real-time processing constraints.
Interoperability
Interoperability refers to the ability of different systems, devices, or
components to work together seamlessly and exchange data effectively. In the
context of the Internet of Things (IoT), interoperability is a critical challenge,
as a large number of diverse devices are being connected to the internet
5. Explain oneM2M IOT standardized architecture.
The oneM2M architecture divides IoT functions into three major domains: the
application layer, the services layer, and the network layer

 Applications layer:
 The oneM2M architecture gives major attention to connectivity between devices and
their applications.
 This domain includes the application-layer protocols and attempts to standardize
northbound API definitions for interaction with business intelligence (BI) systems.
Applications tend to be industry-specific and have their own sets of data models, and
thus they are shown as vertical entities.
 Services layer:
This layer is shown as a horizontal framework across the vertical industry applications.
At this layer, horizontal modules include the physical network that the IoT applications run on,
the underlying management protocols, and the hardware.
Examples include backhaul communications via cellular, MPLS networks, VPNs, and so on.
Riding on top is the common services layer.
 Network layer: This is the communication domain for the IoT devices and endpoints. It
includes the devices themselves and the communications network that links them.
Embodiments of this communications infrastructure include wireless mesh technologies, such
as IEEE 802.15.4, and wireless point-to-multipoint systems, such as IEEE 801.11ah.

6. Compare Operational Technology (OT)and Information Technology (IT)

S.No. OT Network IT Network

OT network is industrial- IT network is business-oriented,

1. oriented, which mainly which mainly deals with
interacts with machines. information rather machines.

Different types of data in OT Different types of data in IT

2. networks include : monitoring, networks include : Transactional,
control and supervisory data. voice, video and bulky data.

OT network is connected with

IT network is limited to people
3. the outside world whose
which have certain privileges.
access is not limited.

4. OT network works on real-time IT network works on

processing of data. transactional processing of
S.No. OT Network IT Network

data.

OT network may have risk IT network may have

5.
regarding the information. automation risk.

OT network failure can result IT network failure can result in

6.
in end-of life. loss of data.

OT has less changing

environment as the IT has frequently changing
7.
requirements are not frequently environment.
changing.

OT network does not often IT network often requires

8.
requires network upgrades. network upgrades.

If there is any disturbance in IT network failure can be

9. OT network, it will directly business impacting, and it
impact the overall business. depends on industry.

IT network ensures security by

OT network controls physical
10. authenticating the devices and
access to any device.
users to the network.

7. Explain the simplified IOT architecture.

Internet of Things (IoT) technology has a wide variety of applications
and use of Internet of Things is growing so faster.

1. Sensing Layer –
The sensing layer is the first layer of the IoT architecture and is
responsible for collecting data from different sources. This layer
includes sensors and actuators that are placed in the environment to
gather information about temperature, humidity, light, sound, and
 other physical parameters. These devices are connected to the
network layer through wired or wireless communication protocols.
2. Network Layer –
The network layer of an IoT architecture is responsible for providing
communication and connectivity between devices in the IoT system.
This is the communication domain for the IoT devices and endpoints. It includes the devices
themselves and the communications network that links them.
Examples of network technologies that are commonly used in IoT
include WiFi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, and cellular networks such as 4G
and 5G.
3. Data processing Layer –
The data processing layer of IoT architecture refers to the software
and hardware components that are responsible for collecting,
analyzing, and interpreting data from IoT devices. This layer is
responsible for receiving raw data from the devices, processing it,
and making it available for further analysis or action.
Example of a technology used in the data processing layer is a data
lake, which is a centralized repository for storing raw data from IoT
devices.
4. Application Layer –
The application layer of IoT architecture is the topmost layer that
interacts directly with the end-user. It is responsible for providing
user-friendly interfaces and functionalities that enable users to access
and control IoT devices.This layer includes various software and
applications such as mobile apps, web portals, and other user
interfaces that are designed to interact with the underlying IoT
infrastructure.

8. Elaborate core IOT Functional Stack.

9. What is IOT data management and Compute stack.
FOG COMPUTING
Module 2: Things in IOT
10. Explain Sensor and Actuators with example.
Sensor

For instance, thermometers take our body temperatures in the form of physical
characteristics, convert the temperatures into electrical signals, and convey them to
their systems. Tilt sensors, Temperature sensors, Accelerometers, Ultrasonic sensors,
etc., are a few types of sensors.
Actuator

For instance, heaters, comb drives, pneumatic cylinders, hydraulic cylinders, and
electric motors are some of the common actuators you can find around you.
 .

11. Enlist different types of sensors and Actuators

Sensors or transducers represent physical devices that convert one
form of energy into another.

Types of Sensors
1. Temperature: Beginning with the most common type of sensor, the
temperate sensor records the amount of heat in a given setting. It can be
a machine, a room, a car, a lab, etc.
2. Moisture: Where temperature sensors record the heat, moisture
sensors record the amount of humidity. They have a wide array of
applications in the environment, food supply chains, medicinal labs,
agriculture, etc.
3. Light: Light sensors record and assess the ambient light settings in a
defined area and recommend actions to change the same. In your
smartphone, when the brightness is adjusted according to the exposure
to light, the light sensor and the electrical actuator play their part.
4. Motion: Motion sensors are usually installed in security systems and
help detect unauthorized activity. Motion IoT sensors use radar,
infrared, or ultrasonic waves to detect activity in their vicinity.
5. Noise: Noise sensors, as the name suggests, record the noise levels in
the given environment. It can be an entire city, a room, a car, etc. In IoT,
these sensors are used to build safe working and living environments for
people. They are also used to send warning notifications to the right
people when noise levels go beyond the stipulated threshold limit.
6. Proximity: Motion sensors and proximity sensors can be kept in the
same basket, as the majority of their functions are similar. These sensors
record activity nearby with the help of electromagnetic waves, including
infrared.
7. Level: From granular materials to semi-solid liquids, level sensors
detect the quantity or level of different substances.
8. Accelerometers: Accelerometers are an impressive type of IoT
sensor used to record and measure an object’s acceleration. These types
of sensors record the rate of change of an object’s speed in relation to
time.
ACTUATORS
Taking the sensor discussion forward, actuators do the opposite of
a sensor. They convert electrical impulses into physical actions or
objects.

Types of Actuators

1. Hydraulic: These actuators harness hydraulic power to perform

mechanical functions and operations. Generally, these types of actuators
are powered by a cylinder or a fluid motor.
2. Pneumatic: Pneumatic actuators create two types of motions, rotary
or linear.. Compared to other types of actuators, pneumatic actuators are
low-cost and low-maintenance actuators.
3. Electrical: In these actuators, a motor converts electrical energy into
mechanical motion. These actuators are powered by electricity and
provide precision control. These actuators are heavily used in industrial
settings to automate mechanical operations.
4. Thermal: The thermal actuators have thermal-sensitive material
fitted inside, which is used to produce linear motion. The word thermal
implies that these actuators are used in response to temperature
changes. The most popular use case includes shutting off valves and
operating latches or switches.
5. Magnetic: These types of actuators convert electromagnetic energy
into mechanical output and operate in a linear or rotary direction.
Magnetic actuators can provide continuous mechanical operation and
are popularly used in the automotive and aerospace industries.
12. Define characteristics of a Smart Objects
Smart Object is an object that enhances interplay with not solely
humans however also with different smart objects.
1. Connectivity: Smart devices are connected to the internet or other networks,
enabling them to communicate and share data with other devices, systems, or
users.
2. Sensing Capabilities: Smart devices are equipped with sensors that can
gather information about their environment or usage, such as temperature,
motion, light, or location.
3. Data Processing: Smart devices can process the data collected from sensors
locally or in the cloud, enabling them to analyze information, make decisions,
or respond to changes in real-time.
4. Automation: Smart devices often feature automation capabilities, allowing
them to perform tasks or adjust settings automatically based on predefined
conditions or user preferences.
5. Remote Monitoring and Control: Smart devices can be monitored and
controlled remotely using smartphones, computers, or other connected
devices, providing users with flexibility and convenience.
6. Interoperability: Interoperability refers to the ability of different systems,
devices, or components to work together seamlessly and exchange data
effectively. In the context of the Internet of Things (IoT),
interoperability is a critical challenge, as a large number of diverse
devices are being connected to the internet
7. Adaptability: Smart devices can adapt to changing conditions or user
requirements, allowing for customization and flexibility in their functionality or
behavior.
8. Energy Efficiency: Smart devices are often designed to be energy-efficient,
utilizing power-saving features or technologies to minimize energy
consumption and environmental impact.

13. Define trends in Smart Objects.

Trends in Smart Objects in IoT refer to the patterns or directions in which
technology is developing to make everyday objects smarter and more
connected.
This includes advancements such as integrating sensors, adding connectivity
to devices, and improving automation to enhance functionality and user
experience.
Examples of trends in smart objects include the increasing use of voice
assistants, the development of wearable devices, and the proliferation of
smart home appliances. Overall, these trends aim to make our lives more
convenient, efficient, and interconnected through the Internet of Things.
 Smart home devices. Smart devices are interactive electronics that use
wireless connections to understand user instructions. To an extent, smart
home devices like thermostats and home security systems can work
autonomously to assist with daily tasks. For example, you may program
your smart thermostat to adjust automatically to a cooler setting before
you arrive home from work. Or, you may receive a security camera
notification to inform you that someone is at the door when you are not
home.
 Wearable technologies. One of the most common Internet of Things
examples is smartwatches. Wearable IoT technology like Fitbits and Apple
 Watches connect to other devices (like your smartphone) to share data.
They typically also connect to the internet to track GPS locations.
 Personal medical devices. Personal medical devices like pacemakers are
also IoT devices. Remote medical devices can help monitor and share a
patient's vital signs or detect early signs of health issues for fast
intervention.
 Autonomous vehicles. Self-driving cars and other connected vehicles rely
on the internet to share real-time information. Sensors throughout the
vehicle help map its surroundings, transmit camera footage, and respond
to traffic signals.
 Industrial IoT (IIoT): In industrial settings, IoT-enabled sensors and devices
are being used to monitor and optimize operations, leading to advancements
in predictive maintenance, supply chain management, and overall efficiency.
 Smart Cities: Urban environments are increasingly adopting IoT solutions for
improved city management, including smart streetlights, waste management
systems, traffic monitoring, and environmental sensors to enhance
sustainability and quality of life.


14. Ellaborate design constraints for Wireless Smart Objects with diagram.
15. Compare STAR ,Mesh ,Peer to Peer Topology.

Star Topology Mesh Topology Peer to peer

In star topology, the nodes are In mesh topology, the nodes

connected to the central hub or are connected to each other Nodes connected directly to each
router. completely via dedicated link. other

There are N(N-1)/2 links in

There are N links in Star
Mesh topology, if there are N Varies depending on network size and
topology, if there are N nodes.
nodes. structure

The cost of Star topology is The cost of Mesh topology is Depends on network size and
less. expensive. structure

The complexity of Star The complexity of Mesh Can be simple to complex depending
topology is quite simple. topology is complex. on network structure

In star topology, the

In mesh topology, the
information is travel from
information is travel from
central hub or router to all the
nodes to nodes.
nodes. Nodes to nodes

Star topology is very good Mesh topology is poor Depends on network structure and
extensible. extensible. design

In mesh topology, twisted

pair cable, coaxial cable and
In star topology, twisted pair
optical fiber cable are used
cable is used for connection.
for connection on the basis of Varies depending on network and
type of networks. connections
 Star Topology Mesh Topology Peer to peer

Star topology is used in LAN Mesh topology is used in Various, including file sharing, video
as setup is easy. WAN. conferencing, etc.

It is less robust as compared to Depends on network structure and

It is highly robust.
mesh topology. design

The breakdown of central hub The breakdown of a node , the failure of individual
leads to failure of entire does not affect other nodes in peers does not disrupt the
network. a network. entire network

It is difficult to install and

It is easy to install and
reconfigure because of Can be easy or difficult depending on
reconfigure.
extensive cabling. network structure

16. Write a short on IOT Access Technologies

1.RFID
2.MEMS
3.NFC