Attic or Herodianic Numerals

• The Attic numerals are a symbolic

number notation used by the ancient
Greeks. They were also known as
Herodianic numerals because they
were first described in a 2nd-century
manuscript by Herodian; or as
acrophonic numerals (from
acrophony) because the basic symbols
derive from the first letters of the
(ancient) Greek words that the
symbols represented.
Write it in Herodianic Numeral:
4, 672
Write the following given value in Attic
Numerals:
1.55
2.120
3.560
4.1001
5.1871
 Menelaus of Alexandria
• He is called “Menelaus of Alexandria” by Pappus and Proclus.
• He was a Greek mathematician and
astronomy, the first to recognize geodesics
on a curved surface as natural analogs of
straight line
• Sphaerica, He established the basis for
a mathematical treatment of spherical
triangles analogous to Euclid’s Treatment
of Plane Triangle.
• He originated the used of arcs of great circles instead of arcs of parallel
circles on the sphere.
 Diophantus
• Diophantus, often known as the 'Father of Algebra
• Diophantus is best known for his work
"Arithmetica," which is a book that dealt with solving
polynomial equations, including those with multiple variables.
• Symbolic Algebra: He introduced a symbolic
notation for representing these equations,
which laid the foundation for modern algebraic notation. This
notation system, which included symbols for unknowns,
coefficients, and powers, was a precursor to
modern algebraic notation.
Euclid of Alexandria
(365 B.C.-275 BC)

Euclid was fair, kind, and patient. Once, when a boy

asked what the point of learning math was, Euclid gave
him a coin and said, "He must make gain out of what he
learns." Another time he was teaching a king. When the
king asked if there was an easier way to learn geometry,
Euclid said, "There is no royal road to geometry." Then
he sent the king to study.
 Euclid's Axioms
Things which are equal to the same thing are
equal to one another.
Example: If a=c and b=c, then a=b.
If equals are added to equals, the wholes are
equal.
Example: If a=b and c=d, then a+c=b+d.
The Elements
These Elements are divided into 13 books in
which :
1-6 are of plane geometry
7-9 are of number theory
10 is the theory of irrational numbers EUCLID'S
ELEMENTS BEGINNER'S INTRODUCTION
11-13 are of 3-D geometry
Euclid Five Postulates
Euclid Five Postulates
 ARCHIMEDES

• 287 BCE - 212/211 BCE,

Syracuse
-Studied along with Euclid’s successors
-Was the person who proclaimed “Eureka” (Archimedes
Principle)
-Considered to be the “Father of Mathematics” because
of his significant contribution to the development of
mathematics
 Archimedes stomachion Archimedes Principle

• If the weight of the water displaced is less than the weight of the object,
• The oldest mathematical puzzle the object will sink
that has multiple (estimated 536)
solutions • Otherwise the object will float, with the weight of the water displaced
equal to the weight of the object.
 Archimedes screw

• The Archimedean screw has been known and used from antiquity as a
pump, to raise water and more recently in sewage treatment
installations, to relatively low heads.
 Other notable inventions/contributions of Archimedes are:

-The calculation of measurement of a circle

-The relationship between spheres and cylinders

-Uses of prime numbers

-Archimedean Solids

-Fundamental theorems related to determining the center of gravity in figures

and solids

-Method of Exhaustion
The Birth of the Roman Numerals
• The Greek mathematical revolution ended by the
middle of the first century BCE as the Romans
consolidated their hold on the ancient Greek and
Hellenistic empires. Despite their achievements in
other areas, neither the Roman Empire nor the
Republic produced notable mathematicians or
innovations. Only its practical applications were
helpful to the Romans and even less to the Christian
regime that came after them.
The Birth of the Roman Numerals
• Roman numerals are widely used today, and for the
better part of a thousand years, they dominated trade
and administration throughout Europe.It was a
decimal (base 10) system, but because it was not
directly positional and did not include a zero, it was
awkward and ineffective when used for arithmetic
and mathematics. It was based on the Roman
alphabet, specifically, the letters I, V, X L, C, D, and M,
which combine to present the sum of their valus.
ROMAN NUMERALS
Write the following given value in Roman
Numerals:
1.55
2.120
3.560
4.1001
5.1871
Using Roman numerals, the sum 1,223
+ 1, 114 becomes:
= MCCXXIII + MCXIV

= M CC XX III
+ M C X IIII
= MM CCC XXX IIIIIII
= MMCCCXXXVII
= 2, 337