Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Baking
Done by early human race to improve the eating of quality foods
Made possible with the use of fire
A science that relies on a good understanding of the basic principles of the baking and cooking process.
It is a process of cooking by dry heat normally in an oven by dry heat applied evenly throughout the oven.
Fire
Fundamental to the existence of the human society
Principles in Baking
Improve the quality of dough
Lengthen its keeping time
More nutritious to eat cooked foods than flesh/raw dough
Malpractices and Weaknesses of the Baking Industry
Adulteration Lack of asepsis
Substitution Mixing spoiled Materials
Unsanitary Working Condition Use of weight and measure
Cooking
It refers to the process and technique of using food to have a product which is edible, palatable, aesthetically
pleasing, microbiologically safe, and nutritionally adequate.
COOKING METHODS
Cooking methods are classified as:
1. Moist-heat methods are those in which the heat is conducted to the food product by water or water-based
liquids such as stock and sauces or by steam
2. Dry-heat methods are those in which the heat is conducted without moisture that is by hot air, hot metal,
radiation or hot fat. This method is divided into two categories: without fat and with fat.
Moist-Heat Methods
1. Boil - Means to cook in a liquid that is bubbling rapidly and is greatly agitated at 100°C at sea level
2. Simmer - Means to cook in a liquid that is bubbling very gently with temperature about 85°C to 96°C.
3. Poach - Means to cook in a liquid, usually in a small amount, that is hot but not actually bubbling. Temperature
is about 71°C to 82°C. It is used to cook delicate foods such as fish and eggs out of the shell.
4. Blanching - Means to cook an item partially and very briefly, usually in water but sometimes by other methods
as when French fries are blanched in deep fat.
5. Steaming - It means to cook foods by exposing them directly to steam.
6. Braising - To braise means to cook covered in a small amount of liquid, usually after preliminary browning.
Usually, the liquid is served with the product as a sauce.
Dry Heat Methods without Fat
1. Roasting and Baking - Means to cook food by surrounding them with hot, dry air, usually in an oven. The term
roasting usually applies to meats and poultry. The term baking usually applies to pastries, vegetables and fish. It
is a more general term than roasting, but in practice there is little or no difference in the actual technique.
2. Broiling - To broil means to cook with radiant heat from above. Broiling is a rapid, high heat cooking method
that is used only for tender meats, poultry, fish and a few vegetables.
3. Grilling, Griddling, and Pan-broiling
Grilling is done on an open grid over a heat source, which may be charcoal, an electric element or a gas-heated
element.
Griddling is done on a solid cooking surface called a griddle with or without small amounts of fat to prevent
sticking. The temperature is adjustable and is much lower than on a grill.
Pan-broiling is like griddling except that it is done in a sauté pan or skillet instead of on a griddle surface. Fat
must be poured off as it accumulates or the process becomes pan-frying.
Dry Heat Methods Using Fat
1. Sautéing - Sautéing means to cook quickly in a small amount of fat.
2. Pan-fry - To pan-fry means to cook in a moderate amount of fat in a pan over moderate heat. Pan-frying is
similar to sautéing except that more fat is generally used and the cooking time is longer. The method is used for
larger pieces of food.
3. Deep-fry - To deep-fry means to cook a food submerged in hot fat.
Weight 16 Tbs = 1C
1 lb = 16 oz 3 Tsps = 1 Tbs
2.2 lbs = 1kg 1 pt = 2C
1 tsp = 20 drops
Volume A pinch = 1/16 tsp
1L = 33.8 fl oz A dash = less than 1/8 tsp
1 Gal = 4 Qts
1 Qt = 2 Pts Temperature
1C = 8 fl oz Celsius = (Fahrenheit -32)/1.8
1 pt = 2C Fahrenheit = Celsius x 1.8 + 32
As a rule, it will be found very convenient to have two measuring cups of standard size, one for measuring dry
ingredients and the other for measuring moist or wet ones. If it is impossible to have more than one, the dry
materials should be measured first in working out a recipe, and the fats and liquids afterwards.
ABBREVIATIONS OF MEASURES
Tsp/t – teaspoons Fl. Oz. – fluid ounce
Pt – pint Doz – dozen
Tb/T – tablespoon Kg – kilogram
Qt – quart G – gram
C – cup L – liter
Oz – ounce Gal – gallon
Lb – pound Ml – mililiter