STUDY KIT GRADE FIVE

FAREME

Family origin

An origin is a place where something begins or arises.

Most families acknowledge their origin and existence to a Supreme Being.

Families trace their origins through family trees.

FAMILY TYPES AND RELATIONSHIPS

1 Nuclear family

-made up of a mother, father and their children.

- in indigenous culture , polygamy is considered a nuclear family as the children are the father’s.

2 Child headed family

-Children look after each other upon death of parents.

-The eldest child below the age of 18 years leading the younger brothers and sisters.

3 One parent

-a family in which the children stay with either the father or mother.

-this can be caused by death of one parent, divorce, separating or parents not deciding to marry.

LINEAGES AND TOTEMS

Lineages

-Lineage is a direct descent from an ancestor or ancestry.

-Lineages can be traced using a family tree.

Totems

-totems help show people their relatives and origins.

-A totem is a sacred object, animal or symbol that serves as an emblem of a group of people such as a
family or a clan.

EXAMPLE: the Ncube people have the Soko totem which is a monkey.

**People of Zimbabwe and other African countries used to stay in ethnic groups.
-Ethnic refers to a shared identity by a group through culture, heritage, history and language.

ASSESSMENT 1

1 Families trace their origins to------

2 The ----- leads a child headed family.

3 The other name for Supreme Being is the-----

4 In a one parent family the children are taken care of by-----

5 Your father’s father is your--------

6 Your mother’s sister is your -----

7 Uncles and aunts are siblings to your------

8 Families that share the same heritage, culture and language are an --------

9 What is a nuclear family?

10 Draw your family tree.

11 Define lineage.

12 What is a totem?

13 Give three reasons why we have child headed families?

14. Give two reasons for the existence of single parent families?

15. Why is polygamy a nuclear family in indigenous Religion?

FAMILY AND RELIGION

-Indigenous Religion allows for such types of marriages:

1. Kuganha- this is when a young lady proposes marriage to a young man who then refuses to marry her.

- She then forces herself on him by going to the young man’s homestead sometimes with an aunt.

2. Kutizira- In the Shona culture this is when a young lady falls pregnant and elopes to the young man’s
homestead at night.

-however the lady can elope even without falling pregnant.

-after seeing her the young man’s family informs the girl’s family that their daughter is with them.

- In Shona culture the process is called tsvagirai kuno.

-However in the Kalanga culture the girl and the boy agree that the girl should elope and together they
inform the girl’s aunt.

-the girl leaves a token given to her by the young man under her pillow for her parents to find her.

3. Musengabere- this is when a young man sees the girl he wants to marry then carries her to his
homestead without her approval.

4. Kukumbira/ Ukucela umlilo- this is when a young man’s family goes to the girl’s family to ask for her
hand in marriage. The girl is then accompanied to the young man’s homestead after everything has been
finalised including lobola payment.

-In other religions like Christianity, a white wedding comes after the Kukumbira/Ukucela umlilo marriage
ceremony so as to present the couple before God and the church.

-the same is done for Islam and Judaism.

-Muslims practice arranged marriages.

- They believe the families marry not the individuals.

-the bride price is decided by the families and the man should pay the bride price before the marriage.

-what the groom pays becomes the bride’s property.

-after all has been done the couple is then joined together the congregation and Allah.

- In Judaism, followers believe marriage is a direct instruction from God.

- To start the process, a contract or agreement is made between two people who wish to get married
before their loved ones.

-the mother breaks a plate to seal the engagement.

ASSESSEMENT 2

What comes after lobola in Christianity?

In a marriage engagement in Judaism, who breaks the plate to seal the promise?

Which religion practices arranged marriages?

Who joins the bride and the groom in a Christian marriage?

In most societies, which family pays the bride price?

Write down any three indigenous ways of marrying?

State similarities between Christian and Indigenous marriages.

Who arranges marriages in Islam?

Who directs marriages in Judaism?

FAMILY AND COMMUNITY

Family roles in the community

-Being a community means living and sharing resources with a lot of people from different families.

-Families in communities attend:

1. Funerals

2. Weddings

3. Other ceremonies and festivals

4. they are also responsible for building schools, clinics, dip tanks, roads amongst other things.

Family interaction

Families interact through:

Working together – shown through ilima/mageja/nhimbe/humwe/majangano.

Child minding-in the olden days when families lived closer to each other they helped mind or look after
each other’s children.

Emotional support –is the act of providing someone with care, empathy, love and trust so that he or she
can see that there is a way out of any situation.

Caring for the needy

-Caring means displaying kindness and concern for others.

-Communities have disadvantaged people that include:

a) the sick

b) the elderly

c) the poor

d) the disabled

-Communities are expected to provide emotional and material support.

ASSESSMENT 3

What is a community?

What activities can be done by a community?

List two acts of kindness one can do for the disadvantaged in the community.

State any two community projects that show cooperation.

State at least two roles the community can perform at each of the following:

a) Funeral----------------

b) Wedding celebration-----------

c) Child naming ceremony------------------

d) Construction of a school------------

6. People give each other ---------support in times of hardships.

HERITAGE AND SOCIAL STUDIES

TYPES OF FAMILIES
There are different types of families.

Nuclear family- made up of two adults, who are husband and wife and their children.

-the nuclear family can be monogamous or polygamous.

i) Monogamous family: made up of a husband, wife and their children.

ii) Polygamous family: made up of a husband, two or more wives and their children.

-in indigenous religion a polygamous family is believed to be a nuclear family because all the children are
from one husband and they are called by the father’s surname.

Child headed family: made up of children, with one of the eldest taking care of the younger siblings.

This family could be a result of parents passing away or parents leaving in the diaspora.

Single parent family: made up of one parent and children.

-this could be as a result of a divorce or a death of a spouse.

Responsibilities of parents

-taking care of the children

-taking care of all household expenses

-maintain peace in the house

-teaching children values

-paying school fees

-providing shelter, food, and clothing for the children

-providing protection, companionship and security

Responsibilities of children

-responsible for looking after their possessions

-depending on age older children help in looking after younger children

-help clean the house and wash clothes

-responsibility to help younger siblings with their homework

Roles of families in the community

-promote peace
-work together with other community members

-keep the community safe and clean

-help the needy

Institutions in the community

-school

-clinic

-hospital

-church

-registrar’s offices

-town house or city hall

-orphanages

-old people’s homes

HUMAN MIGRATION

-Human migration is the movement of people from one place to another.

Types of migration

a) Internal migration: this is moving to a new home within an area or province.

-this types happens within the country’s borders.

-People that move from one town to another or one province to another are called internal immigrants.

b) International migration: this is moving to a new home in a different country or continent.

- People who move from their home country to a different country or continent are international
immigrants and some refugees.

Immigrants are both legal and illegal.

-Legal immigrants are those who move with permission from both countries.

-Illegal immigrants move without permission.

-Refugees are those who cross borders because of fear of harassment.

Causes of migration
-There are push and pull factors of migration.

-Pull factors are those things that attract someone to a place.

-Push factors are those things that force people to leave their places for other new places.

Push factors

-unemployment

-poverty or poor living conditions

-floods

-outbreaks of diseases

-death of parents or relatives

-civil wars

-drought

-climatic change

-getting married especially women

-going to a higher institution of learning

Pull factors

-employment

-better living standards

-better health facilities

-political security

-low crime rate

-less risk of natural disasters

-fertile lands

-better education

-climate change

-peace
Effects of migration

Migration has both negative and positive effects

-some migrants bring in new ideas

-growth of shanty settlements

-there are intermarriages of different cultures

-squatters are found in many places

-mixing of cultures and development of new ones

-migration can cause educated people to go to other countries. This is called brain drain.

-people end up having two homes

Solutions to migration

-growth points

-resettlements

-job creation

-industry developments

-strict migration laws

Conflict management at family, school and community level

A conflict is a quarrel or a fight. Where there is conflict there is a disagreement or opposition.

Causes of conflict at home

-unfair treatment or favouritism of children in the home

-lack of transparency

-lack of information

-differing interests

-differing ideas

-unfair distribution of resources

-poor management and leadership styles

-poor communication

Causes of conflict at school

-favouritism by teachers

-lack of basic needs like textbooks

-bullying

-wanting to be treated better than others

-theft by other learners

-mistreating others

Ways of resolving conflict

At home:

-hold discussions

-call for elders to intervene

-call local leadership interventions

-solve problems cooperatively

-respect one another

At school

-proper communication

-no bullying of one another

-need for transparency

Languages and cultures in Zimbabwe

There are sixteen recognised languages in Zimbabwe:

-Chewa

-Chibarwe

-English
-Kalanga

-Khoisan

-Nambya

-Ndau

-Ndebele

-Shangani

-Shona

-Sotho

-Tonga

-Tswana

-Venda

-Xhosa

-Sign language

Languages like Nambya, Venda, Tonga and Kalanga are now examined at grade seven level in Zimbabwe

-All these languages are to be treated and respected equally.

Cultures in Zimbabwe

-Zimbabwe is a multicultural country.

-this means it is made up of people from different ethnic groups, nationalities, religions and culture.

-Culture is the belief, behaviour, language and complete way of life of a particular group of people.

-Culture includes: customs, ceremonies, and works of art, inventions technology and traditions.

-Various African cultural practices include:

.mukwerera

.kurova guva/umbuyiso

.kupururudza muroora

.nhimbe/ilima
ASSESSEMENT 1

1. Which family consists of a husband, wife and children?

2. A child headed family involves the--------child taking care of the younger ones.

3. ----- has the responsibility of taking care of the children in the family.

4. What is human migration?

5. List three causes of migration.

6. State two types of migration.

7. What is internal migration?

7. Give three examples of effects of migration.

8. Identify any positive effects of migration.

9. Conflict is-----------

10. What causes conflict at: a) home b) school?

11. How can conflict at home and at school be solved?

12. List any three languages in Zimbabwe.

CULTURAL HERITAGE

Rites of passage for girls and boys

-Birth

-Depending on the area there are certain activities done when a child is born.

-In Ndebele culture the baby is washed and oiled.

-They use milk fat or wax from honey.

-The umbilical cord is cut with a piece of grass called uqunga.

-Ash is put on the baby’s cord and she or he is made to inhale the smoke from herbs that are said to
protect him or her from evil

-In Ndau the midwife (mbuya) delivers the baby.

-The midwife gets a lot of presents for the arrival of the baby.

-In Venda when a baby is born, the Makhadzi is the first to be informed.

-She is the one who later blesses the baby.

-In some Shona cultures soon after birth a child is given some herbs (mushonga wendongorongo) which
helps clean his or her bowels.

-The baby is also given chipande medicine.

-Babies should also be breastfed and have no solids before they are six months old.

-Nowadays babies go for immunisation at various stages.

-For example the baby must be immunised against diphtheria, polio, whooping cough, tuberculosis (TB),
measles and tetanus.

-these can cause death or handicap if not treated.

Adolescence

In Zimbabwe the different tribes have different ceremonies for the adolescence.

For example girls are taken to the river early morning for virginity testing.

They go with elderly women or aunts who will explain to them about womanhood.

-this is usually done among the Ndebele.

-In Tonga, Xangaan and other cultures boys are taken to the mountain for their initiation ceremony.

-boys are taught how to become men and how to treat their wives.

-they are also given herbs to make them strong as men.

Changes in boys and girls at puberty

Changes in boys

Changes in girls

-voice deepens

-muscles grow larger

-spots on face
-hair starts to grow on arms, legs, underarm and male organs

-penis becomes bigger

-testicles drop a little and start to make sperms

-show interest in girls

-breasts start to develop

-skin becomes oilier and develops spots/pimples

-hips become wider

-pubic hair grows around the vagina and underarms

-shows interest in boys

-menstruation starts

Courtship

It is a practice done when people want to marry each other. Among the Ndebele and other cultures
there is an exchange of love tokens between the two as a sign of their love.

-Courtship’s main role is to build relations. It is done so that the couple who want to marry can take time
to know each other.

The people who play major roles in courtship are aunts and uncles.

For example amongst the Kalanga the young man would tell his uncle (basekulu) and the girl her aunt
(bamazi).

-Amongst the Ndau the young man meets with the aunt before proposing to the young woman.

-In the Shona culture the young man and woman exchange love tokens to establish a relationship. In the
Kalanga and Ndebele cultures the young man gives the girl a token.

-Not everyone who is courting gets married, Courtship is therefore a period of deciding if you still want
to be with someone or not.

-Courtship builds and cements relationships.

-Aunts and uncles play major roles during courtship in guiding and counselling the two.
-the young woman is taught her roles by aunts and the uncles teach the young man.

Indigenous marriage customs

-The different marriage practices among the different groups include:-Musengabere, Kutizira, kuzvarira,
kutema ugariri, Kuganha, umthimba, ukwendiselwa and kutumira.

-There are also modern ways of marriage customs, these include Christian weddings.

-Within Christian groups after lobola the couple has a white wedding and they are joined in matrimony
by a licenced church official.

-Those who are not Christian have a celebration or matrimony and joined by a judge or marriage officer.

Civil marriage

-civil marriage under the customary Act/Christian marriage states that the man marries one wife and
vows under a marriage officer or a magistrate.

-A marriage certificate is given to the two show their union.

-A marriage certificate is a very important document for a lot of reasons.

-Some of the reasons are:

.it helps a woman change her surname if she wants to take her husband’s surname.

.it helps married couples travel together if they wish to, especially overseas.

.it helps if you want to jointly own a house.

.it helps to prove that two people were married when one partner dies so as to hold on the property
they got together.

The customary marriage

-This is marriage according to indigenous systems of customary laws which are found among indigenous
people.

-Under these laws a man can marry more than one wife.

-there are other marriages also recognised like The Unregistered Customary Union where the man can
marry more than one wife. The couple can stay together after lobola negotiations without a marriage
certificate.

-The other type of customary marriage is the living together, there are no formalities like lobola. The
man and woman freely consent to live together.

-In Shona it is kubika mapoto and in Ndebele it is ukuhlalisana.

ASSESSEMENT 2

1. The umbilical cord is cut with a piece of grass called-------

2. Name two changes of a) girls b) boys at puberty.

3. What do we call the practice when a boy and girl want to marry?

4. Couples exchange ------------as a sign of love.

5. What is the role of an aunt or grandfather in marriage?

6. A period reached by children between 11 and 15 years is called----------

7. Which type of marriage allows a man and woman to live together without a marriage certificate?

8. When a person is legally married he or she should have a---------

9. Which marriage practice has been borrowed from English?

10. Identify any four African marriage cultural practices.

11. Who helps deliver children among the Ndau?

12. Why is immunisation important?

13. List any three diseases prevented by immunisation.

14. Identify any practices done during courtship.

15. Briefly explains what happens in Musengabere.

16. What is civil marriage?

17. Three reasons of having a marriage certificate are-----, -------- and ------

18. What is customary marriage?

19. Who is involved in customary marriage?

NATIONAL HISTORY, SOVEREIGNITY AND GOVERNANCE

The Pre-Colonial Kingdoms

-The pre-colonial kingdoms were all kingdoms as they were ruled by Kings.

-The following were pre-colonial states and their leaders:

1. The Great Zimbabwe led by the people of the Shiri (Hungwe) totem.
2. The Mutapa led by Nyatsimba Mutota and his successors.

3. The Rozvi by Changamire Dombo and his successors.

4. The Ndebele led by Mzilikazi and later Lobengula.

- They were made up of people originally from Zimbabwe except for the Ndebele state which was
originally made up of people who came from South Africa.

-All the four states had a tribute payment system.

-Tribute is a payment made time and again by the subjects to a ruler.

-This was done as a sign of dependence and respect to the ruler.

-The states were also involved in trade with other states and with whites.

-All states kept cattle for food, trade and lobola payment.

-Owning cattle was a sign of wealth and it gave the wealthy the power to lead others.

-The Great Zimbabwe, Mutapa and Rozvi states were all involved in mining, farming, and trade and
tribute collection.

-The states believed in the existence of a God, whom they called Mwari except for the Ndebele who
they called him uNkulunkulu/Somandla/Umlimu.

-All the four states believed in life after death and some buried the deceased with their property so as to
take it to the next life.

-the people in the states were divided into different social classes.

-there was: the royal family

.the officials

.the clergy

.the subjects

-the clergy were the religious leaders and they were made up of spirit mediums and n’angas.

-The Ndebele state had a different social life from the other three states.

-It was made up of the Nguni (Khumalo people), people raided along the way and some of the people
they raided when they got into Zimbabwe.

-A person’s status in the Ndebele state was according to where the person came from.
-Abehla were the raided Tswana, Pedi and others who joined willingly, the Zansi were the Khumalo who
came with Mzilikazi from South Africa and the Hole were the Shona and the local tribes.

Effects of first contact with Europeans

-First group of Europeans to make contact with people in Zimbabwe were the Portuguese.

-the Portuguese used the missionaries and their activities to trick the black people of Zimbabwe.

-The Portuguese monarchy offered financial support to the church and its missions and in return the
church was to help them with their grand dreams of controlling the indigenous people and their land.

-The Portuguese tried to use missionaries in the Mutapa state to achieve their goals.

-They manage to convert the King Mapunzagutu to Christianity.

-The Portuguese managed to baptize about 300 people in Mutapa Kingdom.

-In 1859 the London Missionary Society (LMS) was granted a station in Matabeleland by Mzilikazi.

-This was because of the friendship between Mzilikazi and Robert Moffat.

-Mzilikazi promised that the missionaries will be well protected and taken care of.

-Lobengula his son also kept the promise.

-The King Mzilikazi allowed missionaries to preach but never converted to Christianity.

-Those who shows interest in the Religion were killed.

-Lobengula also allowed the missionaries to settle but did not convert.

-Lobengula allowed a mission station at Hope Fountain in 1870.

-In some of the missions the missionaries also taught the indigenous people skills in agriculture,
carpentry, general hygiene, how to read and write.

-the indigenous people were also taught mathematics.

-all the mission were schools, clinics and preaching stations.

-the European settlers also traded with the indigenous people.

-The states, for example the Mutapa, increased as they needed ivory for trade.

-the ivory was for external trade with Portuguese traders.

-they would trade tusks for less valuable things like glass beads, cloth and porcelain.

-Zimbabwe rich in minerals and livestock attracted many whites.

-Lobengula King of the Ndebele, signed a lot of treaties that came with the white man.

-The last treaty that led to the occupation of Zimbabwe was the Rudd Concession.

-It was signed between Lobengula, Charles Rudd, Rotchford Maguire and Francis Robert Tompson.

-These men were sent by Cecil John Rhodes.

-This contract gave the white men mining rights among other things.

-In return Lobengula would be given:

1. 100 pounds every month

2. 1000 guns

3. 10000 rounds of ammunition

4. a gunboat on the Zambezi River to protect him from his enemies.

-in 1890 a group of white settlers called the pioneers settled in Mashonaland and started farming and
mining.

-On 12 September 1890 they hoisted their flag at Fort Salisbury now Harare.

-Rhodes’s company was called the British South African Company (BSAC).

-The company had about 200 men and the country was called Rhodesia after Rhodes.

Development of indigenous laws

Rules and laws show the basic values within a society.

-A rule is a guide or order to be followed.

Laws are rules enforced by courts.

-Iron Age people were governed by rules and laws.

-Law breakers were made to pay fines in form of cattle, at time hard labour and corporal
punishement.There were no policemen or policewomen like today but people still obeyed laws of the
land. There were kings and chiefs who had their own courts where lawbreakers were tried.

Traditional laws and courts

King’s court (king presided)

Chief’s court (chief presided)

Headman’s court (headman presided)

Village court (village head presided)

Family (family elder presided)

-Traditional courts were mainly meant to maintain social peace and harmony in the community.

-the highest court was the King’s court which was attended by elderly men of the community, selected
wise men, the king’s messengers, the disputing parties and their witnesses.

-Nowadays there are local governments.

-Communities live in large numbers like towns, cities and provinces.

-Law breakers are taken to different courts like the Supreme Court and provincial courts.

Local government

-Local government refers mainly to urban councils or rural councils.

-The councillors are responsible for:

1. Making decisions

2. Distributing resources

3. Providing services at district and ward level.

-Councils control many issues affecting the day to day lives of residents.

-The councils get their authority from the Minister of Local Government, Rural and Urban Development.

-Every by-law made by the councils should be approved by the ministry.

-Urban councils are responsible for all the water functions for the city people.

-They are also responsible for all dumping sites and waste in cities.

-They are responsible for the control and prevention of the spread of any diseases in the cities

-They also control the housing facilities, the recreational facilities, learning institutions, libraries among
other things.

-Rural councils provide land for resettlement

-provide transport, health and educational facilities.

-they also provide other services under their jurisdiction.

-Rural councils are led by a Chief Executive Officer from the ministry.

ASSESSEMENT 3

1. List the four pre-colonial states of Zimbabwe.

2. Why were the four pre-colonial states called kingdoms?

3. Write the four leaders of the four pre-colonial states.

4. Tribute is------------

5. Where did the Ndebele come from?

6. What was the social structure of the Ndebele state?

7. Who were the first group of Europeans to make contact with the indigenous people of Zimbabwe?

8. What was the role of the missionaries in Zimbabwe before colonisation?

9. Which ruler killed people for converting to Christianity?

10. Which King converted to Christianity?

11. Who was the owner of the British South African Company?

12. State two missions that were built in Zimbabwe before colonisation?

13. Who was given mining rights in Zimbabwe?

14. What did the Mutapa use for trade with the Portuguese?

15. List goods which the people in the Mutapa kingdom got from trading with the Portuguese?

16. -----was Lobengula’s father.

17. What are local governments?

18. List four roles of the urban councils in the community.

19. List three roles of rural councils.

20. Which Ndebele king was cheated into signing the Rudd Concession?

21. What attracted white people to Zimbabwe?

22. Traditional courts include ----------, ---------- and ------------.

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Human Body

Digestion is the breaking down food to simple food substances that can be absorbed by the blood.

Parts of the digestive system

Mouth with teeth

Stomach

Duodenum

Small intestines

Large intestines

Functions of the parts of the digestive system

Mouth-Digestion of food begins in the mouth. Food is chewed in the mouth. There is a chemical called
salivary amylase that can breakdown or digest cooked starch into simpler substance called maltose.
Salivary amylase is an enzyme. Enzymes are chemicals that help in digesting food. As food is chewed it is
mixed with saliva. Saliva softens and wets the food. The food is pushed by the tongue into the throat or
food pipe known as the oesophagus.

In the stomach- food is digested into watery liquid by juices found in the stomach called gastric juices.
The juices also help to kill the germs in the food. Gastric juices contain hydrochloric acid and some
enzymes which kill bacteria in the stomach. The enzymes found in the stomach will help digest protein
from foods such as milk and meat to simple substances called peptides.

In the duodenum- from the stomach food enters the duodenum. In the duodenum food is mixed with
pancreatic juice and bile. Pancreatic juice comes from the pancreas. Bile is a fluid that helps digestion.

In the small intestines- the final stage of digestion takes place in the small intestines. The liver, pancreas
and gall bladder secrete juices into the small intestines. To secrete is to produce fluids for example
saliva. Enzymes in the small intestines change all the proteins to amino acids. Starch and maltose are
changed to glucose. The amino acids and glucose are absorbed into the blood vessels that are found
inside the intestines. Blood carries the food to the rest of the body.

Large intestines- Undigested food left in the small intestines is passed to the large intestines. The large
intestines absorbs water from the waste. The waste goes to the rectum from the large intestines and
passed out of the body through the nus as faeces.

ASSESSMENT 1

Name the parts of the digestive system.

Teeth help to-----

The digestive juice found in the mouth is called ------------

The chemical that helps to digest food in the digestive system is called --------

After digestion amino acids and glucose are--------

Proteins are needed by the body for-----------

Name two major sources of proteins.

Starch when digested in the mouth it becomes a simple substance called---------

The digestive juice found in the stomach is called---------------------

Nutrition

Eating disorders

Eating disorders are unhealthy eating habits that result in diseases, unwellness and even death.

Obesity-caused by an eating disorder that results from eating too much food. Obesity is growing too fat
due to eating too much food. Over eating can cause people to be overweight.

Anorexia-starving oneself in order to look thin.

Bulimia-over eating and then forcing oneself to vomit the food.

Importance of proper eating habits

-allows proper digestion of food

-keeps your body healthy and fit

-boosts your immunity to fight diseases

-prevents one from diseases

-gives you energy to work

Deficiency diseases

If your body lacks all the food nutrients required you will suffer deficiency diseases.

Nutritional deficiency diseases

-A nutritional deficiency disease is a disease that has been caused by a shortage of an important food
nutrient in the body.

Deficiency disease

Deficient nutrient

Symptoms

Sources of nutrient
Kwashiorkor

protein

-slow growth

-wasting away of muscles

-swollen tummy

-swollen legs and feet

-rusty hair colour

-depigmented skin

-chicken

-beans

-eggs

-fish

-milk

Scurvy

Vitamin C

-swelling and bleeding gums

-sores on lips

-vegetables not overcooked

-citrus fruits

-raw cabbage

-fresh fruits

-black currants

-pepper
Rickets

Vitamin D

-bended legs

- major source: sunshine

-margarine

Night blindness

Vitamin A

-dry eyes

-blurred vision

-carrots, milk

-avocado, paw-paw

-spinach, eggs

-maize, fish

Marasmus

Severe lack of food

-severe loss of weight

-loss of muscles

-dry and brittle hair

-chronic diarrhoea

-respiratory infections

-slow growth in children

-balanced diet
Goitre

Iodine

-swelling of the thyroid gland

-coughing

-hoarseness in voice when speaking

-eating foods rich in iodine like: lemon

-fish

-milk

-lettuce

-cereals

-eating iodised salt

Beri-beri

Vitamin B1(also called thiamine)

-loss of appetite

-weakness-swollen legs

-mental confusion

-tingling or loss of feeling in the feet and hands

-whole wheat brown bread

-oats

-nuts
ASSESSMENT 2

Which eating disorder is caused by over eating?

----- is an eating disorder caused by starving one’s self so as to lose weight.

Whenever Maggie gets excited she eats a lot of food. After that she forces herself to vomit the food.
What type of eating disorder is she suffering from?

Nutritional deficiency is a condition whereby-----

A balanced diet is a diet which-------

A child whose diet lacks proteins will suffer from a nutritional deficiency disease known as---

A major source of vitamin D is----

A person whose diet lacks vitamin A will suffer from-----

Iodised salt is salt which contains----

Diseases and prevention

Harmful gut worms

-Gut worms are parasites.

-Parasites are organisms that depend on food that has been eaten by other organisms.

-Gut worms live in the gut also known as intestines

Examples of gut worms

.tape worms

.round worms

.flukes

Symptoms of gut worm infection

People infected with gut worms become hungry soon after eating food

They often suffer from diarrhoea

They suffer from abdominal pains

They often vomit

Have severe weight loss

Blood stained faeces

Slow or stunted growth in children

Loss of appetite

How gut worms enter the body

Through eating contaminated uncooked food or under cooked food

Drinking untreated water

Eating unwashed raw fruits and vegetables

Eating food with unwashed hands

Ways of controlling gut worm infection

Eating properly cooked food

Always wash hands thoroughly in clean water before eating

Wash fruits thoroughly in clean water before eating

Avoid using bush toilets

Repair burst sewage pipes

Improve hygiene conditions

Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)

-STIs are diseases that can be spread from one person to another through sexual intercourse.

-The most common STIs are Gonorrhoea and Syphilis

How STIs spread

-through unprotected sexual contact

-Both Gonorrhoea and Syphilis are bacteria diseases

Effects of STIs

STIs

Effects
Gonorrhoea

-irritation when passing urine

-burning sensation when passing out urine

-pus droplets come out through sexual organs

- sores and wounds develop on sexual organs

Syphilis

-painless sore develops on the sexual organs

-rush on the skin

-brain damage

Preventive measures

Abstain from sex before marriage

Stick to one faithful partner after getting married

Avoid having unprotected sexual intercourse

Proper use of condoms

Avoid many sexual partners

Get treatment early

HIV/AIDS

-Caused by a virus called the Human Immuno deficiency Virus.

-to find out whether one is infected by HIV one has to be tested

-People having HIV virus are said to be HIV positive.

Ways of getting HIV

Having unprotected sex with an infected person

Sharing razor blades, needles and syringes with an infected person.

Getting in contact with the blood or other bodily fluids of someone infected

Mothers can pass on the virus to their unborn child

Mothers through breast feeding.

Effects of HIV/AIDS

HIV virus weakens the body’s ability to fight diseases

Destroys the cells in the body that help to fight against diseases.

Infected is easily attacked by diseases such as tuberculosis, cancer, pneumonia and other opportunistic
diseases

-Opportunistic diseases are diseases that find it easier to infect a person who is weak.

Prevention of HIV

Avoid sex before marriage

After getting married stick to one faithful partner

Get tested for HIV before getting married

Proper use of condoms

Avoid sharing sharp objects

-avoid getting in contact with other people’s blood

Safety

-Burns are injuries that can cause damage to the skin.

-Burns can be caused by:

. Fires from burning fuels

. Chemicals

.hot or boiling liquids

Safety measures to be implemented to prevent burns

-keep children out of the kitchen

-turn pot handles towards the stove

-have a fire extinguisher always

-keep sand tins close

-keep matches and lighters away from children

-extinguish candles before going to bed

-keep gas tanks out of children’s reach

-have smoke detections

First aid on burns

DO:

-put on gloves, remove shoes and all clothing from the injured person.

-lie the injured person down comfortably

-douse the burnt part with cold water to reduce pain

-cover the injured part with a disinfectant dressing

DO NOT:

-apply ice to the burnt part

-touch burnt parts unnecessarily

-burst blisters

-apply lotions, fat or Vaseline

ASSESSMENT 3

Gut worms are----

Parasites can be described as organisms which---

Gut worms live in -----

Which gut worm lives in the intestines of people-----

State any two symptoms of gut worms.

List any 3 ways of preventing gut worms.

Sexually Transmitted Infections are diseases that can spread through---

Give two examples of sexually transmitted infections.

Having protected sex means -----

Abstaining from sex means that you are ----

What are the signs that show you that you have been infected by the following sexually transmitted
infections: a)Syphilis b) Gonorrhoea

List 4 ways that can be used in order to control the spread of sexually transmitted infections.

HIV/AIDS is caused by---

The HIV virus can be spread through-----

The HIV virus can never be spread through-----

An HIV positive person is one who---

List three activities that can cause the spread of HIV virus.

List two opportunistic diseases that can attack people who have HIV infection.

What three things can you do to prevent getting infected by the HIV virus?

What is used to put out fires?

What two things are you supposed to do to someone who has burns?

What are three don’ts to someone who has burns?

List four types of burns.

MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES

-Materials are made of matter.

-Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass.

-Properties of metals

1. Most metals are hard.

2. Most metals are heavy

3. Wires can be made from metals

4. Most metals can conduct electricity

Uses of metals

-metals which are very hard are used for construction

-metals like copper and aluminium are used for making cables for wires that carry electricity

-metals are used for making simple tools that we use at home everyday

-cars, buses, aeroplanes have parts made from metals

Wood

-wood is a hard material that is commonly found in our environment

Properties of wood

-it is hard and solid

-wood has a definite shape

Uses of wood

-make furniture

-used in building structures

-used as a fuel

-wood is an insulator

Properties of rocks

-break up during weathering to produce soil

Properties of water

-it is liquid

-it can be poured

-it is not hard

-pure water does not have colour

-when cooled it freezes

-when heated it evaporates

Uses of water

-plants and animals need water to survive

-people and animals need water for drinking

-we use water for washing

-water in rivers can be used to generate electricity

Properties of air

-air is a gas

-moves freely

-air is pumped into tyres of vehicles

Properties of gases

-gases are always moving

-do not have shape

-gases are light in weight

Uses of air

-contains oxygen needed by all living things

-when fuels burn to produce heat they need oxygen

Elements, mixtures and compounds

States of matter

Properties of solids

-hard

-break to smaller pieces when heat with hard objects

-break if they fall on hard surfaces

-have a shape

-the shape can be changed if broken into smaller pieces

-maintain their shape

-do not take the shape of the container

Ice

-is solid water

Properties of liquids

-can be poured

-takes the shape of the container

-changes to steam when heated

Gases

-these are materials we cannot touch

-some gases cannot be seen with normal eyes

-some gases like smoke and steam can be seen

Tools

-A tool is used to make work easier and faster

Tools at home

-Examples: knife, scissors, spoons, a refrigerator, hoover and others

Farm tools

-Examples: wheelbarrow, a tractor, a plough, a hoe and others

Tools in factories

Examples: computers, cars/lorries

Tools as machines

-Tools can be used to make work easier and lighter

Advantages of using tools as machines

-make our work easier

-make our work faster

-make us produce more goods

-help us produce goods of a higher quality

Disadvantages of tools or machines

-machines are expensive

-some machines are dangerous

-use of some machines may need training which may be time consuming

Structures

-People are able to build structures like houses, roads, bridges, kraals, dam walls and many others

-Man-made structures

-These are structures made by human hand.

-Examples: bridge, kraal, skyscraper, road, hut, railway line.

Materials for building man-made structures

Bricks, concrete, wood and metals such as steel, iron and zinc

Aesthetic value of structures

-The Great Zimbabwe monument – attracts local and foreign tourists

ASSESSEMENT 4

Materials are made of---

Gold and aluminium are example of----

List two characteristics of a) metals b)water c)wood

Name two uses of wood

Give two uses of metals

Give an example of a solid

Ice is solid, if heated it becomes a----

Changing of ice to liquid is called---

When water is boiled it becomes a gas called----

A tool helps to make work---

Give examples of any tools

What is a tool?

State two advantages of using tools

List three disadvantages of using tools.

A man-made structure is---

Give two examples of man- made structures

Explain the purpose of the following structures

a)Bridge--- b)Pylons-----c)Railway line----