CN114269691A Chinese - ZH CN - en

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(19) State Intellectual Property Office of the People’s Republic of China
(12)Invention patent application
(10) Application publication numberCN 114269691 A
(43) Application announcement date2022.04.01
(21)Application number202080056472.2 George Gusimón Dukes
(22)Application date2020.07.31 (74)Patent agencyBeijing Anxin Fangda Intellectual Property Agency
Ltd. 11262
(30)Priority data
agentAi Juan
62/882,244 2019.08.02 US
Zheng Xia
63/058,528 2020.07.30 US (51)Int.Cl.

C02F 1/32(2006.01)
(85) PCT international application enters the national phase date
C02F 1/467(2006.01)
2022.02.07
C25B 1/30(2006.01)
(86) Application data of PCT international application
PCT/US2020/044476 2020.07.31
(87) Published data of PCT international applications
WO2021/025991EN 2021.02.11
(71)ApplicantYihua Water Treatment Technology Co., Ltd.
addressPennsylvania, USA
(72)InventorJoshua Griffith
Benjamin Satterfield Chen Yang 6 pages of claims and 32 pages of instructions Attached picture page 35
(54)Invention title
Hydrogen peroxide for UV advanced oxidation process control
Regulation of on-site electrochemical generation
(57)Abstract
a water treatment system, Includes actinic radiation reactor; electricity
chemical battery,
The electrochemical cell is configured to generate hydrogen peroxide
and has flow between the electrolyte source and the actinic radiation reactor
Exit of physical connection;and connected to the inlet of the electrochemical cell
Oxygen source.
CN 114269691 A
CN 114269691 A claims 1/6 pages
1. A water treatment system, include:
Actinic radiation reactor;
electrochemical cells,The electrochemical cell is configured to generate hydrogen peroxide and has an outlet in fluid communication between an
electrolyte source and the actinic radiation reactor; as well as
oxygen source,
The oxygen source is in communication with the inlet of the electrochemical cell.
2. The system of claim 1, Also includes:
first duct, the first conduit fluidly couples the electrolyte source to the inlet of the electrochemical cell;
and
The second conduit fluidly couples the outlet of the electrochemical cell to the actinic radiation reflector.
second catheter,
entrance of the transponder.
3. The system of claim 1, wherein said outlet of said electrochemical cell is fluidly coupled to a conduit
The
The introduction point in conduit fluidly couples the electrolyte source to the inlet of the electrochemical cell.
4. The system of claim 1, Wherein the actinic radiation reactor is an ultraviolet advanced oxidation process reaction
device.
5. The system of claim 1, The electrolyte includes water.

6. The system of claim 1, Also includes storage tanks, The storage tank is coupled to the electrochemical cell
The outlet.
7. The system of claim 1, Also includes:
catheter,
the conduit is fluidly coupled to an outlet of the actinic radiation reactor; as well as
second electrochemical cell,The second electrochemical cell has an outlet downstream of the actinic radiation reactor.
an outlet of said conduit in fluid communication, the second electrochemical cell is configured to generate a chemical agent,The chemical agent quenches the
Hydrogen peroxide in the treated aqueous solution in the catheter.
8. The system of claim 7, Also includes storage tanks, The storage tank is coupled to the second electrochemical cell
The outlet of the pool.
9. The system of claim 7, The chemical agent includes sodium hypochlorite.
10. The system of claim 7, wherein said conduit carries said outlet fluid of said actinic radiation reactor
Ground is coupled to the inlet of the second electrochemical cell.
11. The system of claim 7, wherein said outlet of said second electrochemical cell is fluidly coupled to
An introduction point in the conduit downstream of the outlet of the actinic radiation reactor.
12. The system according to any one of claims 1-11, Also includes sensors,The sensor is configured to measure
The concentration of one or more contaminants in an aqueous solution, The sensor is positioned upstream of the actinic radiation reactor or
One of the downstream locations of the actinic radiation reactor.
13. The system of claim 12, Also includes controller, The controller is connected to the sensor and is
Configured to adjust one or more operating parameters of the system in response to measured concentrations of the one or more
contaminants.
14. The system of claim 13, wherein the one or more operating parameters include one of the following:
the power applied to the electrochemical cell, power applied to said second electrochemical cell, Actinic radiation applied to the
and a flow of electrolyte or aqueous solution through one of the electrochemical cell, the second
The power of the reactor,
electrochemical cell, or the actinic radiation reactor.
2
15. The system of claim 13, wherein the oxygen source is configured to place the
The oxygen is introduced into the electrolyte.
16. The system of claim 15, wherein said controller is further configured to respond to said one or more
The rate at which the oxygen is introduced into the electrolyte is adjusted by measuring the concentration of each contaminant.
17. The system of claim 6, Also includes controller,

The controller is configured to operate based on input from the electrical
One or more measured characteristics of the electrolyte of the electrolyte source or one or more measured characteristics of the treated aqueous
solution produced in the actinic radiation reactor to adjust the flow of hydrogen peroxide from the storage tank into the Flow rate in actinic radiation
reactor.
18. The system of claim 8, Also includes controller,

The controller is configured to operate based on input from the electrical
One or more measured characteristics of the electrolyte of the electrolyte source or one or more measured characteristics of the treated aqueous solution produced
in the actinic radiation reactor is used to adjust the flow of sodium hypochlorite from the storage tank into the actinic radiation reactor. The flow in the conduit
downstream of the outlet of the irradiation reactor.
19. The system according to any one of claims 1-11, Also includes sensors,The sensor is configured to measure
The concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the treated aqueous solution downstream of the actinic radiation reactor.
20. The system of claim 19, Also includes controller, The controller is connected to the sensor and is
Configured to adjust one or more operating parameters of the second electrochemical cell based on the measured concentration of hydrogen peroxide.
21. The system of claim 20, wherein said one or more operations of said second electrochemical cell
Parameters include one or more of the following: Power applied to the second electrochemical cell, into the second electrochemical cell
Learn the flow rate of battery electrolyte, The flow of sodium hypochlorite leaving the second electrochemical cell or in the second electrochemical
The concentration of sodium hypochlorite produced in the battery.
22. The system of claim 1, wherein said electrolyte source includes said oxygen source, And the system also
include:
recirculating catheter,the recirculation conduit is configured to return a solution containing the hydrogen peroxide from the outlet of the
electrochemical cell to the inlet of the electrochemical cell to form a recirculating solution;
water source to be treated,

The water source to be treated passes through the first conduit and the inlet flow of the actinic radiation reactor
body connectivity;
as well as
The second conduit is provided from the recirculation conduit to the inlet of the actinic radiation reactor
second catheter,
Selective fluid communication is provided at the introduction point of the first conduit.
23. The system of claim 22, Also includes valves,The valve is configured to respond to the recirculated solution
transition
The concentration of hydrogen peroxide reaches a predetermined level, from a closed state to an at least partially open state, and through the cited
The entry point directs the recirculating solution to the water to be treated.
24. The system of claim 23, Also includes a control operably connected to one or more sensors
controller,The one or more sensors are configured to measure one or more of: The water to be treated
flow, The concentration of pollutants in the water to be treated,The concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the water to be treated,Leave the actinic
The purity of the product water from the radiation reactor,The flow rate of the product water leaving the actinic radiation reactor or the recirculation
The concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the solution.
25. The system of claim 24, wherein said controller is configured to based on a response from said one or more
one or more signals received by the sensor to adjust one or more operating parameters of the system, Said one or more
3
Multiple operating parameters include one or more of the following:The status of the valve,The power applied to the electrochemical cell,
The power applied to the actinic radiation reactor, The flow of electrolyte through the electrochemical cell, the flow of water to be treated
The flow rate of the actinic radiation reactor or the radiation dose applied to the water to be treated in the actinic radiation reactor.
26. The system of claim 25, wherein said one or more sensors are configured to measure said re-
the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the circulating solution, and the controller is configured to receive the recirculated
An indication of the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the solution, and in response to the concentration of hydrogen peroxide being at or above the predetermined
level, A signal is sent to the valve to at least partially open.

27. The system of claim 25, wherein the controller is further configured to based on the water to be treated
The predetermined level is set by one or both of the concentration of the contaminants or the desired purity of the product water.
28. The system of claim 25, wherein the controller is further configured to react based on the actinic radiation
The predetermined level is set according to the desired dose of UV radiation in the vessel to be applied to the water to be treated.
29. The system of claim 25, wherein the controller is further configured to based on the predetermined level, described
The concentration of the contaminant in the water to be treated, One of the flow rate of the water to be treated or the desired purity of the product water
or more to set the dose of UV radiation to be applied to the water to be treated in the actinic radiation reactor.
One or both of the concentration of the contaminants or the desired purity of the product water sets the power applied to the
electrochemical cell.
The concentration of the contaminants and the desired purity of the product water set the dose of UV radiation to be applied to the water to
be treated in the actinic radiation reactor.
32. The system of claim 25, wherein said controller is further configured to set based on said predetermined level
Set the amount of oxygen to be introduced into the electrolyte.
33. The system of claim 25, wherein the controller is further configured to based on reaching the recirculation guide
The amount of power applied to the electrochemical cell is set by maintaining a predetermined concentration level of hydrogen peroxide in the solution in the tube for a desired
amount of time.
34. The system of claim 25, wherein said controller is further configured to based on application to said electrochemical
The power of the cell sets the dose of UV radiation to be applied to the water to be treated in the actinic radiation reactor.
35. A method of treating water in a water treatment system, The methods include:
directing water to be treated from a water source into a conduit fluidly coupled to an outlet of an electrochemical cell;
adding hydrogen peroxide produced in the electrochemical cell to the water to be treated, to form hydrogen peroxide
aqueous solution;
directing the aqueous solution into the inlet of the actinic radiation reactor;
exposing said aqueous solution to sufficient actinic radiation in said actinic radiation reactor, to produce in the aqueous solution
the
Generate free radicals, free radicals react with contaminants in the aqueous solution to form a treated aqueous solution; as well as
The treated aqueous solution is directed through a second conduit from the outlet of the actinic radiation reactor to the
point of use. 36. The method of claim 35, wherein the water to be treated is directed from the water source to the fluidically
The conduit coupled to the outlet of the electrochemical cell includes a guide for directing the water to be treated to the electrochemical cell.
4
Learn about the battery entrance.
37. The method of claim 36, Also includes:
applying power across the electrodes of the electrochemical cell, to convert the water to be treated in the electrochemical cell
converting oxygen to hydrogen peroxide and forming said aqueous solution containing hydrogen peroxide; as well as
The aqueous solution is directed from the outlet of the electrochemical cell into the inlet of the actinic
radiation reactor. 38. The method of claim 35,

wherein said aqueous solution is exposed in said actinic radiation reactor to
Actinic radiation includes exposing the aqueous solution to ultraviolet light in the actinic radiation reactor.
39. The method of claim 35, wherein directing the treated aqueous solution to the point of use includes
The treated aqueous solution is directed to the water source.
40. The method of claim 35, It also includes: upstream of the inlet of the electrochemical cell to the to-be-
Oxygen is added to the treated water.
recirculating said aqueous solution from said outlet of said electrochemical cell to said inlet of said electrochemical cell
through a recirculation conduit for further processing in said electrochemical cell, The additional treatment increases the aqueous solution
The concentration of hydrogen peroxide;
guiding water to be treated from the second water source to be treated through the first conduit into the inlet of the actinic radiation
reactor;
as well as
Selective fluid communication is provided from the recirculation conduit to an introduction point in the first conduit upstream of the
inlet of the actinic radiation reactor.
42. The method of claim 41, It also includes using a sensor to measure the peroxide in the recirculation conduit.
hydrogen concentration.
receiving at a controller from the sensor an indication of the concentration of the hydrogen peroxide in the recirculation conduit; as well as
responsive to the indication of the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the recirculation conduit being an indication that the concentration is at or above a
A signal
predetermined level, is sent to a valve providing selective fluid communication between the recirculation conduit and the conduit to at least
partially open.
44. The method of claim 41, also includes a controller operatively connected to the system
or more sensors measure one or more of the following: The flow rate of the water to be treated, the water to be treated
the concentration of pollutants in the water, the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the water to be treated, the purity of the product water leaving the actinic
The flow rate of the product water leaving the actinic radiation reactor or the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the recycle solution.
radiation reactor,
45. The method of claim 44, also includes using the controller to based on the response from the one or more sensors
one or more signals received by the processor to adjust one or more operating parameters of the system, one or more of the
Operating parameters include one or more of the following: valve status,The power applied to the electrochemical cell, applied to everything
Describe the power of the actinic radiation reactor,
The flow of electrolyte through the electrochemical cell, the flow of water to be treated through the photochemical
The flow rate of the radiation reactor or the radiation dose applied to the water to be treated in the actinic radiation reactor.
measuring the concentration of the hydrogen peroxide in the aqueous solution in the recirculation conduit using the one or more
sensors;
5
receiving, by the controller, an indication of the concentration of the hydrogen peroxide in the aqueous solution in the recirculation
conduit from one or more sensors;as well as
In response to the concentration of hydrogen peroxide being at or above a predetermined level, to the recirculation conduit and the first guide
A valve providing selective fluid communication between the tubes sends a signal to at least partially open.
47. The method of claim 45, Also includes based on the concentration of the contaminant in the water to be treated or
The predetermined level is set by one or both of the desired purity of the product water.
48. The method of claim 45, also includes based on the actinic radiation reactor to be applied to the
The predetermined level is set to the desired dose of UV radiation for the water to be treated.
49. The method of claim 45, Also includes based on predetermined levels,The pollutants in the water to be treated
One or more of the flow rate of the water to be treated or the desired purity of the product water sets the dose of UV
concentration,
radiation to be applied to the water to be treated in the actinic radiation reactor.
50. The method of claim 45, Also includes based on the concentration of the contaminant in the water to be treated or
One or both of the desired purity of the product water sets the power applied to the electrochemical cell.
51. The method of claim 45, It also includes based on the concentration of the contaminant in the water to be treated and
The desired purity of the product water sets the dose of UV radiation to be applied to the water to be treated in the actinic radiation
reactor.
52. The method of claim 45, also includes setting the level to be introduced into the electrolyte based on a predetermined level
the amount of oxygen.
53. The method of claim 45, It also includes achieving the flow rate of the aqueous solution in the recirculation conduit.
A predetermined concentration level of hydrogen oxide is maintained for a desired amount of time to set the amount of power applied to the electrochemical cell.
54. The method of claim 45, also includes setting at

The dose of UV radiation in the actinic radiation reactor to be applied to the water to be treated.
55. The method of claim 35, Also includes electrochemically generating chemicals, The chemical agent has to be flown
The hydrogen peroxide is quenched in a second electrochemical cell physically coupled to the outlet of the second conduit.
56. The method of claim 55, Also included is based on the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the treated aqueous solution.
to control the amount of chemical agent introduced into the second conduit.
57. The method of claim 56, wherein the amount of chemical agent introduced into the second conduit is controlled
Include one or more of the following: controlling the entry of said chemical from said second electrochemical cell into said second conduit
flow, Control power applied to the second electrochemical cell or control flow of the chemical from a storage tank in fluid communication
with an outlet of the second electrochemical cell.
58. The method of claim 55, also includes flowing the treated aqueous solution through the second electrochemical
battery and generate the chemical from dissolved materials in the treated aqueous solution.
59. A method of modifying a water treatment system,The water treatment system includes a high-efficiency device in fluid communication with the water source to be treated.
The methods include:

stage oxidation process reactor,
Install electrochemical cells,The electrochemical cell has a reaction between the water source to be treated and the advanced oxidation process
The outlet for fluid communication between devices; as well as
providing instructions for operating said electrochemical cell, To convert the oxygen in the water to be treated into hydrogen peroxide.
60. The method of claim 59, Also includes providing sensors,The sensor is configured to measure actinic radiation
Concentration of one or more contaminants in the water at one of the upstream of the actinic radiation reactor or downstream of the actinic radiation reactor
6
Spend.
61. The method of claim 60, Also includes providing a controller, The controller communicates with the sensor and
and configured to adjust one or more operating parameters of the system in response to measured concentrations of the one or more
contaminants.
62. The method of claim 61, wherein the one or more operating parameters include one of the following:
The power applied to the electrochemical cell, The power applied to the actinic radiation reactor and the electrolyte or aqueous solution pass
Flow through one of the electrochemical cell or the actinic radiation reactor.
63. The method of claim 59, Also includes provision of recirculation conduits, The recirculation conduit is configured to
The aqueous solution is returned from the outlet of the electrochemical cell to the inlet of the electrochemical cell to form a recirculated solution.
64. The method of claim 63, Also included is a provision operatively connected to one or more sensors
controller,The one or more sensors are configured to measure one or more of: the pending
water flow,The concentration of pollutants in the water to be treated,The concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the water to be treated,leave said
Purity of product water from advanced oxidation process reactor,The flow rate of the product water leaving the advanced oxidation process reactor
or the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the recycled brine solution.
65. The method of claim 64, It also includes configuring the controller to based on the response from the one or more
one or more signals received by the sensor to adjust one or more operating parameters of the system, Said one or more
Multiple operating parameters include one or more of the following: The power applied to the electrochemical cell, the power applied to the high
The power of the first-stage oxidation process reactor,The flow of electrolyte through the electrochemical cell, the flow of water to be treated through the advanced
or a radiation agent applied to the water to be treated in the advanced oxidation process reactor
The flow rate of the oxidation process reactor,
quantity.
66. The method of claim 59, Also includes the installation of a second electrochemical cell, The second electrochemical cell is
configured to electrochemically generate a chemical agent that quenches hydrogen peroxide, The second electrochemical cell has an advanced oxidation process
The outlet of the process reactor is in fluid communication.
67. The method of claim 66, It also includes based on the output leaving the advanced oxidation process reactor.
The concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the treated aqueous solution at the outlet is used to control the rate at which the chemical agent is introduced into the
conduit fluidly coupled to the outlet of the advanced oxidation process reactor.
7
CN 114269691 A manual 1/32 pages
On-site electrochemical generation of hydrogen peroxide for UV advanced oxidation process control
adjustment
[0001] background
1. Field of invention
[0002] Aspects and embodiments disclosed herein generally relate to advanced oxidation systems
including in-situ electrochemical hydrogen peroxide generators and methods of operating or constructing the
advanced oxidation systems.
[0003] 2. Discussion of related technologies
[0004] In the past few years,Many research works have shown that advanced oxidation processes (AOP) are useful for many applications.especially for
Suitability for water treatment (Legrini, O., Oliveros, E., Braun, A.M. (1993).
Photochemical Processes for Water Treatment. Chm. Rev. 1093, 93, 671-698; Bolton et
al. (1996) ). Figures of Merit for the technical development and application of
Advanced Oxidation Processes.J. of Advanced Oxidation Technologies, 1,113‑17).
[0005] Advanced oxidation processes (AOP) for water treatment utilize highly reactive free radical species, For example, hydroxyl radical
(·OH), used to oxidize toxic or harmful water pollutants that are not biodegradable or less biodegradable, For example, industrial pollution
Dyeing things.
[0006] Due to the high oxidation potential and low selectivity of hydroxyl radicals, Therefore reacts with almost every organic compound,
AOPs can be used to eliminate contaminants from (contaminated) water, i.e. residues of pesticides, industrial solvents, PFAS,
pharmaceuticals, medicine
hormone, (drug),Personal care products or x-ray contrast agents.
[0007] The versatility of AOP is also enhanced by the fact that: They provide different options for generating hydroxyl radicals
possible ways,This allows for better compliance with specific processing requirements.
[0008] Malato et al. (2002) .Photocatalysis with solar energy at a pilot‑plant scale:an
overview.Applied Catalysis B:Environmental 37 1‑15 reviews the use of sunlight to generate
hydroxyl radicals.
[0009] In ultraviolet driven AOP (UV AOP),UV radiation is used to generate hydroxyl radicals through photolysis. for water
Processing traditional UV driven AOP can be called UV/H2O2, Because H2O2Being photolyzed by UV radiation to produce hydroxyl groups
By base.
[0010] Existing AOPs use expensive reactants/oxidants, For example H2O2a, nd the high energy requirements required for free radical production
beg,
For example, high UV irradiation energies are used to generate free radicals via UV AOP. A large number of free radicals do not pass through the oxidation of pollutants
Rather, through an organic background with an aqueous matrix (e.g.Hu

It is consumed, Minsu,Humic acid or citric acid) side reactions are consumed.
[0011] Overview
[0012] According to aspects of the invention,A water treatment system is provided. The system includes an actinic radiation reactor, electrochemical electricity
pool,
the electrochemical cell is configured to generate hydrogen peroxide and has an outlet in fluid communication between the electrolyte source and the actinic
radiation reactor, and an oxygen source in communication with the inlet of the electrochemical cell.
[0013] In some embodiments, The system also includes a first conduit,The first conduit fluidly couples the electrolyte source
Inlet to the electrochemical cell;and the second catheter,The second conduit fluidly couples the outlet of the electrochemical cell to the actinic
8
CN 114269691 A manual Page 2/32
The entrance to the radiation reactor.
[0014] In some embodiments, The outlet of the electrochemical cell is fluidly coupled to the entry point in the conduit, The catheter
An electrolyte source is fluidly coupled to the inlet of the electrochemical cell.
[0015] In some embodiments,The actinic radiation reactor is an ultraviolet advanced oxidation process reactor.
[0016] In some embodiments,Electrolytes include water.
[0017] In some embodiments,The system also includes storage tanks, The storage tank is coupled to the outlet of the electrochemical cell.
[0018] In some embodiments, The system also includes catheters,The conduit is fluidly coupled to the actinic radiation reactor
export; and a second electrochemical cell,The second electrochemical cell has a conductor downstream of the outlet of the actinic radiation reactor.
The outlet of the tube fluid communication. The second electrochemical cell may be configured to generate the chemical agent, The chemical quenching agent present in the catheter
Hydrogen peroxide in treated aqueous solution.

[0019] In some embodiments, The system also includes storage tanks,The storage tank is coupled to the second electrochemical cell
exit.
[0020] In some embodiments,Chemical agents include sodium hypochlorite.
[0021] In some embodiments,A conduit fluidly couples the outlet of the actinic radiation reactor to the second electrochemical cell
entrance.
[0022] In some embodiments,The outlet of the second electrochemical cell is fluidly coupled to the outlet of the actinic radiation reactor.
The point of introduction in the catheter downstream of the mouth.
[0023] In some embodiments, The system also includes sensors,The sensor is configured to measure a
the concentration of one or more pollutants, The sensor is positioned upstream of the actinic radiation reactor or downstream of the actinic radiation reactor
One of the places.
[0024] In some embodiments, The system also includes a controller, The controller communicates with the sensor and is configured to
One or more operating parameters of the system are adjusted in response to measured concentrations of one or more contaminants.
[0025] In some embodiments, One or more operating parameters include one of the following: applied to the electrochemical
pool power,power applied to the second electrochemical cell, The power applied to the actinic radiation reactor,and electrolytes or water
The solution passes through the electrochemicalThe
cell, flow rate of one of the second electrochemical cell or actinic radiation reactor.
[0026] In some embodiments,The oxygen source is configured to introduce oxygen into the electrolyte upstream of the electrochemical cell.
[0027] In some embodiments,The controller is further configured to respond to the measured concentration of one or more contaminants.
Regulates the rate at which oxygen is introduced into the electrolyte.
[0028] In some embodiments, The system also includes a controller, The controller is configured to base the electrolyte source from
The flow of hydrogen peroxide from the storage tank into the actinic radiation reactor is adjusted based on one or more measured characteristics of the
electrolyte or one or more measured characteristics of the treated aqueous solution produced in the actinic radiation reactor.
[0029] In some embodiments, The system also includes a controller, The controller is configured to base the electrolyte source from
One or more measured characteristics of the electrolyte or one or more measured characteristics of the treated aqueous solution produced in the actinic
radiation reactor to adjust the sodium hypochlorite from the storage tank into the conduit downstream of the outlet of the actinic radiation reactor of
traffic.
[0030] In some embodiments, The system also includes sensors,The sensor is configured to measure actinic radiation response
The concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the treated aqueous solution downstream of the device.
[0031] In some embodiments, The system also includes a controller, The controller communicates with the sensor and is configured to
One or more operating parameters of the second electrochemical cell are adjusted based on the measured concentration of hydrogen peroxide.
9
[0032] In some embodiments,The one or more operating parameters of the second electrochemical cell include one of the following
or more: power applied to the second electrochemical cell, The flow of electrolyte into the second electrochemical cell, leave second
The flow rate of sodium hypochlorite of the electrochemical cell or the concentration of sodium hypochlorite produced in the second electrochemical cell.
[0033] In some embodiments, The electrolyte source includes an oxygen source, And the system also includes: recirculating catheter,
It's time
a circulation conduit configured to return a solution containing hydrogen peroxide from an outlet of the electrochemical cell to an inlet of the electrochemical cell to
form a recirculated solution; water source to be treated,The water source to be treated passes through the first conduit and the inlet of the actinic radiation reactor.
and the second catheter,This second conduit provides an inlet upstream from the recirculation conduit to the actinic radiation reactor
oral fluid communication;
Selective fluid communication at the point of introduction in the first conduit.
[0034] In some embodiments, The system also includes valves, The valve is configured to respond to recirculated solution peroxidation
transition
The concentration of hydrogen reaches a predetermined level, from a closed state to an at least partially open state, and will recirculate through the lead-in point
The ring solution is directed to the water to be treated.
[0035] In some embodiments,The system also includes a control operatively connected to one or more sensors
One or more sensors are configured to measure one or more of the following:
device, flow rate of water to be treated,Pending
the concentration of pollutants in the water, the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the water to be treated, the purity of the product water leaving the actinic radiation reactor,
The flow rate of product water leaving the actinic radiation reactor or the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the recycle solution.
[0036] In some embodiments,The controller is configured to based on one or more data received from one or more sensors.
multiple signals to adjust one or more operating parameters of the system,One or more operating parameters include one of the following
or more: the state of the valve, the power applied to the electrochemical cell, the power applied to the actinic radiation reactor, electrolyte pass
Flow through the electrochemical cell,The water to be treated is flowed through the actinic radiation reactor or applied in the actinic radiation reactor
radiation dose to the water to be treated.
[0037] In some embodiments,One or more sensors configured to measure hydrogen peroxide in the recirculating solution
and the controller is configured to receive from the sensor an indication of the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the recirculating solution,
concentration, and respond to
The concentration of hydrogen peroxide is at or above a predetermined level,A signal is sent to the valve to at least partially open.
[0038] In some embodiments,The controller is also configured to based on the concentration of contaminants in the water to be treated or the product water
Set a predetermined level by one or both of the desired purity.
[0039] In some embodiments,The controller is further configured to be based on the actinic radiation to be applied to the treated
Set a predetermined level for the desired dose of UV radiation to the water.
[0040] In some embodiments, The controller is also configured to operate based on a predetermined level, concentration of contaminants in the water to be treated
Spend,
One or more of the flow rate of the water to be treated or the desired purity of the product water is provided in the actinic radiation reactor
The dose of UV radiation to be applied to the water to be treated.
[0041] In some embodiments,The controller is also configured to based on the concentration of contaminants in the water to be treated or the product water
One or both of the desired purity are used to set the power applied to the electrochemical cell.
[0042] In some embodiments,The controller is also configured to based on the concentration of contaminants in the water to be treated and the product water
The desired purity is used to set the dose of UV radiation to be applied to the water to be treated in the actinic radiation reactor.
[0043] In some embodiments,The controller is further configured to set the amount of water to be introduced into the electrolyte based on a predetermined level.
Amount of oxygen.
[0044] In some embodiments,The controller is further configured to control hydrogen peroxide in solution in the recirculating conduit based on
The amount of power applied to the electrochemical cell is set for a desired amount of time at a predetermined concentration level.
[0045] In some embodiments,The controller is further configured to set the light intensity based on the power applied to the electrochemical cell.
10
The dose of UV radiation to be applied to the water to be treated in the chemical radiation reactor.
[0046] According to another aspect,

A method of treating water in a water treatment system is provided. The method includes: will be treated
directing the treated water from the water source into a conduit fluidly coupled to an outlet of the electrochemical cell; will be produced in an electrochemical cell
of hydrogen peroxide is added to the water to be treated, to form an aqueous solution containing hydrogen peroxide;direct aqueous solution to actinic radiation
into the inlet of the injection reactor; Expose the aqueous solution to sufficient actinic radiation in an actinic radiation reactor, in aqueous solution
generate free radicals,The free radicals react with contaminants in the aqueous solution to form a treated aqueous solution; and will be processed
The aqueous solution is directed through a second conduit from the outlet of the actinic radiation reactor to the point of use.
[0047] In some embodiments,Water to be treated is directed from a water source to an outlet fluidly coupled to an electrochemical cell.
A conduit is included to guide the water to be treated into the inlet of the electrochemical cell.
[0048] In some embodiments,The method also includes:Applying power across the electrodes of an electrochemical cell,
in electrochemistry
In the cell, oxygen in the water to be treated is converted into hydrogen peroxide and an aqueous solution containing hydrogen peroxide is formed;and water
The solution is directed from the outlet of the electrochemical cell into the inlet of the actinic radiation reactor.
[0049] In some embodiments,Exposure of an aqueous solution to actinic radiation in an actinic radiation reactor includes
The aqueous solution is exposed to UV light in a radiation reactor.
[0050] In some embodiments,Directing the treated aqueous solution to the point of use includes directing the treated aqueous solution
to water source.
[0051] In some embodiments,The method also includes adding to the water to be treated upstream of the inlet of the electrochemical cell
oxygen.
[0052] In some embodiments,The method also includes passing the aqueous solution through a recirculation conduit from an outlet of the electrochemical cell
Recirculated to the inlet of the electrochemical cell for additional processing in the electrochemical cell. Additional treatments increase the concentration of hydrogen
peroxide in aqueous solutions. The method also includes directing the water to be treated from the second water source to be treated through the first conduit into
the inlet of the actinic radiation reactor; and providing a first lead upstream from the recirculation conduit to the inlet of the actinic radiation reactor.
Selective fluid communication at the entry point in the tube.
[0053] In some embodiments,The method also includes using a sensor to measure the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the recirculation conduit.
[0054] In some embodiments, The method also includes: Receives excess oxygen in the recirculation conduit from the sensor at the controller
Indication of hydrogen concentration;
and in response to the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the recirculation conduit an indication that the concentration is at or above preset
Leveling instructions,A signal is sent to a valve providing selective fluid communication between the recirculation conduit and the first conduit to at
least partially open.
[0055] In some embodiments,The method also includes using one or more controllers operably connected to the system.
Multiple sensors measure one or more of the following: flow rate of water to be treated,The concentration of pollutants in the water to be treated,
The concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the water to be treated, the purity of the product water leaving the actinic radiation reactor, the flow rate of the product water leaving
the actinic radiation reactor or the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the recycle solution.
[0056] In some embodiments,The method also includes using the controller based on a signal received from the one or more sensors.
one or more signals to adjust one or more operating parameters of the system, One or more operating parameters include the following
one or more of: the state of the valve, the power applied to the electrochemical cell, the power applied to the actinic radiation reactor, electricity
The flow of water to be treated through the actinic radiation reactor or in the actinic radiation reactor
The flow of electrolyte through an electrochemical cell,
The radiation dose applied to the water to be treated.
[0057] In some embodiments, The method also includes: measuring water in the recirculation conduit with one or more sensors
The
The concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the solution; controller receives from one or more sensors the flow of aqueous solution in the recirculating conduit.
11
and in response to the concentration of hydrogen peroxide being at or above a predetermined level,
An indication of the concentration of hydrogen oxide; to the recirculating catheter
A valve providing selective fluid communication with the conduit sends a signal to at least partially open.
[0058] In some embodiments,The method also includes based on the concentration of contaminants in the water to be treated or the period of the product water.
One or both of the desired purity levels are used to set the predetermined level.
[0059] In some embodiments,The method also includes based on the actinic radiation to be applied to the water to be treated in the actinic radiation reactor
Set a predetermined level for the desired dose of UV radiation.
[0060] In some embodiments,The method also includes based on predetermined levels, The concentration of pollutants in the water to be treated, treat
One or more of the flow rate of the treated water or the desired purity of the product water sets the dose of UV radiation to be applied to the
water to be treated in the actinic radiation reactor.
[0061] In some embodiments,The method also includes based on the concentration of contaminants in the water to be treated or the period of the product water.
One or both of the desired purity sets the power applied to the electrochemical cell.
[0062] In some embodiments,The method also includes based on the concentration of contaminants in the water to be treated and the period of the product water.
The dose of UV radiation to be applied to the water to be treated in the actinic radiation reactor is set depending on the purity.
[0063] In some embodiments,The method also includes setting the oxygen to be introduced into the electrolyte based on a predetermined level
amount.
[0064] In some embodiments,The method also includes a method based on achieving a predetermined level of hydrogen peroxide in the aqueous solution in the recirculation conduit.
The amount of power applied to the electrochemical cell is set for a desired amount of time at a given concentration level.
[0065] In some embodiments,The method also includes setting the actinic radiation level based on the power applied to the electrochemical cell.
The dose of UV radiation to be applied to the water to be treated in the radiation reactor.
[0066] In some embodiments, The method also includes electrochemically generating a chemical agent, The chemical agent has to be fluidized
The hydrogen peroxide is quenched in a second electrochemical cell coupled to the outlet of the second conduit.
[0067] In some embodiments,The method also includes controlling based on the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the treated aqueous solution
The amount of chemical introduced into the second conduit.
[0068] In some embodiments,Controlling the amount of chemical agent introduced into the second conduit includes one or more of the following:
Multiple:Controlling the flow of chemical from the second electrochemical cell into the second conduit, controlling the flow rate applied to the second electrochemical cell
Power or control the flow of chemical from a storage tank in fluid communication with the outlet of the second electrochemical cell.
[0069] In some embodiments,The method also includes flowing the treated aqueous solution through a second electrochemical cell and from
Dissolved substances in the treated aqueous solution produce chemicals.
[0070] According to another aspect,Provides a method for transforming water treatment systems, The water treatment system includes treatment
The advanced oxidation process reactor is fluidly connected to a managed water source. The method includes: Install electrochemical cells,The electrochemical cell has
There is an outlet in fluid communication between the source of water to be treated and the advanced oxidation process reactor;and providing operating electrochemical cells
instructions,
to convert oxygen in the water to be treated into hydrogen peroxide.
[0071] In some embodiments, The method also includes providing a sensor, The sensor is configured to measure actinic radiation
The concentration of one or more contaminants in the water either upstream of the reactor or downstream of the actinic radiation reactor.
[0072] In some embodiments, The method also includes providing a controller, The controller communicates with the sensor and is configured
Arranged to adjust one or more operating parameters of the system in response to measured concentrations of one or more contaminants.
[0073] In some embodiments, One or more operating parameters include one of the following: applied to the electrochemical
The power applied to the actinic radiation reactor and the flow of electrolyte or aqueous solution through one of the electrochemical
The power of the pool,
cells or the actinic radiation reactor.
12
[0074] In some embodiments, The method also includes providing a recirculation conduit,The recirculation conduit is configured to divert water
The solution is returned from the outlet of the electrochemical cell to the inlet of the electrochemical cell to form a recirculating solution.
[0075] In some embodiments,The method also includes providing a device operatively connected to one or more sensors.
controller,One or more sensors are configured to measure one or more of the following: flow rate of water to be treated,treat
The concentration of contaminants in the water being treated, the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the water to be treated, the purity of the product water leaving the advanced oxidation
process reactor, The flow rate of product water leaving the advanced oxidation process reactor or the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the recirculated brine
solution.
[0076] In some embodiments,The method also includes configuring the controller to based on receiving from one or more sensors
one or more signals to adjust one or more operating parameters of the system, One or more operating parameters include
One or more of the following:The power applied to the electrochemical cell,The power applied to the advanced oxidation process reactor,electrolysis
The flow of mass through the electrochemical cell, the flow of water to be treated through the advanced oxidation process reactor, or in advanced oxidation engineering
The radiation dose applied to the water to be treated in the process reactor.
[0077] In some embodiments, The method also includes installing a second electrochemical cell, The second electrochemical cell is equipped with
Arranged to electrochemically generate a chemical agent that quenches hydrogen peroxide, The second electrochemical cell has a reactor with an advanced oxidation process
The outlet is in fluid communication with the outlet.
[0078] In some embodiments,The method also includes treating based on the outlet exiting the advanced oxidation process reactor.
The concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the aqueous solution is used to control the rate at which the chemical agent is introduced into the conduit fluidly coupled to the outlet of
the advanced oxidation process reactor.
[0079] Brief description of the drawings
[0080] The drawings are not intended to be drawn to scale. In the attached picture, Each identical or nearly identical component is illustrated in the various figures.
Identical parts are represented by the same numbers. For clarity purposes, Not every component may be labeled in every drawing
remember. In the attached picture:
[0081] Figure 1A is a schematic illustration of an electrolytic cell configured to produce hydrogen peroxide from water and oxygen and related reactions;
[0082] Figure 1B is a schematic illustration of an electrolytic cell configured to produce chlorine from seawater and oxygen and related reactions; Figure 2A is
[0083] about speed, Cathodic voltammogram generated with water dissolved in air at 6.9 bar;
[0084] Figure 2B is about speed, Dissolved O at 6.9 bar2Cathodic voltammogram generated by water;
[0085] Figure 3 is a cross-section of an example of a concentric tube electrode electrochemical cell for generating hydrogen peroxide. Figure 4 diagrammatically
[0086] illustrates calculations used to determine the amount of energy to produce hydrogen peroxide in an example of an electrochemical cell; Figure 5A is an isometric
[0087] view of an embodiment of a concentric tube electrochemical cell;
[0088] Figure 5B is a cross-sectional view of the concentric tube electrochemical cell of Figure 5A;
[0089] Figure 6A diagrammatically illustrates current flow through an embodiment of a concentric tube electrochemical cell; Figure 6B
[0090] diagrammatically illustrates current flow through another embodiment of a concentric tube electrochemical cell; Figure 6C
[0091] diagrammatically illustrates current flow through a concentric tube electrochemical cell; Current flow of another embodiment of a tube
[0092] electrochemical cell; Figure 7 is an isometric view of an embodiment of a single channel spirally wound electrochemical cell; Figure 8 is an
[0093] illustration of another embodiment of a single channel spirally wound electrochemical cell. Isometric view; Figure 9 is a partial cross-
[0094] sectional view of an embodiment of a three-tube concentric tube electrochemical cell; Figure 10 is a partial cross-sectional view of an
[0095] embodiment of a four-tube concentric tube electrochemical cell; Figure 11 is a five-tube concentric tube electrochemical cell Partial cross-
[0096] sectional view of an embodiment of a chemical cell; Figure 12A graphically illustrates the radiation spectrum of a typical low pressure gas
[0097] discharge ultraviolet lamp;
13
[0098] Figure 12B shows the radiation spectrum of a typical medium pressure gas discharge UV lamp; Figure 12C shows the radiation spectrum in an advanced oxidation
[0099] process reactor using a low pressure UV lamp or a medium pressure UV lamp at different times.
Percent activation of hydrogen peroxide at applied dose of UV light energy;
[0100] Figure 13 is a schematic diagram illustrating an actinic radiation reactor vessel according to one or more embodiments; Figure 14A is a
[0101] schematic diagram illustrating a portion of the interior of the vessel of Figure 13 according to one or more embodiments signal
picture;
[0102] Figure 14B is a diagram illustrating another portion of the interior of the container of Figure 13 according to one or more embodiments.
intention;
[0103] Figure 15 illustrates a diagram of an electrolytic cell including an actinic radiation reactor vessel and an electrolytic cell upstream of the actinic radiation reactor vessel.
System implementation plan;
[0104] Figure 16 illustrates another embodiment of a system including an actinic radiation reactor vessel and an electrolytic cell upstream of the
actinic radiation reactor vessel;
[0105] Figure 17 illustrates another embodiment of a system including an actinic radiation reactor vessel and an electrolytic cell upstream of the
actinic radiation reactor vessel;
[0106] Figure 18 illustrates another embodiment of the system, The system includes an actinic radiation reactor vessel, an actinic radiation
an electrolytic cell upstream of the radiation reactor vessel and a quencher source in fluid communication downstream of the actinic radiation reactor;
[0107] Figure 19 is a piping and instrumentation diagram of a potential feed and discharge system;
[0108] Figure 20 illustrates a control system that may be used with embodiments of the water treatment system disclosed
[0109] herein; Figure 21 illustrates a memory system for the control system of Figure 20; Figure 22 illustrates Results of a
[0110] test of an electrochemical cell for producing hydrogen peroxide; Figure 23 graphically illustrates the results of a test
[0111] of current versus voltage across an electrolytic cell, The electrolytic cell is arranged with
Solutions with different oxygen concentrations flowing through the cell at different flow rates;
[0112] Figure 24 graphically illustrates H in a solution with2O2Results of tests on the effect of pH on contaminant destruction in UV AOP
reactors;
[0113] Figure 25 graphically illustrates pH versus H in a UV AOP reactor.2O2Results of tests on the effect of activation; Figure 26 graphically
[0114] illustrates UV dose and H in a UV AOP reactor2O2Effect of concentration on the destruction of 1,4-dioxane
test results; as well as

[0115] Figure 27 graphically illustrates UV dose and H in a UV AOP reactor.2O2Test of the effect of concentration on humic acid destruction
result.
[0116] A detailed description
[0117] Aspects and embodiments disclosed herein are not limited to what is set forth in the description below or illustrated in the drawings
Details of construction and arrangement of components. The aspects and embodiments disclosed herein can be practiced or carried out in various ways. Furthermore,
the phrasing and terminology used herein are for descriptive purposes only and and should not be considered restrictive. This article "includes
(including)", "comprising", "having", "containing", "involving
The use of "(involving)" and variations thereof is intended to encompass the items listed thereafter and their equivalents as well as additional items.
[0118] One or more aspects disclosed herein relate to a method of treating contaminated wastewater. According to some embodiments the
case, peroxide
method includes providing contaminated wastewater having an initial concentration of a recalcitrant organic pollutant to be treated;
introduction of hydrogen into contaminated wastewater to produce an aqueous solution containing hydrogen and exposing aqueous solutions to ultraviolet light to produce
wherein
peroxide; treated aqueous solution, the treated aqueous solution has a concentration of recalcitrant organic pollutants than the recalcitrant organic pollutants
14
The initial concentration is at least 50% smaller. The treated aqueous solution may also be referred to herein as product water or simply
[0119] product. In some embodiments,

The treated aqueous solution is further treated to remove residual hydrogen peroxide, For example
By adding chemicals that cause hydrogen peroxide to break down. A suitable chemical for quenching hydrogen peroxide is sodium
hypochlorite. reaction between sodium hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide produces salt,Water and oxygen:
Theformula,
According to the following
[0120] NaOCl+H2O2→NaCl+H2O+O2. Other
[0121] chemicals such as gaseous chlorine, Chloramine or thiosulfate may additionally or alternatively be used for quenching
Residual hydrogen peroxide. In additional embodiments, Treated aqueous solutions can be passed through activated carbon beds to quench or decompose
Residual hydrogen peroxide.
[0122] According to some aspects,

The method may also include measuring the total organic carbon (TOC) value of the contaminated wastewater to be treated.
The method may further include adjusting at least one of a rate at which hydrogen peroxide is introduced to the contaminated wastewater and a dose of ultraviolet
light based on the measured TOC value. According to other aspects, Adjusting the dose of UV light includes adjusting the intensity of UV light and adjusting the UV
At least one of the exposure times of light to the first treated aqueous solution. According to another aspect, When adjusting the exposure of UV light
The time includes adjusting the flow rate of the aqueous solution. According to another aspect, Adjusting the UV light exposure time includes adjusting the reaction time of the aqueous solution
residence time in the vessel.
[0123] According to at least one aspect,

The method may also include measuring the TOC value of the treated aqueous solution. based on at least one
aspects,The method also includes recycling at least a portion of the treated aqueous solution to a point upstream of the introduction of the hydrogen
peroxide based on the measured TOC value of the treated aqueous solution. According to some aspects,The method also includes treatment based on water-soluble
The measured TOC value of the liquid is used to adjust at least one of the rate at which hydrogen peroxide is introduced into the contaminated wastewater and the dose of
ultraviolet light.
[0124] The methods and systems disclosed herein may also involve, following exposure to UV radiation, For example, downstream of the UV reactor
The concentration of residual hydrogen peroxide in the treated aqueous solution was measured. The concentration of hydrogen peroxide can be determined, for example, from
measurements of the oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) of the treated aqueous solution. Measurements of ORP in water samples with different hydrogen peroxide concentrations
can be compared with those measured by other methods, e.g. Compare the determined value of hydrogen peroxide concentration in the water sample obtained by titration),
To generate a calibration curve of ORP versus hydrogen peroxide concentration. In other embodiments, Samples of treated aqueous solutions can be
to be collected regularly,And the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the sample is directly determined via, for example, titration. The rate or concentration of
hydrogen peroxide introduced into contaminated wastewater, The dose of UV radiation applied to the aqueous solution or introduced into the treated aqueous solution
One or more of the rate or concentration of the agent to quench residual hydrogen peroxide can be adjusted based at least in part on the amount or
concentration of residual hydrogen peroxide in the treated aqueous solution.
[0125] According to many aspects,

the aqueous solution is the first treated stream and the treated aqueous solution is the second treated stream,
And hydrogen peroxide is introduced into the contaminated wastewater upstream of the first treated stream being exposed to UV light. According to one aspect,
The concentration of the recalcitrant organic contaminant in the second treated aqueous solution is at least 99% less than the initial concentration of the contaminant.

Methods may also include pre-treating contaminated wastewater. According to other aspects, preprocessing
Contaminated wastewater includes introducing contaminated wastewater into the media filter prior to the introduction of hydrogen peroxide.
[0127] Hydrogen
According to some aspects, peroxide is introduced into contaminated wastewater or wastewater
or wastewater), And the wastewater (aqueous solution) containing hydrogen peroxide is exposed to UV radiation in a single channel.
[0128] According to at least one aspect, The treated aqueous solution is potable water. according to another party
Methods may also include extracting contaminated wastewater or groundwater from a remediation site.
noodle,
[0129] One or more aspects disclosed herein relate to a system for treating contaminated wastewater. The terms
"contaminated water" and "water to be treated" shall be considered synonymous herein. In some embodiments,
The system includes: have
15
Contaminated wastewater sources with initial concentrations of recalcitrant organic pollutants; A TOC concentration sensor in fluid communication with the contaminated wastewater;
hydrogen peroxide source,

The hydrogen peroxide source is fluidly connected to the contaminated wastewater source and configured to introduce hydrogen peroxide to the
source of actinic radiation,The source of actinic radiation is fluidly connected to the contaminant
contaminated wastewater to produce an aqueous solution comprising hydrogen peroxide;
wastewater source and configured into an irradiated aqueous solution; and controller,The controller is connected to the TOC concentration sensor and configured to
At least one of a rate at which hydrogen peroxide is introduced into the contaminated wastewater and a radiation dose applied by the actinic radiation source is
controlled based at least in part on an output signal from the TOC concentration sensor.
[0130] The system also includes a reactor, The reactor is fluidly connected to a contaminated wastewater source and
According to some aspects,
A source of hydrogen peroxide and configured to contain a source of actinic radiation. According to another aspect, The controller is configured to control water by
The residence time of the solution in the reactor is used to control the irradiation dose. According to another aspect, The controller is configured to control
The flow of contaminated wastewater or aqueous solutions is used to control the irradiation dose. According to other aspects, The source of actinic radiation is positioned over the peroxide
downstream of the hydrogen source. According to at least one aspect, The TOC concentration sensor is positioned upstream of the hydrogen peroxide source. according to another
aspects,The TOC concentration sensor is the first TOC concentration sensor, and the system also includes a controller connected to and positioned
A second TOC concentration sensor downstream of the source of actinic radiation. According to some aspects, The controller is configured to be based at least in part on
The output signal from the second TOC concentration sensor controls at least one of the rate at which hydrogen peroxide is introduced into the contaminated
wastewater and the radiation dose applied by the actinic radiation source.
[0131] According to some aspects,

The system includes a device for measuring actinic radiation in treated water downstream of a source or reactor.
Sensor for residual hydrogen peroxide. The system may also include a source of agent to quench residual hydrogen peroxide, This agent source will induce the agent
into the treated water downstream of the actinic radiation source or reactor. The controller may also be configured to control one or more of
the following based at least in part on an output signal from the sensor for measuring residual hydrogen peroxide in the treated water:
The rate or concentration of hydrogen peroxide introduced into the contaminated wastewater, the dose of UV radiation applied to the aqueous solution, or the
addition rate or concentration of an agent that quenches residual hydrogen peroxide in the treated water.
[0132] One or more aspects may involve wastewater treatment systems and technologies. The system and technology can utilize a hydrogen peroxide
dosing system in combination with an ultraviolet (UV) light source to treat wastewater contaminated with recalcitrant organic pollutants. According to some
Wastewater is treated,Allows the concentration of recalcitrant organic pollutants to be reduced to the point where the wastewater can be pumped back into the ground
embodiments,
s level, That is, the level of recalcitrant organic pollutants drops below one or more standards set by regulatory authorities. According to
other aspects, The concentration of recalcitrant organic pollutants is reduced,This allows the treated wastewater to be characterized as drinking water.
According to some embodiments,The methods and systems disclosed herein can treat contaminated wastewater to produce drinking water. drink
For example,
Water can meet standards set by municipalities. As used in this article, The term "recalcitrant
"organic)" when used in relation to contaminants refers to organic compounds that are resistant to microbial degradation or are not readily
Recalcitrant organic contaminants may not be biologically degraded, And the remediation method may not be able to remove enough
biodegradable. In some cases,
Enough substances to meet environmental regulations. Non-limiting examples of persistent organic pollutants include 1,4-dioxane,
Chloroform,
trichlorethylene (TCE), perchlorethylene (PCE), urea, isopropyl alcohol, atrazine, tryptophan and formic acid. table below
1A‑Table 1D lists non-limiting examples of recalcitrant organic pollutants, These recalcitrant organic pollutants can be present in
The systems and techniques disclosed herein treat wastewater, and can be removed from wastewater by the systems and techniques disclosed herein
or be decomposed or oxidized.
[0133] Tables 1A and 1B below list various types of organic contaminants and examples that can be treated or decomposed or oxidized by the
systems and methods disclosed herein.
[0134] Table 1A
[0135] anion (not oxidized,but is decomposed)
16
[0136] chlorate
[0137] Bromate
[0138] Halogenated alkanes
[0139] 1,2,3‑Trichloropropane (1,2,3‑TCP)

[0140] 1,1‑dichloroethane
[0141] 1,2-dichloroethane
[0142] Trihalomethanes (chloroform, Monochlorodibromomethane, etc.)

[0143] Methyl bromide
[0144] Methyl chloride
[0145] Halogenated olefins
[0146] Tetrachlorethylene
[0147] trichlorethylene
[0148] 1,2-cis-dichloroethylene
[0149] 1,2-trans-dichloroethylene
[0150] vinyl chloride
[0151] Alkynes
[0152] Acetylene
[0153] Ethylene dichloride
[0154] TCE trichlorethylene
[0155] PCE tetrachlorethylene
[0156] Halogenated organic acids
[0157] Haloacetic acid (trichloroacetic acid,

Monochloroacetic acid,
Monochlorodibromoacetic acid,
Iodoacetic acid, etc.)
[0158] Amines
[0159] Methylamine
[0160] ethanolamine
[0161] diphenylamine
[0162] aniline
[0163] Piperidine
[0164] Methyl ethanolamine
[0165] Trimethylamine
[0166] Nitrosamines
[0167] NDMA,N‑nitrosodimethylamine
[0168] Surfactant/algaecide/bactericide
[0169] Quaternary ammonium alkyl halide
[0170] Alcohols
[0171] Methanol
[0172] ethanol
[0173] Isopropyl alcohol
[0174] Butanol
17
[0175] Pentanol
[0176] Hexanol
[0177] TBA (tert-butyl alcohol)
[0178] Acetic acid
[0179] Monochloroacetic acid
[0180] dichloroacetic acid
[0181] Iodoacetic acid
[0182] PTFE precursor
[0183] PFOA
[0184] PFOS
[0185] PFNA
[0186] Ethers/Aldehydes
[0187] 1,4‑dioxane
[0188] formaldehyde
[0189] diethyl ether
[0190] polyethylene glycol
[0191] MTBE (methyl tert-butyl ether)
[0192] ketones
[0193] 2‑Pentanone (MPK)
[0194] MEK
[0195] organism
[0196] bacteria
[0197] Mold
[0198] Fungi
[0199] Viruses (including enterovirus & norovirus)
[0200] Table 1B
[0201] Drugs and personal care products
[0202] Acetaminophen
[0203] Androstenedione
[0204] Atrazine
[0205] Benzo[a]pyrene
[0206] caffeine
[0207] carbamazepine
[0208] DDT
[0209] DEET
[0210] diazepam
[0211] Diclofenac
[0212] Phenytoin
[0213] Erythromycin
18
[0214] Estradiol
[0215] Estriol
[0216] estrone
[0217] Ethinylestradiol
[0218] Fluorene
[0219] Fluoxetine
[0220] Galaxolide
[0221] gemfibrozil
[0222] Hydrocodone
[0223] Ibuprofen
[0224] iopromide
[0225] Lin Dan
[0226] meprobamate
[0227] metolachlor
[0228] Muscone
[0229] naproxen
[0230] Oxybenzone
[0231] Pentoxifylline
[0232] progesterone
[0233] Sulfamethoxazole
[0234] TCEP
[0235] Testosterone
[0236] Triclosan
[0237] Trimethoprim
[0238] unreacted monomer
[0239] Acrylonitrile
[0240] vinyl chloride
[0241] Acrylic
[0242] Styrene
[0243] urethane
[0244] Cyclic Siloxane
[0245] Hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane
[0246] Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane
[0247] Linear silicone

[0248] Octamethyltrisiloxane
[0249] Dodecamethylpentasiloxane
[0250] ammonia
[0251] Sulfur compounds
[0252] hydrogen sulfide
19
[0253] dimethyl disulfide
[0254] dimethyl sulfide
[0255] carbonyl sulfide
[0256] Polyaromatic Hydrocarbon Naphthalene

[0257]
[0258] Fluorene
[0259] anthracene
[0260] Aromatic hydrocarbons
[0261] benzene
[0262] cumene
[0263] xylene
[0264] phenol
[0265] Parabens
[0266] Benzylamine
[0267] Benzyl acetate
[0268] Halogenated aromatic compounds
[0269] Benzyl chloride
[0270] Benzyl bromide
[0271] chlorophenol
[0272] Table 1C lists a variety of recalcitrant chemicals that can be treated or decomposed or oxidized by the methods and systems disclosed herein.
Additional examples of organic pollutants and their corresponding categories. One or more of these compounds may be an endocrine
disruptor. Endocrine disruptors can refer to substances that inhibit or promote a variety of processes such as homeostasis of an organism,
and participate in reproduction,

Synthesis of various internal hormones for development and behavior, store,secretion,internal transportation,receptor binding,
Hormone activity and excretion of xenobiotic chemicals, And this is also the term, Said term may also be referred to as exogenous
endocrine disrupting substances, endocrine
endocrine disrupting substances, disrupting chemicals, Endocrine disrupting substances or environmental hormones.
[0273] Table 1C
[0274]
20
[0275]
[0276] Table ID includes non-limiting examples of pharmaceutical and personal care product compounds that can be processed or decomposed or oxidized
by the systems and methods disclosed herein. One or more of these substances may also be endocrine disruptors.
[0277] Table 1D
[0278]
twenty one
[0279]
[0280] Some embodiments relate to a method for treating contaminated wastewater. also,
According to at least one aspect, work
technology can be used to remediate contaminated groundwater. As used in this article,
The term "groundwater" may refer to water recoverable from underground sources
water and water recovered from surface water bodies such as streams, ponds, swamps and other similar water bodies. As discussed above, waste
Water or groundwater can be contaminated with persistent organic pollutants. Wastewater may have become contaminated by any of many different
sources, Said sources are such as industrial processes,Agricultural processes such as pesticide and herbicide application, or other processes such as creating discrepancies
undesired by-products such as trihalomethanes.

[0281] According to at least one embodiment,The methods and systems disclosed herein may include providing a refractory substance having an initial concentration
Wastewater contaminated by solid organic pollutants. According to some embodiments,The methods and systems disclosed herein may include extracting
or otherwise remove contaminated wastewater. For example, As part of the remediation work,Contaminated wastewater can be treated using a or
More pumps or other extraction devices pump from the surface or other sources. After processing, The wastewater can then be discharged or sent to
for further processing. According to some embodiments, Contaminated wastewater is pumped or otherwise removed to surface grade water
Surface grade level, It can then be processed according to the processes and methods discussed herein. For example, According to a
some implementation plans, The methods and systems disclosed herein may include extracting contaminated wastewater from a remediation site. In at least
one embodiment,One or more extraction wells and extraction equipment such as pumps may be used to pump contaminated wastewater to the surface to be
treated. After processing, Pumps or other distribution systems may be used to reinject treated wastewater or groundwater back into the
ground or otherwise reintroduce treated wastewater back into the environment. In some cases, Contaminated wastewater can be treated in
Previously stored in holding tanks or containers, and in some cases, Treated produced by the processes disclosed herein
Water can be added to or otherwise mixed with contaminated wastewater.
[0282] According to one or more aspects,Contaminated wastewater can have a range of about 100 mg/L to about 5000 mg/L
and in some cases may have a total dissolved solids (TDS) level in the range of about 200 mg/L to about 2000 mg/L,
Inside,
With
Although these values can vary depending on geographic location and other factors. As a source of comparison, 1000mg/L-1500mg/L
the TDS levels of water are considered potable, Among them, for domestic water supply, Some standards have 500mg/L TDS
twenty two
limit.
[0283] According to another aspect,
The methods and systems disclosed herein may be connected to contaminated wastewater sources or otherwise
Fluid communication with contaminated wastewater source. For example,Contaminated wastewater may be pumped or otherwise delivered to the disclosed system
system for processing.
[0284] According to many aspects,

The concentration of recalcitrant organic pollutants in wastewater is high enough, more than those produced by government agencies
set limit. According to some embodiments, The systems and methods disclosed herein treat wastewater, making recalcitrant organic pollutants
Concentration levels decrease. In some cases,The systems and methods disclosed herein reduce the concentration of recalcitrant organic contaminants to
Level of compliance with government standards or guidelines. According to one embodiment, The concentration of recalcitrant organic pollutants is reduced to such a level that
Treated wastewater can be reintroduced back to environmental levels. For example, EPA for drinking water (drinking water) 1,
The standard concentration of 4-dioxane is 1μg/L (1ppb). The methods and systems disclosed herein can be scaled to treat substantially all
concentrations of recalcitrant organic contaminants that may be present in wastewater. For example, According to some embodiments,Stubborn wastewater
The initial concentration of solid organic contaminants such as dioxane may range from about 5 ppb to about 800 ppb.
[0285] Aspects and embodiments disclosed herein may include unique designs and process flows for on-site generation of hydrogen peroxide that may be
used in advanced oxidation processes.
[0286] Advanced oxidation processes (AOP) are a group of treatment procedures used to remove organic materials from wastewater.
[0287] In many applications, in

These processes involve the use of UV light and hydrogen peroxide, particular:
[0288] H2O2+UV→2·OH
[0289] (H2O2Homolytic bond cleavage of the O‑O bond leads to the formation of 2·OH radicals
become).
[0290] There are state-of-the-art electrochemical devices, This electrochemical device uses a gas diffusion electrode (GDE) to generate
Hydrogen oxide for use in AOP. However, proved, Such GDE-based devices have many drawbacks for this purpose, special
is due to the robustness of the materials of construction to high pressures, Performance limitations due to water hardness and distribution/delivery of pressurized gas.
[0291] Aspects and embodiments disclosed herein include devices for on-site electrochemical hydrogen peroxide generation, The device can
To connect with AOP,The need for chemical delivery/storage is eliminated and the cost for supplying hydrogen peroxide is reduced. Aspects and
embodiments disclosed herein may also include a device for on-site electrochemical generation of sodium hypochlorite, The device can
Used to quench residual hydrogen peroxide in the treated solution resulting from the treatment of an aqueous solution containing hydrogen peroxide
in a UV AOP system. In some embodiments, The same electrochemical cell or device can be used to generate hydrogen peroxide and hypochlorous acid
Sodium both.
[0292] Consider the electrochemical reactions listed in Figures 1A and 1B. For a process with an aqueous process stream and an appropriate catalyst on the
anode (Ir, Pt. Ru,Mixed metal oxides (MMOs) and their combinations) electrochemical cells, Can be promoted for O2generate reverse
with or without cogeneration of sodium hypochlorite). Similarly, By using appropriate catalysis on the cathode
corresponding overpotential (as needed,
agent (Ir,Pt. Ru,mixed metal oxides (MMOs) and combinations thereof) and pressurized delivery of high concentrations of dissolved oxygen, can promote
for H2O2reaction overpotential. These reactions are listed in Figure 1A. In some embodiments, H2O2Can be made with resistance
Produced in electrochemical devices with cathodes formed from corrosive materials (such as titanium), without any catalyst. used to generate H2O2of
In electrochemical cells, The cathode may have an active surface area that is less than that of the anode. Electrochemical cells for in situ generation of
[0293] electrochemical reaction products are known in the art. In some embodiments these devices include an inlet receiving a brine-based
middle,
process stream, a catalytically active anode for generating sodium hypochlorite, and a
To restore O2to form a catalytically active cathode of water (Figure 1B). These devices utilize high pressure (>1ATM) and turbulent flow
velocities (>2m/s) to enhance their reaction kinetics, and can be achieved using both pressurized air (6.9 bar) and oxygen (6.9 bar)
twenty three
High current density (~600A/m respectively2and ~2200A/m2), for cathodic generation of water (Figure 2A,Figure 2B).
[0294] Figures 2A and 2B are cathode voltammograms of voltage and current across the anode and cathode of an electrolytic cell, There is no water in it
flows through the battery at the same speed. In these figures, The "1ATM" curve represents standard one atmosphere pressure at a peak speed of 3.1m/s
condition. The inflection points of the curves in these figures indicate changes in the type of reaction that is occurring. In Figure 2A, at about 0.125 volts
The point to the right of the inflection point on the top curve is the voltage/current state,where hydrogen peroxide is generated according to the one shown in Figure 1A
reaction occurs. The top curve is between the inflection point of about 0.125 volts and about 0.8 volts, Oxygen and hydrogen groups in water
combine to form additional water. In the top curve, water dissociates to form oxygen and hydrogen to the left of the inflection point at about 0.8 volts.
[0295] Figure 2B differs from Figure 2A in that more oxygen was dissolved in the water to produce the curve. Additional oxygen
provides increased electrochemical reaction kinetics, provides a higher to be achieved than the reaction represented by the curve in Figure 2A
current.
[0296] Due to H2O2Generation reaction ratio H2The O generation reaction is energetically more favorable (+0.682V vs. +0.4V), by changing
variable applied potential,It should also be possible to change the reaction chemistry and therefore exploit existing electrochemical cell designs.
Consider the non-limiting embodiment shown in Figure 3. In this bipolar electrochemical cell,
Water and dissolved oxygen move along the ring at high speed (>2m/s)
Go
The gap flows downward.Current travels from the initial anode to the initial cathode, down the center tube, Then leave the final anode row
Proceed to the final cathode. On each corresponding electrode surface, Reaction chemistry was as discussed above.
[0297] The calculation of the current required per unit mass generation rate is set out in Figure 4, Specifically 1.57kA/h per 1kg (assuming
100% Faradaic efficiency). Since the electrode area depends on the applied current density, Based on the parameters shown in Figure 2B,for
1kg/h generation rate,0.71m can be expected in the embodiment depicted in Figure 32area(1.57kA/(2.2kA/
m2)).
Some embodiments of aspects may involve use in purifying or reducing undesirable water flow
The concentration of components (pollutants) in a system. The system may include one or more water sources fluidly connected to at least
one actinic radiation reactor. At least one reactor may be configured to irradiate water from a water source. The system may also include one
or more oxidant sources, For example, hydrogen peroxide. One or more oxidant sources may be arranged, to combine one or more
An oxidizing agent is introduced into water from one or more sources.
[0299] The actinic radiation reactor may be a reactor including one or more ultraviolet (UV) lamps that generate ultraviolet light, described
Ultraviolet light, when absorbed by one or more oxidizing agents,Causes the generation of free radicals from one or more oxidants, For example·
OH.Free radicals can oxidize organic carbon species dissolved in water such as chloroform or urea into less undesirable
chemicals,
Such as carbon dioxide and water. Embodiments of treatment processes for removing undesirable species, such as organic carbon
species, from fluids, such as water, may be referred to herein as advanced oxidation processes (AOP) or free radical scavenging processes. These terms
are used synonymously herein.
[0300] Aspects and embodiments disclosed herein generally relate to AOP systems including a UV reactor and an electrochemical
device for generating an oxidant such as hydrogen peroxide for introduction into the UV reactor to promote contamination in the UV reactor
oxidation), and relates to methods of using such systems.
[0301] "Electrochemical
The term "electrochemical device", "Electrolyzer" and its grammatical variants should
cell",
To be understood as encompassing "electrochlorination device" and "electrochlorination cell" and their grammatical variations. Aspects and embodiments disclosed
herein are described as including one or more electrodes. The term "metal electrode" or grammatical variations thereof as used herein shall be understood to
encompass electrodes formed from, containing, or consisting of: one or more metals such as titanium, aluminum or nickel, although
The term "metal electrode" does not exclude electrodes including or consisting of other metals or alloys. In some practical
twenty four
Aplan,
In the implementation "metal electrode" may include multiple layers of different metals. Metal electrodes used in any one or more of the
embodiments disclosed herein may include a core of highly conductive metal, such as copper or aluminum,
The core is coated with an electrolyte
Mixed
Solutions that are highly resistant to chemical attack of metals or metal oxides, For example, titanium, platinum, metal oxides (MMO),magnet
silver,
Ore, ferrite, cobalt spinel, tantalum, palladium,iridium, Layer of gold or other coating material.
'Metal electrodes' can be coated with antioxidants
Mixed metal oxides (MMO),magnetite,ferrite, cobalt spinel,Tantalum,

chemical coating,For example but not limited to platinum, silver,
iridium,
palladium,
gold or other coating materials. Mixed metal oxides used in embodiments disclosed herein may
include an oxide or oxides of one or more of the following: rhodium,
ruthenium, Tantalum (optionally with antimony and/or manganese
Alloying),titanium,Iridium, zinc, tin, antimony,Titanium‑Nickel Alloy,Titanium‑copper alloy,titanium-iron alloy,Titanium‑cobalt alloy or other suitable gold
metal or alloy. Anodes used in embodiments disclosed herein may be coated with platinum, and/or iridium, Ruthenium, Tin,
Rhodium or tantalum (any
One or more oxides of one or more of (optionally alloyed with antimony and/or manganese). Cathodes used in embodiments
disclosed herein may be coated with one or more oxides of platinum, and/or one or more of iridium, ruthenium, and titanium.
Electrodes used in embodiments disclosed herein may include substrates that are one or more of the following: Titanium, tantalum,
Zirconium, niobium, tungsten and/or silicon. Electrodes for any of the electrochemical cells disclosed herein may be formed as or from: board, piece
screen,
material, foil,Extrudates and/or sinter.
[0302] The term "tube" as used herein includes cylindrical catheters,However,
Not excluded with other cross-sectional geometries
of catheter,For example, with a square,rectangle,

Oval or oblong geometric shape or shaped into any regular or irregular
Polygonal cross-sectional geometry of the conduit.
[0303] As used herein, the terms "concentric tubes" or "concentric spirals" include tubes or interleaved spirals that share a common central axis
spiral,but do not exclude tubes or interleaved spirals about a common axis, This common axis is useful in a set of concentric tubes or staggered
Concentric tubes or interleaved spirals in a spiral or tubes or interleaved spirals with axes offset from each other are not necessarily each in
the center.
[0304] Aspects and embodiments disclosed herein are not limited to the number of electrodes,the space between the electrodes,
electrode materials,electrode
any spacer material between,The number of passes or electrode coating material in an electrochlorination cell
material.
[0305] This disclosure describes various embodiments of electrochlorination cells and electrochlorination devices that can be used in combination with UV
reactors to perform advanced AOP processes.
[0306] Figures 5A and 5B show an example of a battery 100 having concentric tubes 102 manufactured by
Electrochlorination of 104
Electrocatalytic Ltd. The inner surface of outer tube 102 and the outer surface of inner tube 104 are active electrode areas.
The gap between electrodes is approximately 3.5mm. The liquid velocity in the axial direction in the gap can be about 2.1m/s, this
This results in a highly turbulent flow that reduces the potential for fouling and scaling on the electrode surface. With other electrochemical cell
configurations
Electrochemical
(e.g., cells with parallel plate electrodes) compared toThe electrolyte is passed through an electrolyte with concentric tubes as disclosed herein
The high flow and turbulent flow of chemical cells results in significant advantages in preventing the formation of scale due to hardness.
[0307] Figures 6A-6C illustrate some possible arrangements of electrodes in a concentric tube electrode (CTE) electrochemical cell. picture
Figure 6A shows an arrangement in which current flows from anode to cathode in one pass. Both electrodes are usually made of titanium,
The anode is coated with platinum or mixed metal oxide (MMO). The electrode is called "mono-polar".
[0308] Figure 6B illustrates an arrangement in which current flows through a device with two outer electrodes and one inner electrode in two channels.
One of the outer electrodes is coated on the inner surface to serve as an anode; The other is not covered.One of the outer surfaces of the inner electrode
Partially covered,Also acts as an anode,The remaining part is not covered. Electric current flows from the coated outer electrode through the electrolyte to the inner electrode
the uncovered portion ofFlow along the inner electrode to the coated part, and then ultimately flows through the electrolyte back to the uncoated
25
external electrode.Internal electrodes are also called "bipolar" electrodes.
[0309] Figure 6C illustrates an arrangement in which current flows in multiple channels through a device having multiple outer electrodes and one inner
electrode. By alternating coated external electrodes and uncoated external electrodes and coating the internal electrodes at matching intervals,The current can be
Electrolyte flows repeatedly through multiple channels.
[0310] The basic principle of multiple channels is that,

The total electrode area available for electrochemical reactions at the surface and therefore
oxidizing agent (for example,

The overall production rate of hydrogen peroxide) can be increased, And the applied current increases disproportionately. increase current
A longer wire or bus bar from the DC power source to the electrochlorinated cell, a larger electrical connector on the cell (lugs 101A
on the outer surface of the outer electrode in the example of Figure 1A and 101B) and thicker titanium for electrodes.
[0311] For the same current, a multiple pass device will have a higher production
rate than a single pass cell, But the total voltage drop will be higher (approximately proportional to the number of channels
Compare). For the same production rate,Multi-channel cells will require less current (approximately inversely proportional to the number of channels). for
Same power output (kW),Power supply cost can be more sensitive to output current than output voltage, thus preferring multi-channel
Battery.
[0312] In fact, There are inefficiencies associated with multi-channel cells. For example, part of the current,called "bypass circuit"
flow",Can flow directly from anode to cathode,without passing through the electrolyte in the gap between the outer electrode and the inner electrode (see
See Figure 6B and Figure 6C). Bypass current consumes power,However, the oxidant generation efficiency is lower than that of non-bypass current. multi-channel power
Pools are also more complex to manufacture and assemble. For example,before the remainder is covered, Portions of the outer surface of the inner electrode should
masked.
[0313] Aspects and embodiments disclosed herein may include electrochemical cells having helically wound electrodes, It is not limited to
Customized examples are illustrated in Figures 7 and 8. In a spiral wound configuration, Two spirally wound electrodes,form anode-cathode
pole pairs anode 205 and cathode 210, Positioned to form gap 215 between anode 205 and cathode 210 . marked in Figure 7
The angle difference between the start of the helix and/or the end of the helix, denoted θ, can range from 0° to 180°In the range. Feed
The electrolyte solution flows through gap 215 in a direction generally parallel to the axis of the spiral. A constant or variable DC
voltage or in some embodiments an AC current is applied across the electrodes or through the electrolyte solution. Anode tab 220
and cathode tab 225 are connected to anode 205 and cathode 210 respectively or are integrally formed with anode 205 and cathode
210, to provide electrical connection to anode 205 and cathode 210. Electrical current flows from anode 205 to cathode 210 in a single channel.
electricity
Chemical reactions and chemical reactions occur at the surface of the electrode and in the bulk electrolyte solution in
the electrochemical cell to produce a product solution.

[0314] Spiral wound electrode 205,210 may be housed within housing 235 (see Figure 8), Housing 235 is designed to
The electrodes are electrically isolated from the external environment and are subject to the fluid pressure passing through the electrolyte of the electrochemical cell. Housing 235
may be non-conductive to the electrolyte solution, Chemically non-reactive,and can be strong enough to withstand system stress.
In some embodiments, Can provide a solid core that prevents fluid flow down the center and around gaps, center element
components or fluid flow directors.
[0315] Aspects and embodiments disclosed herein may be applied to electrochemical cells including concentrically arranged tubular electrodes,
non-limiting examples of which are illustrated in Figures 9-11. At least some of the concentric tube electrodes may be unipolar or bipolar. A first
embodiment comprising three concentric tubes is illustrated in Figure 9, Usually indicated by 300. The intermediate tube electrode 305 is at
anodes with an antioxidant coating such as platinum or MMO on both the inner and outer surfaces,To fully utilize the intermediate tube electrode 305
surface area.The inner tube electrode 310 and the outer tube electrode 315 have no coating, Serve as inner cathode and outer cathode respectively.
The electrode is unipolar
sexual,causing current to pass through the electrolyte, Once for each electrode.Electrode 305,310. Each of the 315 can include titanium tubes. anode
26
An electrical connection 330 is in electrical communication with the intermediate tube electrode 305 . The cathode electrical connection portion 335 is in electrical communication
with the inner tube electrode 310 and the outer tube electrode 315 . In other embodiments, The intermediate tube electrode 305 may be the cathode,And the inner tube
Electrode 310 and outer tube electrode 315 may be anodes. The electrochlorination cell 300 and other electrochemical cells including concentric tube electrodes
disclosed herein may be contained in a non-conductive housing, Such as housing 235 illustrated in Figure 8 .
[0316] In embodiments disclosed herein that include multiple anode tube electrodes or cathode tube electrodes, Multiple anode tube electrodes
Can be collectively referred to as anode or anode tube,And multiple cathode tube electrodes may be collectively referred to as cathodes or cathode tubes. Including many
In embodiments with an anode tube electrode and/or a plurality of cathode tube electrodes, Multiple anode tube electrodes and/or multiple cathode tube electrodes
They may be collectively referred to herein as anode-cathode pairs.
[0317] The electrical connection may be made between the inner tube electrode 310 and the outer tube electrode 315 through one or more conductive bridges 340. The conductive
become,
bridges 340 may be formed from the same material as the inner tube electrode 310 and the outer tube electrode 315, such as titanium. electrochemical reactions and
Chemical reactions occur at the surface of the electrode and in the bulk solution to produce a product solution,For
hydrogen
example, peroxide as a source of In UV AOP reactor
oxidizing radicals or for quenching residual hydrogen peroxide in the treated aqueous solution leaving the UV AOP reactor. Sodium hypochlorite.
[0318] According to another embodiment, A concentric tube electrochemical cell or electrochlorination cell consists of four concentric tube electrodes. Four
An example of a tube-electric chloride cell is shown in Figure 10, Usually indicated by 400. The four-tube electrochlorination cell 400 includes an anode and
And the inner tube electrode 405 and the middle tube electrode 410 can be electrically connected to the anode electrical connector 425. The inner tube electrode 405 and the
middle tube electrode 410 may also be in electrical communication with each other via one or more conductive bridges 450. Outer tube electrode 420 and middle tube electrode
415 serve as cathodes that can be in electrical communication with cathode electrical connector 430 . The outer tube electrode 420 and the middle tube electrode 415 may also be in
electrical communication with each other via one or more conductive bridges 455 . The outer tube electrode 420 and the middle tube electrode 415 are arranged on opposite sides
of the middle anode tube electrode 410 . The four-tube electrochlorinated battery 400 is similar to the three-tube electrochlorinated battery
300 way to work,In addition to the feed electrolyte solution flowing through the three annular gaps formed in the four-tube electrochlorination cell 400
435.440. 445. In another embodiment, The outer tube electrode 420 and the middle tube electrode 415 may be anodes,And the inner tube
Electrode 405 and intermediate tube electrode 410 may be cathodes.
[0319] According to another embodiment, Concentric tube electrochlorination cells consist of five concentric tube electrodes. Five-tube electrochlorinated battery
An example of is shown in Figure 11,

Usually indicated in 500. The five-tube electrochlorination cell 500 includes an anode and can be used with the anode
Electrical connector 535 electrically communicates with intermediate tube electrodes 520 and 525 I. ntermediate tube electrode 520, 525 can also be sent via one or more
The conductive bridges 565 are in electrical communication with each other. Inner tube
The central
electrode
tube
505,
electrode 510 and the outer tube electrode 515 serve as electrically connected to the cathode.
Connector 530 is electrically connected to the cathode. Inner tube electrode 505, The central tube electrode 510 and the outer tube electrode 515 may also be connected via one or more
Multiple conductive bridges 560 are electrically connected to each other. Intermediate tube electrodes 520, 525 are arranged on opposite sides of the central anode tube electrode
510. The five-tube electrochlorinated battery operates in a manner similar to the four-tube electrochlorinated battery 400,In addition to the feed electrolyte solution flowing through the
Four annular gaps 540, 545, 550, 555 formed in the five-tube electrochlorination cell. In other embodiments, inner tube electrode
505.The central tube electrode 510 and the outer tube electrode 515 may be anodes,And intermediate tube electrodes 520 and 525 may be cathodes.
[0320] Including spirally wound,Electrochemical cells with concentric, radially arranged and staggered electrodes and in which
Methods for electrochemically producing compounds such as sodium hypochlorite in a chemical battery are described in more detail in commonly
owned PCT application PCT/US2016/018213, Publication No. WO2016133983, This PCT application is incorporated by reference in its entirety
arts.
[0321] The systems disclosed herein may include an actinic radiation reactor,For example, UV reactor,The actinic radiation reactor is connected to
receiving one or more oxidizing agents produced in an electrochemical cell as disclosed herein, to promote in actinic radiation reactors
undergoes destruction of one or more contaminants in treated water, Such as oxidation. The actinic radiation reactor may include a container
27
and a first array of tubes in the container. The first array of tubes may include a first set of parallel tubes and a second set of parallel tubes.
Each tube may include at least one UV lamp, and each of the first set of parallel tubes is positioned so that its longitudinal axis is
For the second group the longitudinal axes of the tubes are orthogonal.
[0322] In the example of an actinic radiation reactor used in the system disclosed herein, Organicization of treated water
Compounds can be oxidized to carbon dioxide by one or more free radical species, Carbon dioxide can be downstream of one or more
Removed during unit operation. The actinic radiation reactor may include at least one free radical activation device, The free radical activation makeup
One or more precursor compounds (e.g., one or more oxidizing agents provided by an electrochlorination unit) into a
one or more free radical scavenging substances, For example, hydroxyl radical ·OH. Actinic radiation reactors can be located in one or more
The reaction chamber includes one or more lamps,to irradiate water or otherwise provide actinic radiation to water,and precursor
The compound decomposes into one or more free radical species.
[0323] The reactor can be divided into two chambers by one or more baffles between the chambers. Baffles can be used to provide
mixing or turbulence to the reactor,or to prevent mixing or promote laminar flow through the interior of the reactor (such as in a chamber), Parallel flow path
path. In certain embodiments, The reactor inlet is in fluid communication with the first chamber,And the reactor outlet is fluidly connected to the second chamber
Pass.
[0324] In some embodiments,At least three reactions are serially arranged in the reactor 120
reactor room,Each reactor chamber has at least one ultraviolet (UV) gas discharge lamp arranged to illuminate with approximately 185 nm, 220nm and /
Light at either 254 nm or in a range from about 185 nm to about 254 nm is irradiated at various power levels onto the water in the corresponding chamber. It should be understood
that In the AOP process,Shorter wavelengths of 185nm to 254nm or 190nm to 200nm may be preferred, Because
UV light at these wavelengths has sufficient energy to remove from free radical precursors used in processes for oxidizing dissolved organic
contaminants
H2O(e.g.,
2) the photon energy that generates free radicals. In contrast, UV light can be used to kill microorganisms or make them
Disabled disinfection processes can be effectively operated by UV light at a wavelength of 254 nm produced by low pressure lamps. Disinfection systems
will generally not use more expensive medium pressure UV lamps or high pressure UV lamps that can provide significant UV intensity at the shorter
185nm or 220nm wavelengths.
[0325] Low-pressure UV gas discharge lamps and medium-pressure UV gas discharge lamps generally emit different UV radiation spectra. Figure 12A Diagram
The spectrum of radiation emitted by a typical low-pressure UV lamp is given,

And Figure 12B graphically illustrates the radiation emitted by a typical medium pressure UV lamp.
radiation spectrum. Low-pressure UV lamps may be more suitable for AOP processes, Because low-pressure UV lamps emit most of their emissions at about 185nm and about 254nm
wavelength of light,Medium-pressure lamps, on the other hand, emit light over a wider range of wavelengths, including longer wavelengths than low-pressure lamps. For example, picture
Figure 12C shows when using low pressure lamps compared to medium pressure lamps, at lower applied UV radiation doses (and lower powers)
case, Hydrogen peroxide can be activated to form hydroxyl radicals. In Figure 12C,"UVT" stands for the aqueous solution in the reactor
UV radiation transmittance,And "TOC" represents the total organic content of the aqueous solution in the reactor. As indicated, UV AOP
The aqueous solution in the reactor may not be completely transparent to UV light, UV
and may have a UV transmittance of 95% or less. therefore,
A shorter fluid path length between the lamp and the aqueous solution in the reactor or a turbulent flow of the aqueous solution in the reactor can lead to better
activation of the oxidant in the aqueous solution.
[0326] otherthat
It should be understood sources of UV radiation,
For example, UV light-emitting diodes (LEDs) can also or alternatively be used in AOP processes.
process or AOP reactor. UV LEDs are considered monochromatic. You can choose one type of UV LED, This type of UV LED
Radiation is emitted at wavelengths most effective for one or more specific oxidants to activate and form free radicals in an AOP
process or AOP reactor. therefore,

UV lamps mentioned in the following description may include one or both of gas discharge lamps or LEDs.
indivual.
[0327] When using UV radiation sources that emit a spectrum of radiation (e.g., medium pressure gas discharge lamp),emitted
28
radiation can be filtered,Made most effective for one or more specific oxidants only in an AOP process or AOP reactor
One or more wavelengths that activate and form free radicals are emitted into the reactor.
[0328] One or more lamps may be positioned within one or more actinic radiation reactors by being placed in
one or more sleeves or tubes within the reactor. The tube holds the lamp in place, and protects the lamp from reaction
water in the vessel. The tubes may be made of any material that is not significantly degraded by actinic radiation and the water or components in the water within the reactor,
while allowing radiation to pass through the material. The tube may have a circular cross-section. In certain embodiments, Tubes can be round
cylindrical,And the material of its construction can be quartz. Each tube may be the same or a different shape or size than one or more
other tubes. Tubes can be arranged in various configurations within the reactor, The sleeve can extend across one side of the reactor
For example,
Partial or entire length or width.The tubes may also extend across the interior volume of the reactor.
[0329] Commercially available UV lamps and/or quartz sleeves are available from: Hanovia Specialty Lighting,
Fairfield, New Jersey; Engineered Treatment Systems, LLC (ETS), Beaver Dam, Wisconsin; and Heraeus Noblelight GmbH of
Hanau, Germany. The quartz material selected may be based at least in part on the specific wavelength or wavelengths to be
used in the process. The quartz material can be selected to minimize the energy requirements of the UV lamp at one or
more wavelengths. The composition of the quartz may be selected to provide a desired or suitable transmittance of
ultraviolet light to the water in the reactor and/or to maintain a desired or sufficient level of transmissivity of ultraviolet light
to the water. In certain embodiments, The transmittance can be at least about 50% for a predetermined
time period. For example,

The transmittance may be about 80% or greater for a predetermined period of time. In certain embodiments, transmission
Rates can range from about 80% to 90% for about 6 months to about a year. In certain embodiments, The transmittance can be
A range of about 80% to 90% lasts up to about two years.
[0330] The tube can be sealed at each end,So as not to allow the contents of the reactor to enter the sleeve or tube. tube can be
fixed in the reactor,This allows them to remain in place throughout the life of the reactor. In certain embodiments, the tube is secured
to the wall of the reactor. The tube can be fixed to the wall by using suitable mechanical techniques or other conventional techniques for
fastening objects to each other. The material used to secure the tube is preferably inert, and will not interfere with the operation of the reactor or not
adversely affect water purity or release contaminants into the water.
[0331] The lamps can be arranged within the reactor so that they are parallel to each other. The lamps can also be arranged within the reactor at different
angles to each other. For example, In certain embodiments,Lights may be arranged to illuminate a path forming an angle of approximately 90 degrees or
coverage area,
so that they are roughly orthogonal or perpendicular to each other. The lights can be arranged in this way, so that they are on the vertical axis or
An angle of approximately 90 degrees is formed on the horizontal axis or any axis in between.
[0332] In certain embodiments, The reactor may comprise an array of tubes in a reactor or vessel, The array of tubes
Includes a first set of parallel tubes and a second set of parallel tubes. Each tube may include at least one UV lamp, And the first group
Each parallel tube may be arranged at a desired angle relative to the second set of parallel tubes. In certain embodiments, Should
The angle can be about 90 degrees. The tubes of either or both of the first and second arrays may extend across the interior volume of the
reactor. The first and second sets of tubes may be arranged at approximately the same elevation within the reactor.
[0333] Additional configurations may involve tubes and/or lights, The tubes and/or lamps are arranged in corresponding occupancies in the reactor.
Provides uniform intensity levels across the coverage area or coverage area. Additional configurations may involve
equispaccially arranged tubes with one or more lamps therein.

[0334] The reactor may include one or more arrays of tubes arranged within the reactor or vessel. The second array of tubes may
include a third set of parallel tubes and a fourth set of parallel tubes orthogonal to the third set of parallel tubes, Each tube includes at least
A UV lamp. The fourth group of parallel tubes may also be aligned with at least one of the second group of parallel tubes and the first group of parallel tubes.
29
pay.
[0335] In certain embodiments,Each array within a reactor or vessel may be positioned at a distance from another array within the reactor.
array at a predetermined distance or height. The predetermined distance between a set of two arrays may be the same or different.
[0336] The reactor can be sized based on the number of UV lamps required as follows: At least one of the impurities (usually
often organic carbon-based impurities) removal,degrade or otherwise convert into inert, ionizable or otherwise removable
One or more compounds that can be removed from the water or at least converted into a compound that can be more easily removed
compounds to be removed,
relative to at least one impurity. The number of lamps required may be based at least in part on the performance characteristics of the lamps, of the lamp
Performance characteristics include lamp intensity and the spectral wavelength of the UV light emitted by the lamp. The number of lamps required may be based at
least in part on at least one of the expected TOC concentration or amount of TOC in the inlet water stream and the amount of oxidant added to the feed stream or
reactor.
[0337] Groups of reactors arranged in series can be arranged in parallel. For example, The first set of reactors in series can be combined with the serial
The second set of reactors are placed in parallel, Each group has three reactors, Six reactors in total. any one in each group
One or more reactors can be operated at any time. In certain embodiments, All reactors can be run, While in other implementations
In the plan,Only one set of reactors is operating.
[0338] Commercially available sources of actinic radiation systems that are components of free radical scavenging systems
include, for example, Quantrol®, Naperville, Illinois. of UV systems and from Aquionics
Actinic Radiation Systems, Incorporated, Erlanger, Kentucky.
[0339] One non-limiting example of an actinic radiation reactor vessel that may be used with aspects and embodiments disclosed
herein is shown generally at 600 in Figure 13. Reactor vessel 600 generally includes an inlet 610, outlet 620 and baffle 615,Baffle
615 divides the reactor vessel 600 into an upper chamber 625 and a lower chamber 630. Reactor vessel 600 may also include manifold 605, Discrepancy
Tube 605 may be configured to distribute water introduced through inlet 610 throughout the container. In certain embodiments, manifold
605 can be configured to distribute water evenly throughout the container. For example, Manifold 605 can be configured to distribute water evenly
The reactor was allowed to operate as a plug flow reactor.

distributed throughout the container,
[0340] In some embodiments,The reactor vessel may include more than one baffle 615, to divide the reactor vessel into
More than two rooms. Baffles 615 may be used to provide mixing or turbulence to the reactor. In certain As shown in Figure 13
embodiments,
Reactor out,
inlet 610 is in fluid communication with lower chamber 630, And the reactor outlet 620 is in fluid communication with the upper chamber 625.
[0341] In some embodiments,At least three reactor chambers are arranged in series in the reactor 120, each reactor chamber
Having at least one ultraviolet (UV) lamp arranged to use light from about 185 nm to about 254 nm, from about 185 nm to about 254 nm, about 220 nm
and/or about 254 nm or from about 185 nm to about 254 nm, from about 185 nm to about 254 nm, about 220 nm and /or light in the range of about 254
nm irradiates the water in the corresponding chamber at a desired power level or at multiple power levels.
[0342] The reactor vessel may also include more than one UV lamp positioned within tubes such as tubes 635a-635c
and tubes 640a-640c. In one embodiment, As shown in Figure 13,Reactor vessel 600 includes a first set of parallel tubes (tubes
635a-635c) and a second set of parallel tubes (not shown). Each set of the first set of parallel tubes is approximately orthogonal to the second set, by
A first array 645 is formed. Tubes 635a - 635c and the second set of parallel tubes are at approximately the same height relative to each other
in reactor vessel 600 .
[0343] also, The reactor vessel may include a third set of parallel tubes and a fourth set of parallel tubes. Each set of the first set of parallel tubes is
approximately orthogonal to the second set, To form, for example, second array 650. As exemplarily illustrated, Tube 640a‑640c and
The second set of parallel tubes are at approximately the same height relative to each other in reactor vessel 600 . As shown in Figure 13, First
Array 645 may be positioned a predetermined distance from second array 650 . Container 600 may additionally include a third array 655 and
30
Fourth array 660,Each array optionally has a similar configuration to first array 640 and second array 645.
[0344] In another embodiment, The first tube 635b may be arranged orthogonal to the second tube 640b to form a first array
List. also,a set of tubes,Tube 665a and tube 665b may be arranged with another set of tubes,Tube 670a and tube 670b are orthogonal to form
Second array. The position of the lights of the second array is shown in Figure 14A, Includes lamp 714, 720. 722 and 724. Shown in Figure 14B
out the positions of the lights in the first array and the second array, Including a first array of lamps 726 and 728 and a second array of lamps
714.720.722 and 724.

[0345] Lamps can create patterns,This depends on various properties of the lamp, including size,Intensity and power delivered to the lamp. Depend on
The light pattern produced by a lamp is the general volume of space into which the lamp shines. In certain
A light pattern or illumination volume is defined as that into which a lamp may irradiate or otherwise provide actinic radiation, and
embodiments, allow
The area or volume of space in which a precursor compound decomposes or is converted into one or more free radical species.
[0346] As shown in Figures 14A and 14B which illustrate exemplary cross-sectional views of reactor 600, 1st among 600 reactors
The tubes 710a-710c of the group are arranged parallel to each other, And the second set of tubes 712a-712c are arranged parallel to each other. As shown, First
One set of tubes 710a-710c is arranged orthogonally relative to a second set of tubes 712a-712c. Lamps such as lamp 714 are dispersed
within tubes 710a-710c and tubes 712a-712c, And when illuminated a light pattern 716 can be produced.
[0347] One or more UV lamps or a group of lamps may be characterized as projecting actinic radiation parallel to an
illumination vector. The illumination vector can be defined as the direction in which one or more lamps emit actinic radiation. In an
exemplary embodiment, As shown in Figure 14A,Arrange the first group of lights including lights 720 and 722, to cast parallel to lighting
Actinic radiation of vector 718.
[0348] You can energize the first group of UV lamps, Each of the UV lamps is arranged to project parallel to the first illumination vector
amount of actinic radiation. You can also energize the second set of UV lamps, Each of the UV lamps is arranged to project parallel to the
Two illumination vectors of actinic radiation. At least one of the illumination direction and intensity of at least one of the first group of ultraviolet lamps and the
second group of ultraviolet lamps may be adjusted. Each set of UV lamps may include one or more UV lamps.
[0349] number of lamps in use or energized,The power supplied to one or more lamps and the configuration of the lamps in use
Settings can be selected based on the specific operating conditions or requirements of the system. For example, Can be based on system characteristics or measured or calculated
Measured
Calculated parameters are used to select and control the number of lamps used for a specific process. For example, for inlet water or treated water
conductivity,
Oxidizing agents (e.g.H2O2)concentration,
Parameters can include TOC concentration, pH, redox potential,temperature or flow
any one or more of. The number of energized lamps may also be selected and controlled based on the concentration or amount of oxidizing agent, such
as hydrogen peroxide, added to the system or in the treated aqueous solution leaving the reactor vessel. For example, If the water to be treated is soluble
The liquid flow rate is at or below a certain threshold, For example, nominal flow rate or design flow rate such as 1300gpm, You can use specific configuration
12 lights installed,
And if the flow rate of the aqueous solution to be treated rises above this threshold, Then more lights can be used. For example,
If the flow rate increases from 1300gpm to the selected higher threshold, Then you can energize additional lights. For example, if pending
The flow rate of the aqueous solution reaches 1900gpm, Then 24 lights can be used. therefore, The flow rate of an aqueous solution can be determined in part by
Which lamps and/or number of lamps are energized in each reactor.
[0350] In certain embodiments,UV lamps can operate at one or more illumination intensity levels. For example,Can make
with one or more lights,the one or more lights may be adjusted to operate in more than one lighting mode, such as in
In any mode among dim mode, normal mode and enhanced mode, For example, low mode,Operate in medium or high mode. Can
To adjust and control the illumination intensity of one or more lamps based on system characteristics or measured or calculated parameters, described
Parameters such as measured parameters of the inlet aqueous solution or the treated aqueous solution, Including TOC concentration, redox potential,pH,
Oxidizing agents (e.g.
H2O2)concentration,
temperature and/or flow. Can also be based on hydrogen peroxide added to the system or present in the leaving
31
The concentration or amount of residual hydrogen peroxide in the treated aqueous solution of the actinic radiation reactor is used to adjust and control the
One
illumination intensity of one or more lamps. For example, or more lights can be used in dim mode, Until the measured parameters of the system
A predetermined threshold such as a first TOC concentration. If the measured or calculated TOC concentration is at or above the second TOC concentration, but
One or more lamps can be adjusted to rated mode, The second TOC concentration may be above a threshold. If the measured or calculated
The calculated TOC concentration reaches or exceeds the second threshold, One or more lights can then be further adjusted to enhanced mode.
[0351] Actinic radiation reactors that may be used in the systems disclosed herein are disclosed in commonly owned PCT Application
No. PCT/US2016/030708, Described in more detail in Publication No. WO2016/179241, This PCT application is incorporated by reference in its entirety
incorporated into this article.
[0352] Aspects and embodiments disclosed herein provide a method for water treatment, This method includes the following steps
Steps: (a) adding peroxide substances such as hydrogen peroxide to the water to be treated to dissolve in the water to be treated, (b) when the peroxide substances
dissolved in the water to be treated are combined with the organic water in the water to be treated When ingredients react partially, Measuring dissolution
the demand for peroxide species in the water to be treated (peroxide species
demand), and (c) applying the AOP to the water to be treated,
At the same time by using the measured process dissolved in the water to be treated
The demand for oxide species controls AOP.
[0353] In additional embodiments,The treated aqueous solution can be removed from the reactor in which the AOP is performed. processed
Residual oxidizing agents in aqueous solutions (e.g.,Hydrogen peroxide) can be obtained by adding a quenching substance to the treated aqueous solution (e.g.
NaOCl) or by contacting the treated aqueous solution with activated carbon,For example, by passing a treated aqueous solution through the granular active
Carbon (GAC) column for quenching. The amount of quenching substance added to the treated aqueous solution, Concentration or flow can be based on treated
The measured or expected concentration of residual oxidant in the aqueous solution is controlled.
[0354] In additional embodiments,For example by adjusting the addition of peroxide substances and/or by adjusting the selectable
The addition of oxidizing agents regulates and controls the AOP formation of hydroxyl radicals.
[0355] In additional embodiments,AOP is the traditional chemical AOP,UV driven AOP, Peroxide substance AOP
or UV-driven peroxide substance AOP (UV/peroxide substance AOP).

[0356] In additional embodiments,AOP is a UV/peroxide substance AOP. By adjusting the UV irradiation of the water to be treated
Energy and/or regulation of UV/peroxide species AOP formation that controls hydroxyl radicals by regulating the addition of peroxide species.
[0357] In additional embodiments, AOP is UV/AOP. By adjusting the intensity of UV energy irradiating the water to be treated
and/or by regulating the addition of optional oxidizing agents in the main stream of water to be treated, Also add peroxide substances and/or
Measuring the demand for peroxide species in the bypass stream of water to be treated, To regulate the UV AOP shape that controls hydroxyl radicals
become.
[0358] For UV AOP applications,On-site reaction product generation is less expensive and overall process complexity than bulk chemistry
Bulk chemical dosing has major advantages. The two main accelerators commonly used in UV AOP include hydrogen
peroxide and bulk hypochlorite.
[0359] Figure 15 illustrates an embodiment of an inline system for generating hydrogen peroxide via a CTE cell for a UV AOP
process. As shown in the figure, Electrolyte such as water to be treated 805 is obtained from a feed source 810,And in electrochemistry
Cell 815 such as but not limited to a CTE electrochemical cell is processed, The electrochemical cell 815 converts oxygen present in the electrolyte
into hydrogen peroxide and output an aqueous solution containing hydrogen peroxide 820. Aqueous solution 820 is conducted through a conduit from
the outlet of electrochemical cell 815 into the inlet of UV AOP reactor 825. Contaminants in aqueous solution 820 are oxidized and destroyed by
exposure to UV radiation in UV AOP reactor 825 . UV AOP reactor 825 outputs treated aqueous solution or product water 830, That
32
Directed to usage point 835. The treated aqueous solution 830 may meet or exceed a desired purity. As the term is used herein, the purity of
the treated aqueous solution or product water exiting the actinic radiation reactor refers to the concentration of one or more contaminants in
the treated aqueous solution or product water. In some embodiments, Point of use 835 may be feed source 810,For example,when
When a system is used to treat water from a swimming pool, boiler or other source and return the treated water to the same source. Points
of use 835 may include onboard systems, Drilling platform system,aquatic systems (e.g.swimming pool or fountain),drinking water system or
The bottom of the oil drilling system. Points of use 835 may include a cooling water system of a ship or sea-based platform or a ballast tank of a ship.
[0360] Figure 16 depicts a system similar to that of Figure 15, An additional stage for oxygen addition is included. oxygen source
905, such as gaseous oxygen, air or oxygenated water,Oxygen can be delivered to the electrolytic cell 815 prior to introduction into the electrochemical cell 815
Quality/water to be treated 805. Oxygen source 905 may optionally deliver oxygen directly into feed source 810 . By increasing the concentration of
oxygen in the solution, It is possible to reduce the energy required by electrochemical cells 815, and added for delivery to downstream UV AOP
Hydrogen peroxide output from reactor 825.
[0361] One or more sensors 910 may measure one or more parameters, such as the temperature of any of the electrolyte/
805.water-to-be-treated aqueous solution 820 and/or the treated aqueous solution 830,flow, pollutant concentration, pH,redox
Original potential (ORP), total organic carbon (TOC), Hydrogen peroxide concentration,Purity
Dissolved oxygen and/or hydrogen concentration, etc. further described below
and adjust one of the system or

The controller of the system described may receive readings from one or more sensors 910, further
operating parameters, To obtain a desired level of one or more parameters read by one or more sensors 910. System
operating parameters may include, The

For example, power (current or voltage or both) applied to the electrochemical cell 815, in UV
The intensity of UV light generated in the AOP reactor, The dose of UV radiation applied to the aqueous solution in the UV AOP reactor, Use valve
915 electrolyte/water to be treated 805 flow rate, Add oxygen to the electrolyte/water to be treated 805 using another valve 920
the rate or amount ofor any other operating parameters of the system. Such sensors and controllers may also be present in the system of
Figure 15 and in the systems of Figures 17-19 described below.
[0362] Figure 17 depicts the feed and exhaust system for generating hydrogen peroxide. The electrochemical cells 815 in this system may be of
CTE type or Parallel Plate Electrode (PPE) type. Oxygenated water 1005 or other solution containing oxygen is fed to electrochemical cell 815 from water
and oxygen source 905 . In some embodiments, For example, by bubbling oxygen or air through the water, additional oxygen
Gas is added to oxygenated water 1005, to increase the oxygen concentration in the oxygenated water source 905 to a desired level. After valve 1025 is open and the valve
1030 closed case, Treated solution 1010 is recirculated from the outlet of electrochemical cell 815 by pump 1020
Loop 1015 recirculates back to the inlet of electrochemical cell 815. By recycling the treated solution 1010, Total hydrogen peroxide
The concentration can be increased relative to the concentration of oxygen in the solution,and higher concentrations can be obtained in the treated solution 1010
hydrogen peroxide,
Treated solution 1010 may be produced from oxygenated water 1005 in a single pass through electrochemical cell 815 . when processed
The concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the recirculating solution 1010 (e.g.,as measured by one of the sensors 910) reaches the desired level
hour,
or when the recirculated solution has been recirculated for a sufficient period of time to produce the expected desired concentration of hydrogen peroxide,
Valve 1025 can be closed,And the valve 1030 is opened to release a high concentration hydrogen peroxide solution 1035 for use with the electrolyte/to-be
The treated water 805 mixes and forms an aqueous solution 820.
[0363] A piping and instrumentation diagram of another embodiment of a UV AOP-based treatment system is illustrated in Figure 18.
Electrolyte/water to be treated from feed source 810 may enter system 1800 through valves and through conduits and through optional pre-
screen or filter 1805, For example, membrane filters (e.g., nanofilter, Ultrafiltration or reverse osmosis filter,It depends on the period
desired particle reduction) to form filtered water to be treated. Before entering filter 1805, or optionally pass through
After the filter,The water to be treated or the filtered water to be treated may have a sensor provided by one or more sensors QIT1, FIT,
The PI measures one or more of conductivity, flow, or pressure. It is also possible or alternative to measure the water to be treated or the
33
any other desired parameters of the filtered water to be treated,For example, TOC, dissolved concentration of one or more compounds, pH
or any other parameter discussed above.
[0364] Metered flow oxidizer,For example, hydrogen peroxide can be obtained from H O Generating system 815 is added to the filtered process
2 2
Reasonable water. H2O2Generation system 815 may include an on-site electrolyzer or electrochemical cell to generate H2O2, Multiple implementations as above
described in the scheme. Oxygenated water source 1835,

For example, a subsystem in which oxygen is bubbled through water to produce oxygenated water, can
Oxygenated water is supplied to H2O2The entrance to the electrochemical cell in the generation system 815, to provide sufficient oxygen to produce the desired concentration
or volume H2O2.Electrolyzers or electrochemical cells can be arranged in side flow loops, For example, as illustrated in Figure 17, or
or may be arranged in line with the conduits carrying filtered water to be treated, For example, as illustrated in Figure 15 or Figure 16.
H2O2rate of introduction or generation (e.g.,Cross H by control2O2Generating current from an electrochemical cell in system 815) can
Based on the input from sensor QIT1, FIT, PI or in H2O2A read from one of the other sensors upstream of the point of introduction or generation
or based on readings from sensors downstream of the system as further described below. Adding H2O2one or more
Such as pressure,flow,
parameters of the subsequently filtered water to be treated, temperature,
H2O2Concentration, etc. can be determined by H2O2of
One or more sensors downstream of the introduction or generation point measure and can be used as input parameters to the control system for setting
operating parameters such as the flow rate of the incoming water to be treated or H2O2rate of introduction or generation.
[0365] in H2O2downstream of the introduction point or generation point, The water to be treated passes through the conduit and enters the static mixer 1810.
treat
Treated water and added H2O2Mix in static mixer 1810 to form a substantially uniform aqueous solution. Downstream of
static mixer 1810, Additional parameters of the aqueous solution such as conductivity or TOC level can be determined via additional sensors QIT1,
QIT2 to measure. Measurements from these sensors can be used as input parameters for control systems, for setting operations
Parameters such as the flow rate of the incoming water to be treated or H2O2rate of introduction or generation.
[0366] further, Downstream of static mixer 1810, The aqueous solution enters UV reactor 825. In UV Reactor 825
middle,
The aqueous solution is irradiated with UV light to activate H2O2and hydroxyl radicals, Hydroxyl radicals oxidize or otherwise break down water-soluble
contaminants in the liquid to form a UV-treated aqueous solution. The dose of UV radiation, theThe
residence
intensity time
of theof the aqueous
applied solution
UV radiation and/or undergoing
the UV reflection
treatment in the reactor 825 may be controlled based on measurements from any one or more of the sensors upstream or downstream of the UV
reactor 825 .
[0367] The UV treated aqueous solution exits UV reactor 825, And downstream of the UV reactor, Chemical agents can be added
to the UV-treated aqueous solution to quench or decompose residual H in the UV-treated aqueous solution2O2to form a quenched solution. The agent may
be, for example, sodium hypochlorite. Sodium hypochlorite can be generated electrochemically on-site using the On-site NaOCl Generation System 1815. now
Field NaOCl generation system 1815 may include one or more electrochemical cells as disclosed above. One or more
electrochemical cells may include a flat anode and/or a flat cathode,

Alternatively, concentric tube electrodes as disclosed above may be included. Include
An electrolyte solution of NaCl may be provided to the NaOCl generation system 1815 from a brine source 1840, to provide Na and Cl for electricity
Chemically generate NaOCl. The NaOCl generation system 1815 and associated electrolyzer or electrochemical cell may be arranged in a side flow loop,
As illustrated in Figure 18, Or it can be arranged in line with the conduit carrying the UV-treated aqueous solution. NaOCl
The rate of introduction or generation of NaOCl can be controlled based on readings from one of the sensors upstream or downstream of the point of introduction
or generation of NaOCl (e.g., By controlling the current across the electrochemical cell in source 1815). In some embodiments, Through UV
H in a reasonable aqueous solution2O2The concentration of NaOCl can be determined by one or more sensors 910 upstream or downstream of the point of introduction or
generation of NaOCl (e.g., ORP sensor) to measure,And the introduction or generation rate of NaOCl can be controlled by the controller based on the
These are set by readings from one or more sensors.
[0368] Downstream of the point of introduction or generation of NaOCl, The quenched treated aqueous solution can pass through the static mixture
1820 to promote quenchers and quench H in treated aqueous solutions2O2contact between and treated to promote quenching
34
All or substantially all residual H in the aqueous solution2O2decomposition to form product water 830, The product water 830 can leave
System 1800 and provided to the point of use.
[0369] H2O2Either generation system 815 or NaOCl generation system 1815 may have an outlet fluidly coupled
Can 1825,to storage 1830, Storage tank 1825,1830 is used to store the generated H separately O Or NaOCl. Storage tanks can be used at low
2 2
demand H2O2or NaOCl is at least partially filled during the time period, And if H2O2Or the demand for NaOCl should be
More than H2O2The generation capabilities of the generation system 815 or the NaOCl generation system 1815 or when one of these systems is offline for For example
maintenance, Another H can be2O2or NaOCl is provided to the water undergoing treatment in the system. It should be
[0370] On-site NaOCl generation system 1815 and storage tank 1825, illustrated in Figure 18
understood that 1830 can still exist
In any other system disclosed herein, For example, it exists in the system of any one of Figure 15-Figure 17 or Figure 19.
[0371] A piping and instrumentation diagram for a potential feed and discharge system is shown in Figure 19. Such a system can be used to maintain the
generate,
high operating pressures required in product recirculation loops in particular, Simultaneous delivery of low pressure product streams to the desired process
Theismass
flow. For H2O2Electrochemical cell design, output concentration generation rate can be specified as discussed, And the system ultimately loses
adjusted by the requirements of the AOP application.
[0372] Multiple additional pumps or valves may be included in any of the systems described above, to control the many types of water involved
But are not shown for clarity purposes.

the flow of solution,
[0373] In one or more embodiments any embodiment may be related to one or more aspects, This article
Disclosed systems and techniques may utilize one or more subsystems, one or more subsystems adjust or adjust or
At least one operating parameter, state or condition that facilitates the adjustment or regulation of at least one unit operation or component of the
or one or more characteristics or physical properties of a process stream. To facilitate such adjustment and adjustment features,
system, one or
Further embodiments may utilize a controller and provide status of one or more components or processes, state
(state) or condition indicating device. For example,At least one sensor may be used to provide, for example, water from feed source 810
or an indication of the intensity or breadth properties of water entering or leaving one or more electrochemical cells or UV AOP reactor
vessels or one or more other downstream processes used to generate oxidants or quenchers. therefore, based on particularly advantageous
Systems
implementation plan, and technologies may involve one or more sensors or other indicating devices, Such as composition analyzer or
conductivity cell, The other indicating devices provide for any unit operations such as entering or leaving the system.
the state of the water,condition,

An expression of a characteristic or quality.
[0374] Various operating parameters of the electrochlorination systems disclosed herein may be controlled or adjusted by an associated control system or
controller based on various parameters measured by various sensors located in different parts of the system. The controller may be programmed or configured to be
based at least on the flow rate of the water to be treated, The concentration of oxygen in the water to be treated or one or more of the water to be treated
levels of one or more of these pollutants to regulate oxygen or oxygenated compounds (e.g., oxygenated water) to the water to be treated
The introduction in
The water to be treated is introduced into the electrochemical cell upstream of the AOP reactor. The controller may be programmed or configured to be based
at least on the flow rate of the water to be treated, the concentration of oxygen in the water to be treated, or one or more in the water to be treated
Levels of contaminants or H in the water after treatment in the UV AOP reactor2O2One or more of the concentrations to regulate the production of a quencher such
as NaOCl or the introduction of a quencher such as NaOCl into the water after treatment in the UV AOP reactor. The controller may be programmed or configured to
regulate the introduction of oxygenated compounds into the water to be treated based at least on the concentration of oxygen or oxygen-based compounds in the
peroxide-containing aqueous solution produced in the electrochemical cell. The controller may also be configured to regulate the concentration of hydrogen
peroxide produced in the electrochemical cell based at least on the concentration of one or more contaminants in the water to be treated. The controller may be
programmed or configured to regulate oxygen or oxygenated compounds to the water to be treated based on at least one or more of the temperature in the
electrochemical cell or the pH of the hydrogen peroxide-containing aqueous solution produced in the electrochemical cell. of
35
Introduction.
[0375] The controller may be programmed or configured to adjust the amount of H2 generated based on the flow rate of the water to be treated and/or the rate at
which oxygen or oxygenates are introduced into the water to be treated.2O2One or more of the current flowing across the anode-cathode pair or the voltage applied across the
anode-cathode pair of an electrochemical cell. The controller may be programmed or configured to be based on the flow or contaminant concentration of the aqueous hydrogen
peroxide-containing solution entering the AOP reactor, the temperature or pH of the aqueous hydrogen peroxide-containing solution entering the AOP reactor, or the
concentration of hydrogen peroxide-containing aqueous solution entering the AOP reactor. Any one or more of the hydrogen peroxide concentration of the aqueous solution of
hydrogen oxide is used to adjust one or more operating parameters of the AOP reactor.
[0376] Controllers for monitoring and controlling the operation of various elements of the systems disclosed herein may include computer
control systems. Aspects of the controller may be implemented as special purpose software executing in a general-purpose computer system 1500 such
as that shown in FIG. 20 . Computer system 1500 may include processor 1502, The processor 1502 is connected to one or more
memory device 1504,such as disk drives,Solid state memory or other device used to store data. Memory 1504
Typically used to store programs and data during operation of computer system 1500. The components of computer system 1500 may be connected through
interconnection mechanism 1506, The interconnection mechanism 1506 may include one or more buses (e.g., being integrated into the same
between components within a machine) and/or a network (e.g. between components staying on separate discrete machines). interconnection mechanism
1506 enables communication (e.g., data, Instructions) can be exchanged between system components of system 1500. Computer system 1500 also
Includes one or more input devices 1508 such as a keyboard, Mouse, trackball, microphone, touch screen, and one or more
The output device 1510 is, for example, a printing device, display and/or speakers.
[0377] The output device 1510 may also include a valve, pump or switch,They can be used to convert oxygen or oxygen-containing compounds (e.g.
like,Oxygenated water) is introduced into the water to be treated from source 905 and/or is used to control the speed of a pump or system as disclosed herein
The status of the valve (open or closed). One or more sensors 1514 may also provide input to computer system 1500 . These
sensors may include, for example, sensor 910, QIT1. QIT2. FIT or PI, They can be, for example, pressure sensors, change
chemical concentration sensor,Temperature sensors or sensors for any other parameter of interest for the systems disclosed herein. These
sensors can be located in any part of the system where they would be useful, Use
For example, the upstream of point 835,
Electric chlorine
Upstream or downstream of AOP reactor 825, The generation point of the oxidant or quencher or the passage of the oxidant or quencher
chemical battery 815,
past the point of introduction into the water of the system disclosed herein, Or in fluid communication with feed source 810. also, Computer system 1500 can
to include one or more interfaces (not shown), The one or more interfaces additionally connect computer system 1500 to the communication
information network or as an alternative connect to the interconnection mechanism 1506.
[0378] Storage system 1512, shown in greater detail in Figure 21, generally includes a computer-readable and writable non-volatile
recording medium 1602, Stored therein are signals defining programs to be executed by the processor 1502 or information to be processed by the
programs. The medium may include, for example, disk storage or flash memory. usually, In operation,The processor caused the data to never
The volatile recording medium 1602 is read into another memory 1604, The other memory 1604 allows for more storage than the media 1602
Information is accessed by the processor more quickly. This memory 1604 is typically volatile random access memory, such as dynamic random
Access memory (DRAM) or static memory (SRAM). It may be located in storage system 1512, As shown,or bit
in memory system 1504. Processor 1502 typically manipulates data in integrated circuit memory 1604, and then in
After completing the processing, Copy data to media 1602. A variety of mechanisms are known for managing memory on media 1602 and integrated circuits.
movement of data between memory elements 1604, And the aspects and embodiments disclosed herein are not limited thereto. The disclosure method of this article
Aspects and implementations are not limited to the particular memory system 1504 or memory system 1512.
[0379] Computer systems may include specially programmed, dedicated hardware,

Such as Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC). This article is public
aspects and implementations can be found in software, implemented in hardware or firmware or any combination thereof. in addition, Such methods and actions,
36
The system, system elements, and components thereof may be implemented as part of the computer system described above or as separate
components.
[0380] Although computer system 1500 is shown by way of example as one type of computer system upon which various
aspects and embodiments disclosed herein may be practiced, Aspects

But it should be understood that and embodiments disclosed herein
It is not limited to implementation on a computer system as shown in Figure 20. Various aspects and embodiments disclosed herein may be
practiced on one or more computers having different configurations and components than that shown in FIG. 20 .
[0381] Computer system 1500 may be a general-purpose computer system programmable using a high-level computer programming language. Computer
system 1500 may also be implemented using specially programmed, specialized hardware. In computer system 1500, Processor 1502 pass
Often a commercially available processor,Such as the well-known Pentium available from Intel CorporationTMOr CoreTMClass Department
manager. Many other processors are available, Includes programmable logic controller. Such a processor typically performs operations
system,The operating system may be, for example, the Windows 7 operating system, the Windows 8 operating system, or the
MAC
Windows 10 operating system available from Microsoft Corporation, OS System X, available from Apple Computer from
Solaris operating system available from Sun Microsystems or UNIX available from various sources. Many other operating
systems can be used.
[0382] The processor and operating system together define the computer platform on which applications in high-level programming languages are written. It should be understood
understand,
that the present invention is not limited to a specific computer system platform, processor,operating system or network. also,For technology in this field
It should be obvious to technicians that
Aspects and implementations disclosed herein are not limited to a particular programming language or computer system.
in addition, Other
It should be understood that suitable programming languages and other suitable computer systems may also be used. One or more portions of a
[0383] computer system may be distributed across one or more computer systems (not shown) coupled to a communications network. These
computer systems may also be general purpose computer systems. For example, Various aspects of the invention
Faces can be distributed across one or more computer systems, The computer system is configured to provide information to one or more clients
Client computers provide services (e.g.,server), Or as part of a distributed system for overall tasks. For example, This article is public
Various aspects and implementations of the development can be performed on client-server systems, The client-server system includes
Components distributed among one or more server systems that perform various functions in accordance with various aspects and embodiments disclosed herein.
These components may be configured using communication protocols (e.g., TCP/IP) in communication networks (e.g., communicating on the Internet)
IL)
executable code,Intermediate code (for example, or interpreted code (e.g., Java). in some
One
In the implementation plan, or more components of computer system 1500 may be in a wireless network,including, for example, cellular phone networks
communicate with one or more other components on the network.
[0384] It should be understoodAspects

that and embodiments disclosed herein are not limited to execution on any particular system or group of systems.
OK. also, It should be understoodAspects

that and embodiments disclosed herein are not limited to any particular distribution configuration, network or communications
protocol. Various aspects and embodiments disclosed herein may be implemented using object-oriented programming languages such as SmallTalk,
Java, Program in C++, Ada or C# (C‑Sharp). Other object-oriented programming languages can also be used. optionally, Can
to use functional, scripting and/or logical programming languages, For example, ladder logic. Various aspects and embodiments disclosed herein
Can be used in non-programming environments (e.g., When viewed in a browser program's window, Rendering of graphical user interfaces (GUIs)
HTML, XML or other format). Various aspects disclosed in this article and
Embodiments may be implemented as programmed or non-programmed elements, or any combination thereof.
[0385] In some embodiments, Existing UV AOP systems can be modified or upgraded,to include the electrochlorine disclosed herein
ion system or operate in accordance with the systems disclosed herein. One method of modifying the UV AOP system batteries to increase the rate of destruction of
contaminants in the UV AOP system could include installing electrochlorinated cells, The electrochlorination cell is configured to introduce an oxidizing agent into the
37
Neutralize the electrolyte upstream of the inlet of the UV AOP and/or introduce a quencher into the UV treated water downstream of the UV AOP
reactor.
Example:
[0386] Example 1:
[0387] Tests are conducted to evaluate the production of hydrogen peroxide in electrochemical cells, The electrochemical cell includes an anode, a cathode and
blue song
A cation exchange membrane arranged between the anode and cathode. The results of this test are graphically illustrated in Figure 20. In this
graph, the line is generated by testing the performance of an electrochemical cell with unoxygenated water, And the orange curve is given by
It is produced by testing an electrochemical cell with water that has been bubbled with oxygen at atmospheric pressure until the water is saturated with oxygen. As shown in the
figure, The rate of hydrogen peroxide production first increases with increasing voltage, and then with further increase in voltage
reduce. At lower voltages,The rate of hydrogen peroxide production is thought to have been limited by the concentration of oxygen in the water. at higher
voltage (close to zero),The rate of hydrogen peroxide generation is thought to have been limited by low current.
[0388] Example 2
[0389] Tests were conducted to characterize the voltage versus current of electrolytic cells with flat plate electrodes formed from titanium mesh, Every level
The plate electrode has a 10cm2area. In testing, Water without added oxygen or after exposure to oxygen at a pressure of 60 bar
Water flows through the cells at different flow rates. The results are illustrated in the graph of Figure 23. As can be seen, For each tested bar
pieces,
The current increases (becomes more negative) as the absolute value of the applied voltage increases (becomes more negative). The lowest
increase in current versus voltage is observed under conditions of no added oxygen and zero flow (0_O2_0_flow curve). Relative to the conditions of no
added oxygen and zero flow, As the flow rate of water without added oxygen is increased to 18 liters per minute (0_O2_18LPM
Wire),The increase in current observed at a specific voltage. For oxygenated water flowing through the electrolytic cell at 16 liters per minute (O2_60
bar_16LPM curve), The current observed at a specific voltage increases even further. These results show that With the electricity contained in the flow
Adding additional oxygen to the solution pool water, The electrolytic cell's ability to supply electrical current for the reaction between oxygen and water increases
add.
These results show the addition of oxygen to the water to be flowed through the electrolytic cell for the production of reactants such as H O benefits.
2 2
[0390] Example 3
[0391] Tests were conducted to evaluate how the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in a solution increases over time within an electrolytic cell. Electrolytic cells are used for
A cathode formed of carbon cloth and an anode formed of mixed metal oxides are formed. The anode and cathode were placed in 80 ml of 5mM Na2SO4
in solution. Oxygen was bubbled through the solution for 30 minutes. A current of 5 mA was applied across the electrodes. After applying current for
30 minutes, The concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the solution is 12.75 ppm. After applying current for 2 hours, Increased hydrogen peroxide concentration
to 29.75ppm. These results show that As the time of applied current increases,Electrolytic generation of hydrogen peroxide can occur in solution
Produces higher concentrations of hydrogen peroxide.
[0392] Example 4
[0393] Tests were conducted to evaluate the effect of pH on contaminants (1,4-dioxane and humic acid, Each with
The concentration of 0.65mg/L) destroys the effect. UV dose is 650mJ/cm2, The hydrogen peroxide concentration is 2mg/L and the temperature is 89°
F. The results of this test are shown in Figure 24. As can be seen from the graph in Figure 24, The destruction rate of pollutants decreases with
The pH increases,Although as the pH decreases below neutral,The increase in damage rate did not increase significantly. These results show
out,Use H at neutral or acidic pH O It may be desirable to operate the UV AOP reactor with an oxidant to optimize contaminant destruction.
2 2
[0394] Example 5
[0395] Tests were performed to evaluate the effect of pH on H in UV AOP reactors2O2The influence of activation. UV dose is 650mJ/cm2, opposite
The TOC of the solution in the reactor is 0.65 mg/L, The hydrogen peroxide concentration is 2mg/L and the temperature is 89° F. The results of this test are in Figure
38
Presented in 25. As can be observed from the graph of Figure 25, H2O2The activation rate (activation percentage) under test conditions is approximately
10%, There was no detectable effect of pH. These results indicate that H2O2The change in activation rate is unlikely to be over
This is the reason for the increased contaminant destruction rate at lower pH levels observed in Example 4 below.
[0396] Example 6
[0397] Conduct tests to assess H2O2Concentration and UV dose on H in UV AOP reactor2O2influence on the activation rate. UV
The dose is 1300mJ/cm2or 650mJ/cm2, The TOC of the solution in the reactor is 0.65 mg/L and the temperature is 89° F. The test
The results are presented in Figure 2. As can be observed from the graph of Figure 26,With UV dose from 650mJ/cm2Increase to 1300mJ/
cm2,H O The activation rate increases from approximately 10% to approximately 30%, And H O Concentration has no observable effect on oxidant activation
2 2 2 2
ring. These results show that

H2O2The activation rate increases nonlinearly with the increase of UV dose. And with if provided to UV
H in the solution of the AOP reactor2O2The concentration increases by the same percentage compared to Increasing the UV dose by a certain percentage will improve the available
The amount of hydroxyl radicals has a greater impact.
[0398] Example 7
[0399] Tests performed to evaluate 1,4‑dioxane and humic acid in UV AOP reactors at different UV doses and H2O2concentrated
degree of damage. The results of testing with 1,4-dioxane are shown in Figure 26, And the results of testing with humic acid are in Figure 27
shown in . These data show that Increasing UV dose has a significant effect on increasing the destruction of both pollutants. 1,4‑dioxane
The destruction of H2O2increases with concentration, And unexpectedly,Destruction of humic acid occurs with H O Decrease with increasing concentration. These
2 2
The results show,The destruction of different contaminants can be optimized at different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide. The results also confirmed that with UV
AOP reactor without H in solution2O2Compared with operation, H2O2The presence of increases the rate of contaminant concentration.
[0400] The phraseology and terminology used herein are for the purpose of description and should not be
regarded as limiting. As used herein, the term "more than one" refers to two or more items or components. The
term "comprising", "including", "carrying", "having", "Include

(containing)" and "involving (involving)" whether in the written description or claims and the like, It's open
the term,
That means "including but not limited to".therefore,
The use of such terms is meant to cover the items listed thereafter and the like
and
same thing, additional projects. Regarding claims, Only the transitional wordings “consisting of” and “consisting essentially of
" into " are closed or semi-closed transitional terms respectively. Ordinal terms that modify claim elements in the claims
"second",
such as "first", The use of "third" and similar terms,does not by itself imply that one claim element vis-à-vis another
any precedence, precedence or sequence or temporal order in which the actions of a method are performed, Rather, it is merely used as a marker to distinguish
To distinguish one claim element with a certain name from another element with the same name (but for the
purpose of using ordinal terms).

[0401] Having described several aspects of at least one embodiment, Thosethat
It should be understood skilled in the art will be able to
Various changes, modifications and improvements can easily be imagined. Any feature described in any embodiment may
be included in or substituted for any feature of any other embodiment. Such changes, modifications and improvements are
intended to be part of this disclosure, and are intended to be within the scope of the invention. therefore,
The foregoing description and drawings are for practical purposes only.
Example way.
39
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(19) State Intellectual Property Office of the People’s Republic of China

(12)Invention patent application

(10) Application publication numberCN 114269691 A

(43) Application announcement date2022.04.01

(21)Application number202080056472.2 George Gusimón Dukes

(22)Application date2020.07.31 (74)Patent agencyBeijing Anxin Fangda Intellectual Property Agency

63/058,528 2020.07.30 US (51)Int.Cl.

(87) Published data of PCT international applications

(71)ApplicantYihua Water Treatment Technology Co., Ltd.

Hydrogen peroxide for UV advanced oxidation process control

Regulation of on-site electrochemical generation

a water treatment system, Includes actinic radiation reactor; electricity

Exit of physical connection;and connected to the inlet of the electrochemical cell

1. A water treatment system, include:

Actinic radiation reactor;

electrolyte source and the actinic radiation reactor; as well as

2. The system of claim 1, Also includes:

entrance of the transponder.

5. The system of claim 1, The electrolyte includes water.

Hydrogen peroxide in the treated aqueous solution in the catheter.

The outlet of the pool.

9. The system of claim 7, The chemical agent includes sodium hypochlorite.

Ground is coupled to the inlet of the second electrochemical cell.

One of the downstream locations of the actinic radiation reactor.

electrochemical cell, or the actinic radiation reactor.

17. The system of claim 6, Also includes controller,

18. The system of claim 8, Also includes controller,

downstream of the outlet of the irradiation reactor.

The concentration of sodium hypochlorite produced in the battery.

water source to be treated,

The concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the solution.

level, A signal is sent to the valve to at least partially open.

be treated in the actinic radiation reactor.

Set the amount of oxygen to be introduced into the electrolyte.

Learn about the battery entrance.

37. The method of claim 36, Also includes:

radiation reactor. 38. The method of claim 35,

The treated aqueous solution is directed to the water source.

Oxygen is added to the treated water.

41. The method of claim 35, Also includes:

The concentration of hydrogen peroxide;

inlet of the actinic radiation reactor.

43. The method of claim 42, Also includes:

46. The method of claim 45, Also includes:

conduit from one or more sensors;as well as

radiation to be applied to the water to be treated in the actinic radiation reactor.

the amount of oxygen.

54. The method of claim 45, also includes setting at

with an outlet of the second electrochemical cell.

The methods include:

The outlet for fluid communication between devices; as well as

or the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the recycled brine solution.

The outlet of the process reactor is in fluid communication.

Rather, through an organic background with an aqueous matrix (e.g.Hu

The entrance to the radiation reactor.

An electrolyte source is fluidly coupled to the inlet of the electrochemical cell.

Hydrogen peroxide in treated aqueous solution.

One of the places.

Selective fluid communication at the point of introduction in the first conduit.

The ring solution is directed to the water to be treated.

radiation dose to the water to be treated.

The dose of UV radiation to be applied to the water to be treated.