S.K.

Jha 296

4
Note : CCl4

(Types of Chemical Bonds) (Soluble)

(Organic Solvent) Alcohol, Ether,
Carbon tetra chloride (CCl4)
(Intra-molecular Force or Strong Bonds) (Intermolecular Force Weak Bonds) (Covalent Bond)

(Electrovalent or lonic Bond) Ex : H2 N2 � O2

(Hydrogen Bond) (Van-der Walls Bond) E.C = 1s1 E.C = 1s2, 2s2, 2p3 E.C = 1s2, 2s2, 2p4
(Covalent Bond) ×
H × H ×N × ×O ×
× ×× N × × O
×
(Coordinate Bond)

H–H N�N O=O

1. (Ionic Bond)
electron e–
e–
Electron

Nacl
23 2 2 6 1
11 Na � 1s ,2s ,2p ,3s
35
17 Cl � 1s2 ,2s 2 ,2p6 ,3s 2 ,3p5
+ –
×× Na + Cl NaCl
Na Cl ×
××× ×, (2, 8) (2, 8,8)
(Polar)

(i) (Single covalent bond)

(ii) (Double covalent bond)
(iii) (Triple covalent bond)
(i)

:Cl. . Cl: Cl–Cl Cl2

(ii)
CaCl 2 Ca2+ Cl–
NaCl Na+ Cl–
Ca(NO3)2 Ca2+ NO3–
CuSO4 Cu2+ SO42- O O O=O
–
NaOH Na+ OH
3+ –2
(iii)
Al2O3 Al O electron
+ –
KCl K Cl
–
NH4Cl NH4+ Cl
2+ –
:N : :N N � N � N2
MgCl 2 Mg Cl
 S.K. Jha 297

bond : Overlap
��bond

• CO2
–Cl2 �-bond = 1 • H2O
�-bond = 0 • NH3
– bond : Sidewize Overlap
CH4
� – bond •
C2H4
� �� •
–(Lateral overlapping) =
� =� • C2H2
H H • CCl4
�-bond = 5
H–C=C–H • H2S
��-bond = 1 SO2
��– bond ��– bond •

(Co-ordinate bond)

electron
(�)
1. (–) 2 1 1 0 Ex : SO2 8O � 1s2, 2s2, 2p4
2. (=) 4 2 1 1 16
S � 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p4
3. (�) 6 3- 1 2
×× ××
×O × × O=S�O
Note : × × S O
×××
(Strength) ��>=>–
�–>=>� Ex : O3
(Intra-molecular space) 8
O � 1s2, 2s2, 2p4
(Reactivity) � � > = > –
× × ×
(Binding energy) � � > = > – ×O × × × ×
×O × O=O�O
×× × ×O × ×
Trick-[ ] × ×
Ex : H2O H
H = Covalent + Co-ordinate
1 H � 1s
1 1 × 1� Ex : N2O
H ×O × H � O
8 O � 1s ,2s ,2p
16 2 2 4
×× ×
×
� bond = 2 N N ×
×O ×× or N�N�O
×
� bond = 0
Ex : C2H2 Note :
H – C � C – H � bond = 3 N2O (laughing)
6 C � 1s ,2s , 2p
12 2 2 2

� bond = 2
Ex : CO2 O = C = O � bond = 2 N2O O2
� bond = 2
Ex : C2H4 [ ]
(Ozone) O3 � O = O � O
H H � bond = 5
C=C � bond = 1 (Covalent bond) �2
H H
Ex : [C6 H6] H (Co-ordinate bond) �1
C � bond = 12
� bond = 3
H C C H

H C C H
C CFC
H
 S.K. Jha 298

Note : (Lone-Pair) :

Ex : NH3
7N � 1s2, 2s2, 2p3
(AgI)
1H � 1s
1

H
(AgNO3) ×

HF H× N ×H

(Hydrogen bond) (Lone Pair)

orbital = �- +
+

Ex : CH4 Hybridisation.
H �-bond = 4
Dotted line (..........) long-pair = 0
H C H
co-ordinate bond = 0
H
H–F ----- H – F ----- H – F + H.O = 4 = sp3 = 109º
Ex : NH3 N Hybridisation
Hydrogen bond (H.B) H � bond = 3
lone pair = 1
H N Co-ordinate bond = 0
H.B � HF � H 2 O � NH 3
H
H2S, HCl H.O � 4 = sp3
Ex : Ethene (C2H4)
� bond = 3
H H lone pair = 0
H
C=C
H co-ordinate bond = 0

H.O � 3 = sp2
Ex : Ethyne or [C2 H2]
(Hybridisation) :
� bond = 2
Hybridisation H–C�C–H lone pair = 0
orbital co-ordinate bond = 0
orbital Hybridisation
H.O. = 2 = sp
= 180º
Atomic 1 Atomic Benzene (C6H6) :
Orbital s p2 Orbital H � bond = 3
lone pair = 0
C
co-ordinate = 0
sp2 H C C H
H.O = 3 = sp2
Hybrid Orbital (H.O) H C C H = 120º
No. of H.O Hybridisation C
2 (s,p) sp 180º H
3 (s, p, p) sp2 120º Note : Hybridisation = sp3
4 (s, p, p, p) sp3 109º.28' Hybridiation = sp2
 S.K. Jha 299

Note : 1

Ex : C2H6 Zn + H2SO4 � ZnSO4 + H2(g)

H H � bond = 4
� lone pair = 0
H� C � C H co-ordinate bond = 0 (Types of Chemical
�
H H Ractions) :
No. of Hybridisation 1. (Combination Reaction) :
= 4 = sp3
= 109º
Ex : Formic acid or Methanoic acid [HCOOH] :
O � bond = 3
Ex : 1. A + B = AB
lone pair = 0
C OH co-ordinate bond = 0 2. CaO(s) + H2O(l) � Ca(OH)2(aq)
H
H.O = 3 = sp2 3. C(s) + O2 (g) �� CO2(g)
Ex : H2CO3 � bond = 5 4. 2H2(g) + O2(g) � 2H2O(l)
lone pair = 0
2. (Decomposition
H O co-ordinate bond = 0
C=O Reaction) :
H O H.O = 5 = sp3 d

(Stybridisation) (Example)
SP Ex: BeH 2, BeCl2, CO 2, C2H2
Ex : AB � A + B
SP2 Ex: BF3, BCl3, CH3, C2H 4
H2O � H+ + OH–
SP3 Ex: CH 4, C2H 6, CCl4, NH 4 (i) (Thermal Decomposition) :

(Chemical Reaction)

Ex. CaCO3(s) CaO (s) + CO2(g)

(Characteristics of �
2Pb(NO3 )2 �� � 2PbO(s) � 4NO2 (g) � O 2
a Chemical Reaction) :

(i) (ii)
(iii) (iv)
�
(v) (vi) 2KClO3 ����� 2KCl + 3O2
(Chemical Equation) :
�
NH4NO3 ��� N2O + 2H2O
� Fe O +SO + SO + 7H O
2FeSO4.7H2O ��� 2 3 2 3 2
(i)
�
NaCHO3 ��� Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2
(Reactants)
(+) (LHS) (ii) (Photolysis) :
(ii) (Products)
(+)
(RHS)
(iii) 2AgCl(s) ������
� 2Ag (s) � Cl2 (g)
 S.K. Jha 300

(iii) (Electrolysis) : 7. (Hydrolysis Reaction) :

2H 2 O(l ) ����
� 2H 2 � O2
Ex : CH3COONa � H2O ��
� CH3COOH � NaOH
3. (Displacement Reaction) :
8. (Photochemical
Reaction) :

Ex :
(i) (Single Displacement
Reaction) 6CO 2 � 12H 2 O ������
� C 6 H12O 6 � 6H 2 O � 6O 2
(ii) (Double Displacement
9. (Oxidation Reaction) :
Reaction)
(i)

H2S + O2 � H2O + SO2

Ex :
Ex : AB + C � AC + B 2Mg + O2 � 2MgO
C + O2 � CO2
Fe(S) � CuSO 4 (aq) ��
� FeSO4 (aq) � Cu(S)
10. (Exothermic and
Endothermic Reactions) :
(ii)

Ex : AB + CD � AC + BD
N a 2 SO 4 (aq ) � BaC l 2 (aq ) � �
� BaSO 4 (S) � � 2 NaCl (aq) A + B � C + �E

4. (Neutralisation Re- [NCERT Examplar]

actions) : A + B � C – �E
[NCERT Examplar]
[NCERT Examplar]
11. (Precipitation Reaction) :
Ex : HCl � NaOH ��
� NaCl� H 2 O

5. (Isomerisa-
tion or Rearrangement Reactions) : BaCl 2 � (NH4 )2 SO4 ��� BaSO4 ( �) � NH4Cl
( )

BaCl 2 � K 2SO4 ��� BaSO4 ( �) � 2KCl

�
Ex : NH 4CNO �� � NH 2 CONH 2 ( )

AlCl3 � NH4 OH ��� Al(OH)3 ( �) � NH4Cl

6. (Reversible
( )
and Irreversible Reaction) :
AgNO3 � NaCl ��� AgCl (� ) � NaNO3
( )

Pb(NO3 )2 � KI ��� PbI2 ( �) � 2KNO3

Fe,Me ( )
�
������
Ex : N 2 3H 2 ������ 2NH 3
Pb(CH3OO)2 � KI ��� PbI2 ( �) � 2CH3COOK
( )

Ca(OH)2 � CO2 ��� CaCO3 ( � ) � H2O

Ex : 2NaOH � H2SO 4 ��
� Na 2SO4 � 2H2O ( )
 S.K. Jha 301

Note :
• CaCO3 CO2

12. (Chlor Alkali Method) : Note :

15. (Bleaching Powder) :

2NaCl(aq)� 2H2O(l ) ������ 2NaOH(aq) CaOCl2

� Cl 2 (g) � H2 (g)

2H+ + 2e– � H2 (g) Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 � CaOCl2 + H2O

2Cl– � Cl2 (g) + 2e–
13. (Washing Soda) :

Na2CO3.10H2O

(i)
(ii) 16. (Plaster of Paris) :

NaCl (aq) + H2O + NH3 + CO2 �� NH4CO3 CaSO4.½H2O

373 K
NH4CO3 + NaCl �� NaHCO3(�) + NH4Cl
NaHCO3 + NaCl � Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2
373K 1 3
CaSO4 .2H2O ���� � CaSO4 . H2O � H2O
� 2 2
NaOH (aq) + CO2 ��Na2CO3 + H2O ( )
( )

NaHCO3 � Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2

Note :
14. (Baking Soda) :
CaSO4.2H2O
NaHCO3 17. :

(i) NaOH
(ii) (i)
2NaCl(aq)� H2O(l ) ������ 2NaOH � H2 � Cl 2
Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2 �� 2NaHCO3
(ii)
NH3 + H2O + CO2 �� (NH4)HCO3 �
Na2CO3 � Ca(OH)2 ��� CaCO3 (�) � 2NaOH
(NH4)HCO3 + NaCl ��NaHCO2 ����+ NH4Cl (10% )
 S.K. Jha 302

(Antonie Lavoisier)

CO2
Ex : C + O2 � CO2
12 + 2 × 16 � 12 + 2 × 16
44g = 44g
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