Professional Documents
Culture Documents
FOREIGN LITERATURE
The nature of work environments has led to an increasing interest in understanding the
and home-based work. This review aims to explore existing literature on the stress levels of
office-based employees and home-based employees, shedding light on the factors contributing to
stress in each setting and potential implications for employee well-being and organizational
performance.
Office-based employees often face stressors unique to the traditional office environment.
Research indicates that factors such as long commutes, crowded workspaces, and interpersonal
conflicts can contribute to elevated stress levels among office-based workers (Bolliger et al.,
2022). Additionally, the pressure to conform to strict schedules and meet performance targets
within the office setting can further exacerbate stress (Siegel & Lazar, 2019).
However, with the rise of remote work arrangements, the stress landscape for home-based
employees has garnered attention. While remote work offers flexibility and autonomy, it also
presents its own set of stressors. Studies suggest that feelings of isolation, blurred boundaries
between work and personal life, and technological challenges can contribute to heightened stress
levels among home-based employees (Koudagani et al., 2020). Moreover, the lack of separation
between home and work environments can lead to difficulties in disengaging from work-related
Comparing the stress levels of office-based and home-based employees reveals nuanced
may experience stress stemming from the physical demands of the workplace and interpersonal
dynamics, while home-based employees may contend with challenges related to work-life
balance and isolation. However, both groups share common stressors such as workload pressures
Understanding the stress levels of office-based and home-based employees is essential for
unique stressors present in each work setting, employers can implement targeted interventions
and support systems to mitigate stress and foster a healthier work environment for all employees.
LOCAL LITERATURE
Orlanda and Ventayen (2021) examined workplace stress and depression among educators
in the Philippines, emphasizing the need for effective stress management to maintain a conducive
teaching environment. Their study highlighted the prevalence of stress and depression among
teachers and underscored the importance of addressing these issues. Understanding their findings
can provide insights into managing stress for both office-based and home-based employees,
contributing to our exploration of stress levels and their impact on work performance (Orlanda et
al., 2021).
However, Esguerra (2020) examined work-life balance and job stress among employees of a lone
agricultural college in Bulacan, Philippines. Their study revealed that while most employees felt
their work-life balance was out of sync, factors such as age and educational attainment
significantly influenced job stress levels. This underscores the importance of understanding
individual differences in managing stress in the workplace. However, the study did not
specifically address the difference in stress levels between office-based and home-based
Furthermore, Parilla et al. (2022) investigated the impact of working from home on selected
employees' job performance during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines. Their study
found that employees reported greater enjoyment, satisfaction, and motivation while working
remotely, leading to enhanced job performance. However, the study did not directly address
stress levels.
home in a small BPO company in the Philippines. The study revealed challenges such as trust
issues and feelings of isolation among home-based employees. Despite mixed perceptions among
managers about the success of the transition, both managers and employees faced similar issues
identified in the literature. Notably, managers' trust levels significantly dropped post-migration.
Recommendations were made to address these challenges and improve support for home-based
employees. However, further research is needed in the Philippines' BPO industry. While the
study's focus is on managers' perceptions, the identified challenges are relevant to understanding
stress levels and work performances in different work settings, aligning with our research
Moreover, Pilarta and Noroña (2021) examined the perceived effectiveness of work-from-home
(WFH) employees and its impact on employee engagement. Using Structural Equation
Modeling, the study found that company factors, such as people management and HR policies,
relationship between WFH arrangements and employee effectiveness. The study highlights the
remote settings. While WFH arrangements offer flexibility, they also pose challenges such as
implementation framework for WFH arrangements can lead to a high-performing and engaged
The findings from the study underscore the positive impact of remote work on job performance,
emphasizing the significance of factors such as job satisfaction and work motivation. Integrating
these insights into our research on stress levels among office-based and home-based employees
can significantly enhance our understanding of the broader implications of different work
environments on employee well-being and productivity. In our research, we aim to delve into the
specific differences in stress levels between office-based and home-based employees and how
these differences affect their job performance. By gaining insights into the unique stressors faced
by each group, we can develop targeted strategies to support employee well-being and enhance
productivity in both settings. Building upon the findings of the mentioned study, our research
contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of stress dynamics in various work
FOREIGN STUDIES
According to the study by Memon et al. (2023) The exploration of stress levels between
work environments. Office-based employees contend with stressors associated with commuting,
rigid schedules, and workplace distractions (Peoples, 2019; Weideman & Hofmeyr, 2020).
Additionally, the hierarchical structure prevalent in offices can induce anxiety and interpersonal
conflicts, further impacting job satisfaction (Hoboubi et al., 2017). The blurring of work-life
and covid 19 pandemic (Chan et al., 2022). Physical demands such as prolonged sitting also
contribute to stress (Lurati et al., n.d). Moreover, the competitive nature of office environments
adds to the pressure, affecting cognitive functioning and overall performance (Sharam et al.,
2023).
The pervasive use of technology, while enabling connectivity, also contributes to stress through
digital overload. Understanding these disparities is essential for devising strategies to support
LOCAL STUDIES
According to the study by Richter et al. (2019) The COVID-19 pandemic has reshaped the
landscape of work, forcing many organizations to adopt remote work arrangements to ensure
business continuity and employee safety. This shift has led to a significant departure from
these differences is crucial for assessing their impact on work performance and informing
organizational strategies to support employee well-being during these challenging times ( Delos
However, Lumanta (2022) the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted various stressors prevalent in
and reduced commuting-related stress. However, the sudden transition to remote work due to the
pandemic introduced novel stressors, including blurred boundaries between work and home life,
In the context of the Philippines, a study by Moran, (2023) explored the stress experiences of
office-based employees in urban areas, emphasizing factors such as traffic congestion and long
commute times as significant contributors to workplace stress. However, the shift to remote work
brought about by COVID-19 prompted a reassessment of these stressors, with many employees
experiencing newfound flexibility but also grappling with challenges related to remote
Filipino, highlighting the importance of work-life balance and self-discipline in managing stress.
However, the prolonged nature of remote work during the pandemic exacerbated feelings of
isolation and blurred boundaries between work and personal life, leading to heightened stress
The differential stress experiences between office-based and home-based employees have
significant implications for work performance in the Philippines. While remote work offers
flexibility and autonomy, excessive stress can lead to burnout, decreased productivity, and
As the Philippines navigates the complexities of remote work amidst the COVID-19 pandemic,
understanding the differences in stress levels between office-based and home-based employees is
addressing the unique stressors faced by each group and implementing targeted interventions,
organizations can mitigate the negative impact of stress on work performance and foster a
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