4102608560960521

Maha
Maha Revision
Revision :: Organic
CHEMISTRY
Chemistry
: GOC
Maha
Maha Revision
Revision :: Organic
CHEMISTRY
Chemistry
: GOC
JEE Final Revision : Organic Chemistry : GOC
Quick Revision (Mind Maps) for
Important Chapters
Link Given in Description

GOC
● IUPAC Nomenclature
● Isomerism
● Permanent Eﬀects
● Reaction Intermediates
● Acidic Strength
● Basic Strength
● Aromaticity
IUPAC Nomenclature
Priority Order for Selection of Principal Chain

Select of Principal Chain ?
Priority Order for functional groups
Question
The IUPAC name of the compound
A 3, 4-dimethylpentanoyl chloride
B 1-chloro-1-oxo-2, 3-dimethylpentane
C 2-ethyl-3-methylbutanoyl chloride
D 2, 3-dimethyl pentanoyl chloride

Question
The IUPAC name of the compound
A 3, 4-dimethylpentanoyl chloride
B 1-chloro-1-oxo-2, 3-dimethylpentane
C 2-ethyl-3-methylbutanoyl chloride
D 2, 3-dimethyl pentanoyl chloride

Solution
Question JEE Main 2024
A 2-Aminobutanenitrile
B 3-Aminopropanenitrile
C 2-Aminopentanenitrile
D 3-Aminobutanenitrile
A 2-Aminobutanenitrile
B 3-Aminopropanenitrile
C 2-Aminopentanenitrile
D 3-Aminobutanenitrile
Solution
The correct IUPAC name of the

following compound is :
A 4-methyl-2-nitro-5-oxohept-3-enal
B 4-methyl-5-oxo-2-nitrohept-3-enal
C 4-methyl-6-nitro-3-oxohept-4-enal
D 6-formyl-4-methyl-2-nitrohex-3-enal
The correct IUPAC name of the

following compound is :
A 4-methyl-2-nitro-5-oxohept-3-enal
B 4-methyl-5-oxo-2-nitrohept-3-enal
C 4-methyl-6-nitro-3-oxohept-4-enal
D 6-formyl-4-methyl-2-nitrohex-3-enal
Solution
IUPAC Nomenclature-Cyclic Cmpds

Isomerism
Types of isomerism
Structural isomerism Stereo isomerism
Chain isomerism
Geometrical
Position isomerism
Conformational
Functional isomerism isomerism
Optical isomerism
Metamerism
Tautomerism
Chain Isomerism
Position Isomerism
Compounds which have same MF, same FG, same parent
carbon chain but different position of FG/multiple
bond/substituents, show position isomerism.
Position Isomerism
Functional Isomerism
Compound having same molecular formula but
different functional groups in their molecules show
functional isomerism and are called functional
isomers.
General formula of compounds and functional groups
corresponding to them.
CnH2n + 2 Alkane
CnH2n Alkene, cycloalkane
CnH2n - 2 Alkynes, cycloalkenes, dienes (conjugated, cumulated,

isolated)
CnH2n + 2O Alcohols, Ethers
CnH2nO Aldehyde, Ketones, Unsaturated alcohols, Cyclic Ether

(epoxide/oxirane)
CnH2nO2 Carboxylic Acids, Esters, Hydroxy Aldehydes, Hydroxy

Ketones
Metamerism
Compounds having same Molecular
formula, same polyvalent FG but
different alkyl groups attached to
polyvalent FG.
Polyvalent Functional
Valency
Group
—O— 2
O
2
—C—
O
2
—C—O—
—N—
3
Ring-Chain Isomerism
Compounds which have same Molecular
formula but different mode of linking (open
chain & closed chain or ring) of carbon atoms
show ring chain isomerism.
For eg: C3H6
Propene Cyclopropane
Tautomerism
The type of FG isomerism in which a substance exists in
two readily interconvertible different structures leading to
dynamic equilibrium is known as Tautomerism and
different forms are called Tautomers.
➔ Both (I) and (II) are isomers known as tautomers.

➔ Tautomers are always in equilibrium state.
➔ Number of sigma, pi and lone pair of electrons in both
tautomers are always same.
Conditions for Tautomerism :

α-C must be sp3 hybridised.
α-C must have α-Hydrogen.
Priority Order of Structural Isomers
Ring-Chain Isomers > Tautomers > Functional Isomers > Metamers >
Chain Isomers > Position Isomers
JEE Main 2024
Which of the following pairs of isomers is an example of

metamerism?
A C
B D
Which of the following pairs of isomers is an example of

metamerism?
A C
B D
Solution
GOC - Structural Isomerism

JEE Main 2023
GOC - Tautomers Metamers Isomers
Geometrical Isomerism
When restricted rotation is present
. . . . Alkyl Halides
Cis-trans Isomerism
In the following structure, the double

bonds are marked as I, II, III and IV
Geometrical isomerism is not possible
at site(s):
A III
B I
C I and III
D III and IV
In the following structure, the double

bonds are marked as I, II, III and IV
Geometrical isomerism is not possible
at site(s):
A III
B I
C I and III
D III and IV
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Rules
Rule -1: Higher priority on the basis of higher atomic number.
Ex.1 -F, -Cl, -Br, -I
Ex.2 -OH, -SH, -I
Rule -2: If two isotopic atoms are present then the isotope of higher mass
number is priorities over other.
Ex.3 –H, –D, –T
Rule -3: If atomic no. of atom attached is same, look for next 3 atoms attached.
Highest atomic no. atom attached will have highest priority.
Ex. 4
Rule -4: Double bonds are counted 2-times & triple bond 3-times
Ex. 5
E/Z Nomenclature
Question
A C
B D
A C
B D
Which of the following compounds shows geometrical isomerism?
A 2-methylpent-1-ene
B 4-methylpent-1-ene
C 2-methylpent-2-ene
D 4-methylpent-2-ene
Which of the following compounds shows geometrical isomerism?
A 2-methylpent-1-ene
B 4-methylpent-1-ene
C 2-methylpent-2-ene
D 4-methylpent-2-ene
Optical Isomerism
● Isomers with similar structures and properties but having difference
only in their behaviour towards polarised light are called optical
isomers.
● This type of isomerism is known as optical isomerism.
Polarimeter
Optically active compounds differ in their direction
and/or angle of rotation of plane of polarised light.
Condition of Optical Isomerism

To be optically active the molecule must be chiral i.e
asymmetric and so must not possess centre of symmetry
and plane of symmetry.
Elements of Symmetry:
(1) Centre of symmetry
(2) Plane of symmetry
(3) Axis of symmetry
Chiral Centre

R/S
R/S
Number of Optical Isomers

Case 1
If compound does not contain plane of symmetry, then

Number of optically active form = 2n
Number of meso form = 0

Case 2
If compound contain plane of symmetry and contain even number of

chiral centres then
Number of optically active form = 2n–1
Number of meso form = 2 (n/2)–1
Total isomers = 2n–1 + 2(n/2)–1

Case 3
If compound contain plane of symmetry, and contain odd number of

chiral centres then
Number of optically active form = 2(n –1) – 2(n–1)/2

Number of meso form = 2(n–1)/2
Total optical isomers = 2(n–1)
Conformational Isomerism
Conformational Isomerism
The incorrect statement regarding conformations of ethane is:
A The dihedral angle in staggered conformation is 60°.
B Ethane has infinite number of conformations.
C Eclipsed conformation is the most stable conformation.
The conformations of ethane are inter-convertible to

D one- another.
The incorrect statement regarding conformations of ethane is:
A The dihedral angle in staggered conformation is 60°.
B Ethane has infinite number of conformations.
C Eclipsed conformation is the most stable conformation.
The conformations of ethane are inter-convertible to

D one- another.
Solution
Arrange the following

conformational isomers
of n-butane in order of
their increasing potential
energy
A II < III < IV < I
B I < IV < III < II
C II < IV < III < I
D I < III < IV < II


conformational isomers
of n-butane in order of
their increasing potential
energy
A II < III < IV < I
B I < IV < III < II
C II < IV < III < I
D I < III < IV < II

Solution
Inductive Effect
+I effect
+I effect → increases the 𝝈-electron

density in the chain
-I effect
-I effect → decreases the 𝝈-electron density

in the chain
Inductive Effect
The descending order of acidity for the following carboxylic acid is-
A. CH3COOH B. F3C - COOH
C. ClCH2 - COOH D. FCH2 - COOH E. BrCH2 - COOH
Choose the correct answer from the options given below
A B>C>D>E>A
B D>B>A>E>C
C B>D>C>E>A
D E>D>B>A>C
The descending order of acidity for the following carboxylic acid is-
A. CH3COOH B. F3C - COOH
C. ClCH2 - COOH D. FCH2 - COOH E. BrCH2 - COOH
Choose the correct answer from the options given below
A B>C>D>E>A
B D>B>A>E>C
C B>D>C>E>A
D E>D>B>A>C
Solution
Solution
Resonance
● Operate to pie bond
● Actual Charge development
● Distance Dependent
Resonance
Condition of resonating structures :They must

have
● Same positions of atoms
● Same number of paired and unpaired electrons
● Almost equal energy
● They differ only in arrangement of electrons in
different resonating forms
Question
The interaction between π bond and lone pair of electrons present

on an adjacent atom is responsible for
A Resonance effect
B Electromeric effect
C Hyperconjugation
D Inductive effect
The interaction between π bond and lone pair of electrons present

on an adjacent atom is responsible for
A Resonance effect
B Electromeric effect
C Hyperconjugation
D Inductive effect
Solution:
A I = II = III
B I > II > III
C III > II > I
D II > I > III

A I = II = III
B I > II > III
C III > II > I
D II > I > III

Solution:
Which of the following compounds does not exhibit resonance?
A CH3CH2OH = CH2
C CH3CH2CH2CONH2
D CH3CH2CH = CHCH2NH2
Which of the following compounds does not exhibit resonance?
A CH3CH2OH = CH2
C CH3CH2CH2CONH2
D CH3CH2CH = CHCH2NH2
Solution:
Among the given

species the
Resonance
stabilised
carbocations are:
A (C) and (D) only
B (A), (B) and (D) only
C (A) and (B) only
D (A), (B) and (C) only

Among the given

species the
Resonance
stabilised
carbocations are:
A (C) and (D) only
B (A), (B) and (D) only
C (A) and (B) only
D (A), (B) and (C) only

Solution:
+M & -M Effect
The functional group that shows negative resonance effect is :
A -OH
B -OR
C -COOH
D -NH2
The functional group that shows negative resonance effect is :
A -OH
B -OR
C -COOH
D -NH2
Hyperconjugation
Hyperconjugation
Hyperconjugation
Applications of Hyperconjugation
Given below are two statements:

Statement I : Hyperconjugation is a permanent effect
Statement II : Hyperconjugation in ethyl cation (CH3 - C+H2) involves the
overlapping of Csp2 - H1s bond with empty 2p orbital of other carbon.
Choose the correct option:
A Both Statement I and Statement II are false
B Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is true
C Statement I is correct but Statement II is false
D Both Statement I and Statement II are true

Given below are two statements:

Statement I : Hyperconjugation is a permanent effect
Statement II : Hyperconjugation in ethyl cation (CH3 - C+H2) involves the
overlapping of Csp2 - H1s bond with empty 2p orbital of other carbon.
Choose the correct option:
A Both Statement I and Statement II are false
B Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is true
C Statement I is correct but Statement II is false
D Both Statement I and Statement II are true

Solution
(CH3 - C+H2) involves the overlapping of Csp3 - H1s

bond with empty 2p orbital of other carbon.
The correct order of reactivity in electrophilic substitution reaction of

the following compounds is:
A C
B D
The correct order of reactivity in electrophilic substitution reaction of

the following compounds is:
A C
B D
Solution:

Correct
Answer
2
Solution:
The increasing order of the

reactivity of the following
compounds towards electrophilic
aromatic substitution reactions is
A III < II < I
B III < I < II
C II < I < III
D I < III < II

The increasing order of the

reactivity of the following
compounds towards electrophilic
aromatic substitution reactions is
A III < II < I
B III < I < II
C II < I < III
D I < III < II

Solution:
CH3 group increases the electron density of benzene by
+I effect and hyperconjugation effects and hence makes
the compound more reactive towards electrophilic
aromatic substitution reaction.
Cl group decreases the electron density of benzene by –I

effect.
COCH3 group strongly decreases the electron density of

benzene by –I and –R effects.
Carbocation
Stability of carbocation
1. Back Bonding
2. Aromaticity
3. Resonance
4. Hyper
5. Inductive
A species having carbon with sextet of electrons and can act as

electrophile is called
A pentavalent carbon
B carbon free radical
C carbanion
D carbocation
A species having carbon with sextet of electrons and can act as

electrophile is called
A pentavalent carbon
B carbon free radical
C carbanion
D carbocation
The correct stability order of carbocations is
D
The correct stability order of carbocations is
D
Solution:

carbocations in decreasing
order of stability
A B>A>C
B A>B>C
C C>B>A
D C>A>B

carbocations in decreasing
order of stability
A B>A>C
B A>B>C
C C>B>A
D C>A>B
Carbanion
Stability of Carbanion
1. Back Bonding
2. Aromaticity
3. Resonance
4. Hyper
5. Inductive
Question: Stability?
Question
Which one of the following compounds possesses the most acidic

hydrogen?
A H3C - C ≡ C - H C
B D
Which one of the following compounds possesses the most acidic

hydrogen?
A H3C - C ≡ C - H C
B D
Free Radical
Free Radical
Free Radical Stability
1. Resonance
2. Hyper
3. Inductive
Acidic Strength
Stabilizes
Acidic Strength
Stabilizes
Acidic Strength
Stabilizes
The ascending
acidity order of
the following H
atoms is
A A<B<D<C
B A<B<C<D
C D<C<B<A
D C<D<B<A
The ascending
acidity order of
the following H
atoms is
A A<B<D<C
B A<B<C<D
C D<C<B<A
D C<D<B<A
Solution:

in decreasing acidic
strength
A A>B>C>D
B B>A>C>D
C D>C>A>B
D D>C>B>A

in decreasing acidic
strength
A A>B>C>D
B B>A>C>D
C D>C>A>B
D D>C>B>A
Solution:
Among the following marked proton of which compound shows

lowest pKa value?
A C
B D
Among the following marked proton of which compound shows

lowest pKa value?
A C
B D
Basic Strength
Basicity
Basicity
Basicity of Amines in aqueous Phase

To determine the basic strength of amines in aqueous phase
we have to consider inductive effect, solvation effect and
steric hindrance. The order of basic strength is therefore
experimental in aqueous state as we can’t give priority to
stability provided by any one factor. Two results are important
for aqueous phase :
R = CH3⟶ R2NH > RNH2 > R3N > NH3

R = C2H5⟶R2NH > R3N > RNH2 > NH3
A C
B D
A C
B D
Solution:
A C
B D
A C
B D
Solution:
The correct order in aqueous medium of basic strength in case of

methyl substituted amines is:
A NH3 > Me3N > MeNH2 > Me2NH
B Me3N > Me3NH > MeNH2 > NH3
C Me2NH > MeNH2 > Me3N > NH3
D Me2NH > Me3N > MeNH2 > NH3

The correct order in aqueous medium of basic strength in case of

methyl substituted amines is:
A NH3 > Me3N > MeNH2 > Me2NH
B Me3N > Me3NH > MeNH2 > NH3
C Me2NH > MeNH2 > Me3N > NH3
D Me2NH > Me3N > MeNH2 > NH3

The increasing order of basicity for the following intermediates is (from weak
to strong)
A (iii) < (i) < (ii) < (iv) < (v)
B (iii) < (iv) < (ii) < (i) < (v)
C (v) < (i) < (iv) < (ii) < (iii)
D (v) < (iii) < (ii) < (iv) < (i)

The increasing order of basicity for the following intermediates is (from weak
to strong)
A (iii) < (i) < (ii) < (iv) < (v)
B (iii) < (iv) < (ii) < (i) < (v)
C (v) < (i) < (iv) < (ii) < (iii)
D (v) < (iii) < (ii) < (iv) < (i)

Solution
Basicity is inversely proportional to electronegativity.

Aromaticity / Huckel's rule
Cyclic Planar Conjugated System

Aromatic
(4n + 2)𝜋 e-
Anti Conjugated System
Cyclic Planar
aromatic 4n𝜋e-
Non-Aromatic- Compounds which are neither aromatic nor antiaromatic
★ Π e- are loosely bonded electrons, lone pair(delocalised) are

also Π e-. Every double bond contributes 2 Π e-
Aromaticity / Huckel's rule
Cyclic Planar Conjugated System

Aromatic
(4n + 2)𝜋 e-
Anti Conjugated System
Cyclic Planar
aromatic 4n𝜋e-
(4n + 2)𝜋 e- in the ring. Where, (n = 0, 1, 2, 3...)

4n𝜋 e- in the ring. where (n = 1 2,3,...)
Stability order of compounds : Aromatic > non aromatic > Anti -

Aromatic
Exceptions to Aromaticity
Which of the following compounds is not aromatic?
A C
B D
Which of the following compounds is not aromatic?
A C
B D
A C
B D
A C
B D
Solution:
Which of the following is most stable?
A C
B D
Which of the following is most stable?
A C
B D
Solution:
JEE Final Revision : Organic Chemistry : Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons
Preparation of alkane
Decarboxylation of Salts of Carboxylic Acids

● Sodium salt of carboxylic acids undergo decarboxylation
when heated with soda lime.
CaO
R - COONa + NaOH R - H + Na2CO3
Δ
CaO
CH3 -COONa + NaOH Δ CH4 + Na2CO3
Decarboxylation of Salts of Carboxylic Acids

Mechanism :
Wurtz Reaction
● When alkyl halide reacts with sodium in presence of
dry ether then we get higher alkane.
● Mechanism of the reaction is based on ionic and
free radical both.
dry ether
R - X + 2 Na + X - R R - R + 2NaX
dry ether
CH3Cl + 2Na + ClCH3 CH3 - CH3 + 2 NaCl
Note: This reaction is not suitable for tertiary alkyl halides

Kolbe Electrolysis
● Alkanes can be prepared by the electrolysis of a concentrated
solution of sodium or potassium salt of carboxylic acid.
Halogenation
● A mixture of alkanes and chlorine remains unaffected in the
dark but a vigorous reaction. Occurs when it is exposed to
light or at a higher temperature.
Halogenations
Properties of Alkanes
Important Chapters

Preparation of alkene
From Alkynes
From Alkynes
Alkyne can be reduced to trans alkene by using
Na + NH3 or Li AlH4
Trans addition
D
Solution
Dehydrohalogenation of Alkyl Halide

● It is removal of H - X from alkyl halide where this
reaction is said to be β - elimination reaction.
● Reagent (i) Hot alcoholic solution of KOH (EtO- / EtOH
) (ii) NaNH2 (iii) t-BuO- K in t-BuOH.
Dehydrohalogenation of Alkyl Halide
2 - methyl -1 - butene 2-methyl-2-butene

(29%) (71%)
Question JEE Main 2023 - 29 January
D
Question JEE Main 2023 - 29 January
D
Solution
Question
D
Question
D
Solution
Halogenation
Halogenation
Mechanism :
● It is an electrophilic addition by molecular attack in
which the addition takes place in trans manner.
𝛅−
𝛅+
Hydrohalogenation
❖ Reaction with HX -
A hydrohalogenation reaction is the electrophilic addition of
hydrohalic acids like HCl or HBr to alkenes to yield the
corresponding haloalkanes.
Hydrohalogenation
❖ Markownikoff's Rule :
When an unsaturated unsymmetrical hydrocarbon reacts with
HX then halogen goes on that unsaturated carbon which has
minimum number of hydrogen atom.
X H
| |
HX
CH3 ー CH ＝ CH2 CH3 ー CH ー CH2
Anti Markovnikov's Rule

Question
A C
B D
Question
A C
B D
Solution
Ozonolysis
Reductive Ozonolysis Oxidative Ozonolysis
Products of reductive ozonolysis Products of oxidative ozonolysis are

are aldehydes and/or ketones carboxylic acids and/ore ketones
● In reductive ozonolysis, we add zinc which

reduces H2O2 to H2O and thus H2O2 is not
present to oxidise any aldehyde formed.
D
D
Solution
JEE Mains 2023
Question
Dehydrohalogenation
❖ Dehydrohalogenation of vic dihalides :
Vicinal dihalides having hydrogens on carbon gives
alkenes with strong base.
NaNH2/ △
R ー CH ー CH ー R RーC≡ CーR
| |
X X
Dehydrohalogenation
❖ From Gem Dihalides (Dehydrohalogenation) :
KOH +C2H5OH → C2H5O-K+ + H2O

Hydrogenation
Reduction with the help of B2H6
● Alkyne is first reacted with B2H6 and is followed by acidic

hydrolysis, cis alkene is obtained.
Addition of water to Alkynes

● Addition of water to alkynes is carried out in the
presence of acid and mercuric sulphate.
Addition of water to Alkynes

● Addition of water to alkynes is carried out in the
presence of acid and mercuric sulphate.
Preparation of Benzene
❖ Decarboxylation of Sodium Benzoate :
Heat
COONa + NaOH + Na2CO3
CaO
Red hot Fe tube

3C2H2 C6H6
Preparation of Benzene
❖ From Phenol :
OH + Zn + ZnO
❖ From Sulphonic Acid :
HCI
SO3H + H2O + H2SO4
Superheated steam
Substitution Reactions
Electrophiles
Cl+ N+O2 SO3 R+ R-C ≡ O+

(Chloronium ion) (Nitronium ion) (Sulphur trioxide) (Carbonium ion) (Acylium Ion)
❖ Halogenation :
Cold, dark FeCl3

+
+ Cl Cl + HCl
FeCl3 + Cl2 ⟶ FeCl4- + Cl+

Nitration
❖ Nitration :
● HNO3 alone is a weak nitrating agent whereas the mixture of

concentrated HNO3 and concentrated H2SO4 is strong nitrating
mixture.
● In this mixture HNO3 acts as base
Nitration
Mechanism
❖ Sulphonation :
Δ
+ H2SO4 SO3H + H2O
❖ Sulphonation :
❖ Introduction of alkyl and acyl groups in presence of Catalysts : AlCl3
FeCl3 SbCl3 (acting as Lewis acids) or protonating agents like HF,
H2SO4, H3PO4 etc. These are known as Friedel Craft reactions.
❖ Alkylation :
❖ Acylation :
+ R-COCl ⟶ COR + HCl

Acyl chloride
RCOCl + AlCl3 ⟶ R C + AlCl4-

+
Acylium ion is Electrophile
Question
Question JEE Main 2023 - 1 February
A A and B only
B A, C & D only
C B, C & D only
D C and D only
Question JEE Main 2023 - 1 February
A A and B only
B A, C & D only
C B, C & D only
D C and D only
Solution
Solution
Question JEE Main 2023 - 11 April

Solution
If compound contain plane of symmetry and contain even

number of chiral centres then
Number of optically active form = 2n–1
Number of meso form = 2 (n/2)–1
Total isomers = 2n–1 + 2(n/2)–1
JEE Final Revision : Organic Chemistry : Haloalkanes & Haloarenes
Haloalkanes & Haloarenes

Preparation of Haloalkanes
❏ From Alcohols:
❏ From Alkenes:
From Alkenes
Peroxide Absent Peroxide Present
2-Bromopropane 1-Bromopropane
Mark. Anti Mark.
Addition Addition
❏ Free Radical Halogenation of Alkanes
Question JEE Mains 2024

Correct
Answer
6
Solution
❏ Finkelstein Reaction: Alkyl Iodides are generally

prepared by this method
❏ Swarts Reaction: Alkyl Fluorides are generally

prepared by this method.
Preparation of Haloarenes
❏ From amines by Sandmeyer’s reaction
Replacement of the diazonium group by iodine does not

require the presence of cuprous halide and is done simply
by shaking the diazonium salt with potassium iodide.
1. Reaction with Metals
Preparation of Grignard Reagent (RMgX)
In the Grignard reagent, the carbon-magnesium bond is covalent

but highly polar, with carbon pulling electrons from electropositive
magnesium; the magnesium halogen bond is essentially ionic.
Wurtz Reaction
● Alkyl halides on treatment with Sodium metal in dry ether

(free from moisture) solution give higher Alkanes.
Wurtz Reaction
● Number of C-atoms in alkane is twice of the number of

C-atoms in Alkyl Halide.
2. Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions

In this reaction, a nucleophile reacts with a haloalkane and a
substitution reaction takes place and halogen atom (leaving
group) departs as halide ion.
Nucleophilic Substitution Reaction
SN2 Reaction SN1 Reaction

Ambident Nucleophile
● Nucleophiles that possess two nucleophilic centres
and are called ambident nucleophiles
Given below are two statements: one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the
other is labelled as Reason (R).
Assertion (A): Haloalkanes react with KCN to form alkyl cyanides as a
main product while with AgCN form isocyanide as the main product.
Reason (R): KCN and AgCN both are highly ionic compounds.
In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer
from the options given below:
A (A) is correct but (R.) is not correct
B Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation
of (A)
C (A) is not correct but (R) is correct
D Both (A) and (R) are correct but (R) is not the correct
explanation of (A)
Given below are two statements: one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the
other is labelled as Reason (R).
Assertion (A): Haloalkanes react with KCN to form alkyl cyanides as a
main product while with AgCN form isocyanide as the main product.
Reason (R): KCN and AgCN both are highly ionic compounds.
from the options given below:
A (A) is correct but (R.) is not correct
B Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation
of (A)
C (A) is not correct but (R) is correct
D Both (A) and (R) are correct but (R) is not the correct
explanation of (A)
Solution
Mechanism of SN2 Reaction


● As the reaction progresses and the bond between the incoming Nu and the ‘C’
atom start forming, the bond between carbon atom and LG weakens.
● The attack only takes place from the backside of the Leaving Group.
● In case of halides, Iodide ion is a better leaving group than Fluoride ion.
● Polar aprotic solvent generally favour SN2 reactions such as

acetone,DMSO etc.

Substitution Nucleophilic Unimolecular (SN1)
● Follows 1st order Kinetics

● Rate of reaction only depends upon substrate i.e
Haloalkanes
Rate of reaction ∝ [Substrate]
● This reaction is carried out in polar protic solvents

such as water, alcohol, acetic acid etc.
● Reaction follows 2 step mechanism.
● Formation of Transition state is the slowest step or
rate determining step.
Substitution Nucleophilic Unimolecular (SN1)
● Order of reactivity of alkyl halide :

1° Alkyl halide < 2° Alkyl halide < 3° Alkyl halide
Comparing SN1 and SN2 Reaction

Related Concepts SN1 Reaction SN2 Reaction
Rate law Unimolecular Bimolecular
Haloalkane reactivity 3o > 2 o > 1 o 3o < 2 o < 1 o
Solvent Polar solvent Polar aprotic solvent

(protic solvent)
Stereochemistry Racemic mixture Inversion
Nucleophile Weak Strong

A (B) and (C) only C (B) only
B (A), (B) and (D) only D A) and (B) only

A (B) and (C) only C (B) only
B (A), (B) and (D) only D A) and (B) only

Solution
The correct statement regarding nucleophilic substitution reaction in

a chiral alkyl halide is;
A Retention occurs in SN1 reaction and inversion occurs in SN2

reaction.
B Racemisation occurs in SN1 reaction and retention occurs in

SN2 reaction
C Racemisation occurs in both SN1 and SN2 reactions
D Racemisation occurs in SN1 reaction and inversion occurs in

SN2 reaction.
The correct statement regarding nucleophilic substitution reaction in

a chiral alkyl halide is;
A Retention occurs in SN1 reaction and inversion occurs in SN2

reaction.
B Racemisation occurs in SN1 reaction and retention occurs in

SN2 reaction
C Racemisation occurs in both SN1 and SN2 reactions
D Racemisation occurs in SN1 reaction and inversion occurs in

SN2 reaction.
Solution
3. Elimination Reaction
Introduction
● It involves removal of the two groups, generally one being a
proton and other being leaving group to form an unsaturated
compound.
● Leaving group X⊝ = I⊝, Br⊝, Cl⊝, ⊝OTs etc.
Elimination Reaction
For Example:
Elimination Reaction
Saytzeff Rule
Elimination Vs Substitution
Which route will be taken up depends upon
Nature of alkyl Strength and size Reaction conditions

halide of
base/nucleophile
Elimination Vs Substitution
● A bulkier Nucleophile will prefer to act as a base and

abstracts a proton rather than approach a tetravalent ‘C’
atom (steric reasons) and vice versa.
● A primary alkyl halide will prefer a SN2 reaction, a

secondary halide- SN2 or elimination depending upon
the strength of base/nucleophile.
● A tertiary halide- SN1 or elimination depending upon the

stability of carbocation or the more substituted alkene.
D
D
Solution
Reactions of Haloarenes
Reactions of Haloarenes
Nucleophilic Electrophilic Reactions with

Nu Substitution Substitution Metals
Replacement of Halogenation Wurtz-Fittig Reaction

halogen by -OH
Group Nitration
Fittig
Sulphonation Reaction
Friedel Craft Alkylation
Friedel Craft Acylation

Given below are two statements: one is labelled as Assertion A and the
other is labelled as Reason R:
Assertion A: Aryl halides cannot be prepared by replacement of hydroxyl
group of phenol by halogen atom.
Reason R: Phenols react with halogen acids violently.
In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate from
the options given below:
A A is true but R is false
B Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
C A is false but R is true
D Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

Given below are two statements: one is labelled as Assertion A and the
other is labelled as Reason R:
Assertion A: Aryl halides cannot be prepared by replacement of hydroxyl
group of phenol by halogen atom.
Reason R: Phenols react with halogen acids violently.
In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate from
the options given below:
A A is true but R is false
B Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
C A is false but R is true
D Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

Solution
Replacement of Halogen by hydroxyl group
❏ Dow’s Process

In the presence of e- withdrawing group (NO2)
In the presence of e- withdrawing group (NO2)
● The presence of an electron withdrawing group (-NO2 ) at ortho-

and para-positions increases the reactivity of
haloarenes.However,no effect is observed in reactivity when
electron withdrawing group is at meta position.
A C
B D
A C
B D
Solution
2. Electrophilic Substitution Reactions of Haloarenes
Electrophilic aromatic substitution : Reaction in which an

atom that is attached to an aromatic system (usually
hydrogen) is replaced by an electrophile.
Electrophilic Substitution Reactions of Haloarenes
● Haloarenes undergo the usual electrophilic

reactions of the benzene ring such as :
Halogenation
Nitration
Sulphonation
Friedel - Crafts reactions

Halogenation Reaction
Nitration Reaction
Sulphonation Reaction
Friedel Craft Alkylation

Friedel Craft Acylation

Reaction with metals


Correct
Answer
10
Solution
JEE Final Revision : Organic Chemistry : Alcohols, Phenols, Ethers
Alcohols, Phenols, Ethers

Preparation of alcohol
From Alkenes
(ii) Oxymercuration-Demercuration
Addition-accordance with Markovnikov's rule without any

rearrangement
From Alkenes
(iii) Hydroboration - Oxidation of alkenes
D
D
Solution
From Reactions involving Grignard reagent
Preparations of Diols:- (Cold , dil alkaline KMnO4 , Baeyer’s Reagent)
From Alkenes
Preparations of Diols:- (OsO4, H2O2)
From Alkenes
Syn addition
A C
B D
A C
B D
Solution
A
C
B
D
A
C
B
D
Solution
Oxidation of alcohol
Strong oxidising agent
Acidic K2Cr2O7
Alkaline KMnO4
Jones reagent
CrO3
aq. H2SO4
acetone
Oxidation of alcohol
PCC / PDC
D
Question
D
Solution
JEE Main 2024
Question
D
JEE Main 2024
Question
D
Solution
Preparation of Phenol
Preparation of Phenol
A C
B D
A C
B D
Solution
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution
Bromination
● The - OH group is ortho and para directing.
● Phenol activates the benzene nucleus towards electrophilic

substitution reactions at ortho and para-positions.
● When the reaction is carried out in solvents of low polarity

such as CHCl3 or CS2 and at low temperature, monobromo
phenols are formed
Br2 in CS2
273 K
Minor
Major
A C
B D
A C
B D
Solution
Reaction of benzene ring
Nitration
● Phenol activates the benzene nucleus towards electrophilic

substitution reactions at ortho and para-positions.
● With dilute nitric acid at low temperature (298 K), yields a

mixture of ortho and para nitrophenols.
Dilute HNO3
o-Nitrophenol
p-Nitrophenol
Nitration
Ortho and para isomer can be separated by steam distillation
Nitration of phenol
O - Nitrophenol P - Nitrophenol
Intramolecular H - bonding Intermolecular H - bonding
less volatile
Steam volatile High boiling point
Low boiling point
Nitration
● Reaction with concentrated nitric acid.
● Phenol is converted to 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (picric acid)

Kolbe’s Reaction
● Reaction of sodium phenoxide with carbon dioxide (weak

electrophile)
● At 130-140°C under pressure of (4-7) atmospheres

followed by acid hydrolysis, salicylic acid
(o-Hydroxybenzoic acid) is formed.
Reimer - Tiemann Reaction
Reimer - Tiemann reaction
● Reaction of phenol with chloroform in the presence of sodium

hydroxide.
● A –CHO group is introduced at ortho position of benzene ring.

A C
B D
A C
B D
Solution
D
D
Preparation of ether
Dehydration of alcohol
Williamson synthesis
Williamson synthesis
A C
B D
Question
A
C
B D
Question
A
C
B D
Solution
A B
C D
A B
C D
Solution
D
Question
D
Solution
OH
A B
C D
A B
C D
D
D
Solution
Important Chapters

JEE Final Revision : Organic Chemistry : Aldehydes, Ketones & Carboxylic Acids
Aldehydes, Ketones & Carboxylic Acids

Preparation of aldehyde & ketone
Etard reaction
Gatterman – Koch reaction

From nitriles
Reactions of aldehyde and ketone


Maha Revision : CHEMISTRY : GOC
Oxidation reaction
Iodoform Test
Compounds that Give Positive Iodoform Test
Aldol condensation
● Condition : Aldehydes and Ketones containing ∝–H’s
shows this reaction.
● Reagents used are : 10% NaOH, KOH, Ba(OH)2, K2CO3
etc.
Aldol condensation
Mechanism of Aldol Condensation
Aldol condensation
Cross Aldol Condensation :
● On using two types of carbonyl compounds both having α-hydrogen
atoms we get a mixture of four condensed product.
Cannizzaro’s reaction
● Condition : It is the Characteristic reaction of a Carbonyl

compound which do not contain α–H.
● Reagent used : Conc. NaOH/ KOH OR 50% NaOH / KOH
Cannizzaro’s reaction
Mechanism
Reactions of carboxylic acid
Reduction reaction :
To Alkanes : Red P + HI
To Alcohols : (a) LiAlH4 , (b) B2H6 (selective)
Reduces –COOH group but does not affect other functional groups such
as ester, nitro, halo group etc

Decarboxylation reaction :
Decarboxylation reaction : Kolbe’s Electrolysis

An aqueous solution of sodium or potassium salts of carboxylic acids on
electrolysis gives alkane containing even no. of carbon atoms at anode.
Conversion to carboxylic acid derivative :
Identify A and B in the

following sequence of
reaction
A C
B D
Identify A and B in the

following sequence of
reaction
A C
B D
Solution:

D
D
Solution:
Identify major
product 'P' formed
in the following
reaction.
A C
B D
Identify major
product 'P' formed
in the following
reaction.
A C
B D
Solution:
Identify the
name
reaction:-
A Stephen Reaction
B Etard Reaction
C Gatterman - Koch Reaction
D Rosenmund Reduction
Identify the
name
reaction:-
A Stephen Reaction
B Etard Reaction
C Gatterman - Koch Reaction
D Rosenmund Reduction
Solution:
A C
B D
A C
B D
Solution:
This reduction
reaction is known
as:
A Wolff-Kishner reduction
B Etard reduction
C Stephen reduction
D Rosenmund reduction
This reduction
reaction is known
as:
A Wolff-Kishner reduction
B Etard reduction
C Stephen reduction
D Rosenmund reduction
Solution:
A C
B D
A C
B D
Identify the reagents

used for the following
conversion
D
Identify the reagents

used for the following
conversion
D
Solution:
The molecular formula of second homologue in the homologous

series of mono carboxylic acids is
D
The molecular formula of second homologue in the homologous

series of mono carboxylic acids is
D
Solution:
JEE Final Revision : Organic Chemistry : Amines
Amines
Preparation of Amines
Hoffmann Ammonolysis of Alkyl Halides
This process of cleavage of the C–X bond by ammonia molecule is known

as ammonolysis.
Reduction of Nitriles
H2/Ni Or LiAlH4
CH3-C≡N CH3CH2-NH2
Na/C2H5OH
Acetonitrile Ethylamine
Red with Na/C2H5OH is called

Mendius Reduction
Reduction of Amides
Amide Amine
Gabriel Phthalimide Synthesis

Hoffmann Bromamide Degradation

“To prepare 1° Amines”
Amide
1° Amine Sodium Carbonate Sodium Bromide

Chemical Reactions of Amines
Carbylamine Reaction:
“Given by 1o Aliphatic & Aromatic Amines”
To distinguish 1°, 2° & 3° Amines

Benzene Sulphonyl
chloride
1° R-NH2 2° R2-NH 3° R3-N
R R
R
N-Alkyl benzene
N,N-Dialkyl benzene
sulphonamide sulphonamide
Soluble in NaOH Insoluble in NaOH
Bromination
Bromination
“ To form para product”

Nitration
Nitration
“ To form para product”

Sulphonation
Friedel Crafts Rxn
“Due to salt
formation
N becomes highly
deactivating”
Chemical Reactions of Amines
Reaction with Nitrous Acid:

“For 1° Aromatic Amines”
A Both Statement I and Statement II are correct
B Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect
C Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect
D Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct

B Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect
D Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct

Solution:
Given below are two statements :

Statement (I): Aminobenzene and aniline are same organic compounds.
Statement (II): Aminobenzene and aniline are different organic compounds.
from the options given below :
B Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct
D Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect

Given below are two statements :

Statement (I): Aminobenzene and aniline are same organic compounds.
Statement (II): Aminobenzene and aniline are different organic compounds.
from the options given below :
B Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct
D Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect

Solution:
A C
B D
A C
B D
Solution:
A Both statement I and statement II are true
B Statement I is true but statement II is false
C Statement I is false but statement II is true
D Both statement I and statement II are false

A Both statement I and statement II are true
B Statement I is true but statement II is false
C Statement I is false but statement II is true
D Both statement I and statement II are false

Solution:
C
A
B D
C
A
B D
Solution:
A
C
B D
A
C
B D
Solution:
D
D
Solution:
the arenium ion which is not involved in the bromination of Aniline

is ________.
A
C
B D
the arenium ion which is not involved in the bromination of Aniline

is ________.
A
C
B D
Solution:
Important Chapters

Maha Revision
Maha
: Chemistry
Revision :: Aldehydes,
Chemistry :Ketones
Biomolecules
& Carboxylic Acids
Maha
Maha Revision
Revision :: Organic
CHEMISTRY
Chemistry
: GOC

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Priority Order for Selection of Principal Chain

The IUPAC name of the compound

D 2, 3-dimethyl pentanoyl chloride

The IUPAC name of the compound

D 2, 3-dimethyl pentanoyl chloride

Question JEE Main 2024

Question JEE Main 2024

Question JEE Main 2022

The correct IUPAC name of the

Question JEE Main 2022

The correct IUPAC name of the

IUPAC Nomenclature-Cyclic Cmpds

Structural isomerism Stereo isomerism

CnH2n Alkene, cycloalkane

CnH2n - 2 Alkynes, cycloalkenes, dienes (conjugated, cumulated,

CnH2nO Aldehyde, Ketones, Unsaturated alcohols, Cyclic Ether

CnH2nO2 Carboxylic Acids, Esters, Hydroxy Aldehydes, Hydroxy

For eg: C3H6

➔ Both (I) and (II) are isomers known as tautomers.

Conditions for Tautomerism :

Priority Order of Structural Isomers

Question JEE Main 2021

Which of the following pairs of isomers is an example of

Question JEE Main 2021

Which of the following pairs of isomers is an example of

GOC - Structural Isomerism

Question JEE Main 2017

In the following structure, the double

Question JEE Main 2017

In the following structure, the double

Question JEE Main 2024

Question JEE Main 2024

Question JEE Main 2020

Which of the following compounds shows geometrical isomerism?

Question JEE Main 2020

Which of the following compounds shows geometrical isomerism?

Condition of Optical Isomerism

Question JEE Main 2020

Number of Optical Isomers

If compound does not contain plane of symmetry, then

Number of Optical Isomers

If compound contain plane of symmetry and contain even number of

Number of Optical Isomers

If compound contain plane of symmetry, and contain odd number of

Number of optically active form = 2(n –1) – 2(n–1)/2

Question JEE Main 2024

The incorrect statement regarding conformations of ethane is:

A The dihedral angle in staggered conformation is 60°.

B Ethane has infinite number of conformations.

C Eclipsed conformation is the most stable conformation.

The conformations of ethane are inter-convertible to

Question JEE Main 2024

The incorrect statement regarding conformations of ethane is:

A The dihedral angle in staggered conformation is 60°.

B Ethane has infinite number of conformations.

C Eclipsed conformation is the most stable conformation.

The conformations of ethane are inter-convertible to

Question JEE Main 2021

Arrange the following

A II < III < IV < I

B I < IV < III < II