MSA Explained - 2021 Guide

23/10/21 12:07 MSA Explained: 2021 Guide
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MSA Explained: 2021 Guide

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17 Jun 2021 by Jimmy Nguyen
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What is Measurement Systems Analysis (MSA)?

MSA stands for Measurement Systems Analysis.
In the manufacturing industry, variability within product and process is inevitable.
The role of manufacturing quality ensures product and process conform to
specifications and that any variability falls within the acceptable tolerances through
measurement and data collection.
But how reliable is your measurement?
https://www.capvidia.com/blog/msa-guide 1/15
What if the measurement equipment (gage) is inaccurate or not calibrated correctly?

What if the operator carrying out the work is inconsistent? What if there’s a big
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difference in measurement values between two operators for the same part?
Then all measurements and data would be flawed leading to a flawed process and
flawed product.
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MSA is a detailed statistically-based evaluation on the reliability of the entire

measurement system leading to process and product improvement.
Measurement Systems Analysis details three crucial tasks:
1. Determines how much variation exists within the measurement process. How
much is measurement error?
2. Understanding customer requirements.
3. Validates the accuracy and consistency of the measurement system.
MSA is part of the five Core Tools for effective quality management with APQP,
PPAP, FMEA, and SPC being the other core tools.
Measurement System consists of the following:

1. Equipment and tools: Gages, testing instruments, etc.
2. Operator: Training, assumption, fatigue, etc.
3. Standard operating procedure.
4. Environment.
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Why is MSA important?
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MSA looks for the classic case of garbage in, garbage out.
Accurate measurements lead to accurate data lead to the best possible decisions for
designing and manufacturing a product.
However, faulty measurements lead to faulty data lead to poor decisions for
designing and manufacturing a product.
The results?
Expensive scrap, rework, defects, retesting, and recalls, which is known to be 29X
more expensive for corrective action in the operations phase compared to planning
phase.
Quality decisions come from quality data.
MSA confirms the integrity of your measurement systems.
5 Benefits of MSA:
1. Prevents For Want of a Nail or GIGO situation.
2. Identifies and reduces measurement errors.
3. Improves process reliability, quality, and safety.

4. Better data to make better decisions. CONTACT US
5. Better customer satisfaction.
When is MSA necessary? ×

Ask The MBD
MSA is necessary anytime measurements areExperts Q&A: From
used to assess product quality and
quantity. Design to Manufacturing [On-
Demand Webinar]
How MSA process works. Watch Now
The MSA confirms the fidelity of measurement variation.

Measurement variation is defined by accuracy and precision.
Accuracy
Accuracy is the average measurement close to a reference value (master sample).
Accuracy includes:
1. Stability: accuracy over time.
2. Linearity: accuracy throughout the measurement range.
3. Resolution/Discrimination: accuracy with varying levels of detail.
4. Bias: difference between observed value and reference value.

Let's use a bathroom scale as an example. CONTACT US
Stability: Assuming your body weight remains the same, will the reading be the same
today as it will be tomorrow or a week from now?
Linearity: Assuming heavier or lighter family members weighed themselves, would
the measurement scale appropriately?
Resolution: How detailed is the measurement from a mechanical scale vs a digital
×
scale?
Bias: What if the scale’s resting point starts
Design out at 5 pounds[On-
to Manufacturing instead of 0?
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Precision
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Precision is a consistent measurement each time or the closeness of two or more
measurements to each other.
Precision includes:
1. Repeatability: Getting the same measurements using the same tool, same
part, and same person.
2. Reproducibility: Getting the same measurements using the same tool, same
part, but different person.
Let’s use a cooking recipe in this example.
Repeatability: Could the same person use the same recipe and the same equipment
produce a consistent dish repeatedly?
Reproducibility: Could a different person take that the same recipe and same
equipment and produce that same dish repeatedly?
Gage Studies
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Gage studies are MSA tools used to understand measurement uncertainty due to
possible errors in measuring accuracy and precision.
Type 1 Gage (Accuracy)
A Type 1 Gage study identifies any deficiencies in the measurement system.

One operator measures a reference part multiple times, usually over 50. The mean of
all measurements is then subtracted from the reference part’s value producing the
bias.
If measurements fall outside the acceptable tolerance range, then there may be a
problem with gage accuracy.
Gage R&R (Precision)
A Gage R&R (Repeatability & Reproducibility) study estimates the combined

variation caused by repeatability and reproducibility errors.
It determines two important aspects: how much variation is due to equipment (gage
variability) and how much variation is due to personnel (operator variability).
The end results are calibration or replacements to gages and measurement tools and
updated training and procedures for operators.
There are two types of Gage R&R studies: Gage R&R for variable data (infinite values)
and Gage R&R for attribute data (specific values).
Here are the recommended conditions for both:

Recommended Gage R&R study for variable data: CONTACT US
1. Number of operators (appraisers): Minimum 2. Recommended 3 or 4.

2. Number of parts: Minimum 10.
3. Number of trials: Minimum 2. Recommended 3.
4. Total measurements: 90.
5. To be measured in random order. ×
6. Operators should not be Ask
aware of measured
The value
MBD Experts whileFrom
Q&A: measuring same part
again to avoid knowledgeDesign
bias. to Manufacturing [On-
7. Operators should use theDemand Webinar]
same method for measurement.
Recommended Gage R&R Study for attributeWatch
data:Now
1. Number of operators (appraisers): Minimum 2. Recommended 3.

2. Number of parts: Minimum 30. Recommended 50.
3. Evaluate all parts by Expert Operator for correct decisions.
4. Each operator should assess (pass, fail) all the parts 3 times independently
and in random order.
5. Record results.
6. Calculate scores for Effectiveness, Miss Rate, False Alarm and Kappa.
Effectiveness: number of correct decisions
Miss Rate: reject part evaluated as pass by Operator
False Alarm: Pass part evaluated as rejected by Operator
Kappa: Level of agreement between two operators rating the same data.
The Gage R&R study results in a score to be compared against the reference value
produced by the master sample.
Below are the guidelines for judging acceptability.
Acceptable criteria for Gage R&R Study for variable data:
1. Less than 10%: Acceptable.

2. 10 to 30%: May be acceptable depending on relative importance.
3. More than 30%: Unacceptable.
Acceptable criteria for Gage R&R Study for attribute data:
Decision for Operator Effectiveness Miss Rate False Alarm

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Acceptable ≥90% ≤ 2% ≤ 5%
Minimally acceptable but needs
≥80% ≤5% ≤10%
improvement
Unacceptable ≤80% ≥5% ≥10%
Kappa Value ≥75%
×
Typically, if a repeatability value is more considerable compared to the reproducibility
value, then it’s possibly a gage error.
Ask TheIf the
MBD reproducibility
Experts Q&A: value is more substantial
From
compared to the repeatabilityDesign to Manufacturing
value, then [On- error.
it’s most likely operator
Demand Webinar]
Possible Causes of Measurement System

Watch Now Error
Stability:
1. Instrument needs calibration.

2. Worn instrument, equipment or fixture.
3. Normal aging or obsolescence.
4. Poor maintenance: air, power, hydraulic, etc.
5. Worn or damaged master, error in master.
6. Improper calibration or use of setting master.
7. Poor quality instrument: design or conformance.
8. Different measurement method.
9. Distortion (gage or part).
10. Environment: temperature, humidity, vibration, cleanliness, etc.
11. Violation of an assumption, error in applied constant.
12. Application: part size, position, operator skill, fatigue, observation error
(stability, parallax).
Linearity:
1. Instrument needs calibration.

3. Poor maintenance: air, power, hydraulic, etc.
6. Poor quality instrument: design or conformance.

7. Instrument design or method lacks robustness. CONTACT US
8. Wrong gage for application.

10. Distortion (gage or part) changes with part size.
11. Environment: temperature, humidity, vibration, and cleanliness.
12. Violation of an assumption, error in applied constant. ×
13. Application: part size, position,
Ask The operator skill, fatigue,
MBD Experts Q&A: observation
From error
(readability, parallax). Design to Manufacturing [On-
Bias: Demand Webinar]
1. Instrument needs calibration. Watch Now

5. Poor quality instrument – design or conformance.
6. Linearity error.
9. Measuring wrong characteristic.
10. Distortion (gage or part).
11. Environment: temperature, humidity, vibration, and cleanliness.
12. Violation of an assumption, error in applied constant.
13. Application: part size, position, operator skill, fatigue, observation error
(readability, parallax).
Repeatability:
1. Within-part (sample): form, position, surface, finish, taper, sample

consistency.
2. Within-instrument: repair, wear, equipment or fixture failure, poor quality or
maintenance.
3. Within-standard: quality, class, wear.
4. Within-method: technique, position, lack of experience, manipulation skill or
training, feel, fatigue.
5. Within-environment: short-cycle, fluctuations in temperature, humidity,

vibration, lighting, cleanliness. CONTACT US
6. Violation of an assumption: stable, proper operation

7. Instrument design or method lacks robustness, poor uniformity.
9. Distortion (gage or part), lack of rigidity
10. Application: Part, size, position, observation error (readability, parallax)
×
Reproducibility:
1. Between-parts (sample):Design
averagetodifference
Manufacturing [On-
when measuring types of parts
Demand
A, B, C, etc., using the same Webinar]
instrument, operators, and method.
2. Between-instruments: average difference using instruments A, B, C, etc., for
Watch Now
same parts, operators, environment.
3. Between-standards: average influence of different setting stands in the
measuring process.
4. Between-methods: average difference caused by changing point densities,
manual versus automated systems, zeroing, holding or clamping methods,
etc.
5. Between-operators: average difference between operators A, B, C, etc.,
caused by training, technique, skill, and experience.
6. Between-environment: average difference in measurements over time 1,2,3
etc. Caused by environmental cycles; this is the most common study for
highly automated systems in product and process qualifications.
7. Violation of an assumption in the study.
8. Instrument design or method lacks robustness.
9. Operator training effectiveness.
10. Application: part size, position, observation error (readability, parallax).
Source: Measurement Systems Analysis 4th Edition by AIAG (Automotive Industry
Action Group)
Future of MSA workflows

MSA produces valuable data for immediate but also long-term improvements.
Most data is viewed as pass/fail and often discarded despite an era in which digital is
king and data is the new oil.
A model-based definition (MBD) introduces data back into the ecosystem for
improved designs, improved parts, and improved operations done quicker, cheaper,
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and more efficiently.
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MBD is a growing industry practice of having the 3D CAD model be the “single
source of truth.”
This means the CAD model along with semantic product and manufacturing
information (PMI) can drive the MSA, APQP, PPAP, and SPC reports along with
containing GD&T, bill of materials, notes, engineering change orders etc. for an
improved method of inspection generation and other manual processes that can be
automated.
The power of MBD-based approach is the human and machine readability
factor allowing for interoperability between machines and software with less
reliance on human process and interpretation.
MBD Benefits:
1. Automated: No need for human transcription or interpretation.
2. Build and optimize a reliable and repeatable process.
3. Data mapped back to the single source of truth.
4. Start of the digital transformation from design to manufacturing.
5. Valuable data to mined for analytics and business insights.
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Pundit: Measurement Uncertainty Simulation
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Gage R&R alone isn't enough for a complete MSA, because it is possible to have
results that are repeatedly and reproducibly incorrect aka the data looks "good."
Measurement bias must also be included to ensure the accuracy of the
measurement system.
Pundit captures both repeatability and bias measurements to limit the risks and also
the financial impact of parts that meet spec but do not work of fit.
What Pundit does:
1. Reduce measurement uncertainty and improve process control.
2. Calculate task-specific measurement uncertainties for CMM measurements.
3. Capture measurement repeatbility and bias.
4. Not reliant on any physical part, provides quick insights before cutting metal.
5. Pay with different measurement strategies in order to achieve lower
measurement uncertainties.
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Pundit: Smart CMM Inspection Simulation Software.
Learn More: Pundit ×

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Have other questions about measurement uncertainty?
Contact Us
Contact us and we'll glad to help answer questions about MSA and preventing
measurement errors.
Additional Reading
APQP Guide
PPAP Guide
FMEA Guide
MBD Guide
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23/10/21 12:07 MSA Explained: 2021 Guide

MSA Explained: 2021 Guide

What is Measurement Systems Analysis (MSA)?

What if the measurement equipment (gage) is inaccurate or not calibrated correctly?

MSA is a detailed statistically-based evaluation on the reliability of the entire

Measurement System consists of the following:

Why is MSA important?

3. Improves process reliability, quality, and safety.

5. Better customer satisfaction.

When is MSA necessary? ×

How MSA process works. Watch Now

The MSA confirms the fidelity of measurement variation.

4. Bias: difference between observed value and reference value.

Type 1 Gage (Accuracy)

A Type 1 Gage study identifies any deficiencies in the measurement system.

Gage R&R (Precision)

A Gage R&R (Repeatability & Reproducibility) study estimates the combined

Here are the recommended conditions for both:

1. Number of operators (appraisers): Minimum 2. Recommended 3 or 4.

1. Number of operators (appraisers): Minimum 2. Recommended 3.

1. Less than 10%: Acceptable.

Decision for Operator Effectiveness Miss Rate False Alarm

Possible Causes of Measurement System

1. Instrument needs calibration.

1. Instrument needs calibration.

6. Poor quality instrument: design or conformance.

8. Wrong gage for application.

1. Instrument needs calibration. Watch Now

1. Within-part (sample): form, position, surface, finish, taper, sample

5. Within-environment: short-cycle, fluctuations in temperature, humidity,

6. Violation of an assumption: stable, proper operation

Future of MSA workflows

Pundit: Measurement Uncertainty Simulation

Pundit: Smart CMM Inspection Simulation Software.

Learn More: Pundit ×

Have other questions about measurement uncertainty?

← Back to news list

FULL NAME* EMAIL*

SUBMIT COMMENT Watch Now

Share this article

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© 2021 Capvidia. All rights

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