MATHEMATICS NOTE FOR GRADE 10

ADAMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY SPECIAL SCHOOL

GRADE 10 MATHEMATICS PRACTICE QUESTIONS
THIS PAPER CONTAINS MATHEMATICS SHORT NOTE FOR GRADE 10 ON SEVEN

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Unit Seven: Measurement (Solid Geometry)

PREPARED BY: YOHANNES MEGERSA

BY: YOHANNES MEGERSA ASTU SPECIAL SCHOOL

 MATHEMATICS NOTE FOR GRADE 10
Unit 7 Measurement
Unit Outcomes: After completing this unit, you should be able to:
 Solve problems involving surface area and volume of solid figures.
 Know basic facts about frustums of cones and pyramids
Main Contents
 Revision on Surface Areas and Volumes of Prisms and Cylinders.
 Pyramids, Cones and Spheres
 Frustums of Pyramids and Cones
 Surface Areas and Volumes of Composite Solids
INTRODUCTION
We know that plane Geometry (sometimes called Euclidian Geometry) is a branch of Geometry which
deals about the properties of flat surfaces and plane figures, such as polygons, circles and so on.
Geometrical figures that have three dimensions (length, width and height) are called solid figures. For
example prisms, cylinders, cones, pyramids, spheres, hemispheres etc. These solid figures have a
volume. A branch of Geometry which deals about the surface areas and volume of these solid figures is
called Solid Geometry. In this unit you will learn more about surface areas and volumes of solid figures.
You will also study about surface areas and volumes of composed solids and frustums of pyramids and
cones.
7.1. Revision on surface areas and volumes of prisms and cylinders
Competency
After completing this sub-unit, students will be able to:
• apply the formula for calculating surface area and volume of prism and cylinder.
A. Prism: is a solid object with identical ends, flat faces, and the same cross-sectional along its length.
 A cross-section is a shape made by cutting straight across the object
 It is a polyhedron, which means all faces are flat
 The side face of a prism is a parallelogram (for sided shapes with opposite sides are parallel).
 A prism is a solid figure which is bounded by two congruent polygons called the bases (upper
and lower bases).
 A prism is named by its bases (Triangular prism, rectangular prism, pentagonal prism).
 If the lateral faces are perpendicular to the bases, then the prism is called a Right-prism. (The
lateral faces are rectangles).
 If the lateral faces are not perpendicular to the bases, then the prism is called an Oblique
prism. (The lateral faces are parallelograms).
 The perpendicular distance, between the planes containing the bases is called Altitude of the prism.
 The union of the lateral faces and bases is called total surface (or surface)
Note: Upper base
a. In a prism
 Lateral edges are equal and parallel
 Lateral faces are parallelograms Lateral edge
b. In right prism
 Altitude is equal to lateral edges and perpendicular to bases. Lateral face
 Lateral faces are rectangles.
c. In oblique prisms
 Altitude is shorter than lateral edges Lower base
Base edge
d. A right prism with bases of regular polygon is called Regular prism
e. A right square prism whose altitude equals to length of edge of bases is called a Cube.
f. If bases are n-sided polygon prism then the prism has 3n edges and 2n vertices.
Surface area and Volume of Prisms
For a prism if its height = h Total surface area = AT Base Perimeter = p and
Lateral surface area = AL Base area = AB Volume = V, then
 The lateral surface area- the sum of the area of lateral face (AL) = (perimeter) x (height) = ph
 Total surface area- the sum of lateral surface and the two bases (AT)= ph+2AB
 Volume- the product of base area and height (v)= ABh

BY: YOHANNES MEGERSA ASTU SPECIAL SCHOOL

 MATHEMATICS NOTE FOR GRADE 10
Cylinders:
It is a circular flat base and a flat top.
The lower is the same as the top base h
From the base to the top the shapes stays the same.
It is one curved side
It is not a polyhedron as it has a curved surface r
Note:
 Circular cylinder: If the base of the cylinder is circular region then it is called circular cylinder
 Right cylinder: if the line joins the two planes (directrix of the cylinder) is perpendicular to the planes of
the bases, then it is called right cylinder.
 Right circular cylinder: A circular cylinder which is right.
 Oblique cylinder: A cylinder which is not right is called oblique cylinder.
Surface area and Volume of cylinder:
 The lateral surface area- the product of circumference of the base and the height (AL) =
 The total surface area- the sum of the lateral surface area and the two bases (AT)=
 Volume- the product of base area and height
Example: 6
a. Find the total surface area and volume of the following prism.
b. The base of a right prism is an equilateral triangle of length 3 cm and 7
its lateral surfaces are rectangular regions. If its altitude is 8 cm, 1
14 6
Then find: the total surface area of the prism and the volume of the prism.
c. The radius of the base of a right circular cylinder is 2 cm and its altitude is 3 cm. Find the area of its lateral surface,
the total surface area and the volume.
d. A circular hole of radius 5 cm is drilled through the Centre of a right circular cylinder whose base has radius 6 cm
and whose altitude is 8 cm. Find the total surface area and volume of the resulting solid figure.
e. If an equilateral triangle of radius 4 unit is drilled through the center of a right circular cylinder of radius of
base 4 units and height of 6 units, then find and of the resulting.
Solution:
a. Taking the base of the prism to be, as shown shaded in the following figure, we have:
Sq. units
Sq. units
Sq. units
Cub. Units
√ √
b. ( ) ( ) ( √ ) .
√ √ √
√ .
c. The radius of cylinder r=
Sq. cm
.
.
d. Let the figure the following is represent the given problem.

Volume of the resulting solid is given as:

Volume of a larger cylinder-volume of smaller cylinder Fig.Problem for d

e. √ Sq. units (how show it)

√ (How show it) Fig.Problem for e
AT & V------- Exercise
Exercise: A cylinder of base area 225cm2 and height 15cm has the same volume as a cube. What is AT of
the cube?

BY: YOHANNES MEGERSA ASTU SPECIAL SCHOOL

 MATHEMATICS NOTE FOR GRADE 10
7.2.Pyramids, cones and spheres
Competencies
At the end of this sub-unit, students will be able to:
 Calculate the surface area of a given pyramid or a cone.
 Calculate the volume of a given pyramid or a cone.
 Calculate the surface area of a given sphere.
 Calculate the volume of a given sphere.
A. Pyramids:
 Pyramid is a solid figure formed when each vertex of a polygon is joined to the
same point not in the plane of the polygon.
Slant height Height  The altitude of a pyramid is the length of the perpendicular from the vertex to the
plane containing the base.
 The slant height of a regular pyramid is the altitude of any of its lateral faces.
 A regular pyramid is a pyramid whose base is a regular polygon and whose
altitude pass through the center of the base and the apex (vertex) of the
pyramid equidistant from each vertex of pyramid.
 If the base of the pyramid is a triangular region, it is called a tetrahedron.
 Quadrangular pyramid: A pyramid with base a quadrilateral.
Surface area and volume of pyramid:
AB =The area of the base
AL= The area of the triangular lateral faces , is the slant height.
AT = Total surface area the sum of lateral face area and base area
V = Volume of the pyramid is given as
Example:
a. An edge of a right square pyramid is 6cm long, if the length of the slant height is 5cm, then find the area of its
lateral surface, the total surface area and the volume.
b. The volume of a pyramid is . The pyramid has a rectangular base with sides 6 cm by 4 cm. Find the altitude
and lateral surface area of the pyramid if the pyramid has equal lateral edges.
c. Exercise 1: Find the altitude h AL and AT area of a right pyramid with volume of having a rectangular base of
dimensions 3cm by 4cm.
2: The volume a regular square pyramid is If its altitude is 10cm long, find the length of one edge of the base and its
total surface area.
3: If a lateral edge of a regular tetrahedron is x cm, find the measure of Altitude, surface area and volume
√
4: Show that the volume of a regular square pyramid whose lateral faces are equilateral triangles of side length s, is
Solution: The Square of pyramid is given as follows.
a.

To find the volume we need to find the altitude h.

b. The figure represent problem b is given as follows

√
( ) √ And
√ √
( ) ( ) ( √ √ ) .

BY: YOHANNES MEGERSA ASTU SPECIAL SCHOOL

 MATHEMATICS NOTE FOR GRADE 10
B. Cones:
Definition: The solid figure formed by joining all points of a circle to a point not on the plane of the circle is
called a cone. v
 If the base of cone is circular region, the cone is called circular cone. Altitude Slant height(𝑙)
 Right circular cone: is a cone with the foot of its altitude at the Centre of the base
 Slant height: A line segment from the vertex of a cone to any point on
r
the boundary of the base (circle) is called the slant height.
Surface area and volume of a right circular cone:
 The lateral surface area of a right circular cone is equal to half the product of its slant height and the
circumference of the base. That is,
, where √
 The total surface area (AT) is equal to the sum of the area of the base and the lateral surface area. That is,

 The volume of a circular cone is equal to one-third of the product of its base area and its altitude. That is,
, where V denotes the volume, r the radius of the base and h the altitude.
Example:
a. Calculate the total surface area and volume a right circular cone with length of altitude 8cm and radius 6cm.
Solution: h = 8cm, r = 6cm
b. The volume of a right circular cone is . The radius is 4cm.Find the length of the perpendicular
height.
c. Exercise 1: Calculate the total surface area and volume of a circular cone whose altitude and diameter of
base are equally x cm.
2: If the slant height of a circular cone is 13cm and the radius of a base is 12cm, then calculate; AL, AT and V.
Solution:
a. √ √ √
and
b.
C. Spheres:
A sphere is a closed surface, all points of which are equidistant from a point called the Centre or is a three
dimensional figure made up of all points a given distance from center.
Surface area and volume of a sphere:
The surface area (A) and the volume (V) of a sphere of radius r are given by r
 Area of the sphere and Volume of the sphere
Surface area ad volume of a hemisphere (Half sphere)
Hemisphere is half of the spheres.
 Area of the hemisphere r
 Volume of the hemisphere ( ) r
Example:
a. The diameter of a sphere is 6cm; find the area and volume of the sphere.
b. The radius of one sphere is twice as long as the radius of another sphere. If the volume of the smaller sphere is
12 cubic units, then calculate the volume of the larger sphere.
c. If 18cm long wire whose radius of circular thickness is 4cm is melted to form a sphere, find the surface area
and volume of the sphere.
d. Find the surface area and volume a hemispherical metal of radius 12cm.
e. Exercise1: A cylindrical container of base radius 8 cm has enough water in it. An iron ball of radius 3 cm is
inserted in the cylinder. Assuming that the ball is completely immersed, how high does the water level rise?
2: If a spherical stone with radius 6ocm is submerged in a cylindrical water tank whose base radius is 2m then
how much is the level of water raised?

BY: YOHANNES MEGERSA ASTU SPECIAL SCHOOL

 MATHEMATICS NOTE FOR GRADE 10
Solution:
a. diameter ;
Volume
b. Let R be the radius of the larger sphere and r be the radius of the smaller sphere
√ Unit and √ Unit

(√ )

c. To change in shape may change the surface area but doesn‘t change the volume.
Then let radius of the sphere, A = area of the sphere radius of cylinder, h = altitude of cylinder
volume of cylinder, volume of sphere

And
d. The radius of hemisphere is 12cm. Then
And
Exercise: If the radius of a sphere is doubled, what effect does this have on its volume and its surface area?
7.3. Frustums of pyramids and cones
Competencies
At the end of the sub-unit, students will be able to:
 Define frustums of a pyramid and of a cone.
 Calculate the surface areas of frustums of pyramids or of cones.
 Calculate the volumes of frustum of pyramids or of cones.

A. Frustums of pyramids
If a pyramid or a cone is cut by a plane parallel to the base, the intersection of the plane and the pyramid (or the
cone) is called a horizontal cross-section of the pyramid (or the cone).
 A frustum of a pyramid is a part of the pyramid included between the base and a plane parallel to the base.
 The lateral faces of a frustum of a pyramid are trapeziums.
 The lateral faces of a frustum of a regular pyramid are congruent isosceles trapeziums.
 The slant height of a frustum of a regular pyramid is the altitude of any one of the lateral faces.
 The lateral surface area of a frustum of a pyramid is the sum of the areas of the lateral faces.
 In any pyramid, the ratio of the area of a cross-section to the area of the base is where h is the
altitude of the pyramid and k is the distance from the vertex to the plane of the cross-section.
In both figures
And
So in both conditions we have the above statement;
The ratio of the area of a cross-section to the area of the base is
Where h is the altitude of the pyramid and k is the distance from the
Vertex to the plane of the cross-section.
BY: YOHANNES MEGERSA ASTU SPECIAL SCHOOL
 MATHEMATICS NOTE FOR GRADE 10
Surface area and volume of frustum of pyramids:
 The lateral surface area (AL) of a frustum of a regular pyramid is equal to half the product of the slant height and
the sum of the perimeter (P) of the lower base and the perimeter (P') of the upper base. That is,
𝐴𝑏
 The total surface area of frustum of regular pyramid is the sum of
Lateral face area and the two upper and lower bases.
𝐴𝑏

 √ Where A is the lower base area, A' the upper base area and h' is the height
of a frustum of a cone or pyramid.
Example:
a. The area of the base of a pyramid is . The altitude of the pyramid is 12 cm. What is the area of a
horizontal cross-section 4 cm from the vertex?
b. The lower base of a frustum of a regular pyramid is a square of side 6 cm, and the upper base has side length
3 cm. If the slant height is 8 cm, find: its lateral surface area, total surface area and volume.
c. A frustum of a regular square pyramid whose lateral faces are equilateral triangles of side 10 cm has altitude
5 cm. Calculate the volume of the frustum.
Solution:
a. Let be the area of the cross-section, and the base area. V
k

b. ( ) 10
h’=5 h
h
c. √ D
C
( √ ) √
A O
√ √ (√ )
(√ ) 10 B
( ) ( ) ( √ ) √
√

( √ ) ( √ √ √ )
B. Frustum of cone
A frustum of a cone is a part of the cone included between the base and a horizontal cross-section made by a plane
parallel to the base.
Surface area and volume of frustum of cone.
 For a frustum of a right circular cone with altitude h and slant height ,
if the circumferences of the bases are c and c', then the lateral surface area of 𝑟
the frustum is given by

 The total surface area is the sum of the lateral surface area and the area of the two bases. 𝑟
( )

Where r is the radius of the bigger (the lower base of the frustum) cone and r' is the radius of the smaller
cone (upper base of the frustum).
Example:
a. Calculate the surface area and volume of frustum of cone with length of bases radii 7cm and 4cm that has a
slant height 5cm.
b. Exercise. A frustum of height 12 cm is formed from a right circular cone of height 16 cm and base radius 8
cm. Calculate the total surface area of the frustum and volume of the frustum.

BY: YOHANNES MEGERSA ASTU SPECIAL SCHOOL

 MATHEMATICS NOTE FOR GRADE 10

Solution:
Total surface area of frustum of cone is given as follows
( )
And
( )

7.4. Surface areas and volumes of composed solids

Competencies
At the end of this sub-unit, students will be able to:
 Determine the surface areas of simple composed solids.
 Calculate volumes of simple composed solids.
In this section, you will study how to find the areas and volumes of solids formed by combining the above solid
figures.
Example:
a. An ice-cream consists of a hemisphere and a cone.
Calculate its volume and total surface area.
b. From a hemispherical solid of radius 12cm, a conical part is removed.
Calculate the volume and surface area of the resulting solid.
Solution:

BY: YOHANNES MEGERSA ASTU SPECIAL SCHOOL