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Analysis of Plates On Elastic Foundations William Thomas Straugham
Analysis of Plates On Elastic Foundations William Thomas Straugham
by
WILLLIAM THOMAS STRAUGHAN. B.S. in Ind. Mgt., M.S. in Engr.
A DISSERTATION
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
Approved
May, 1990
?6l
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii
ABSTRACT v
LIST OF TABLES vii
LISTOPHGURES vin
NOTATIONS X
CHAPTER
I. INTRODUCTION 1
Soil Behavior 1
Winkler Model 2
Two-Parameter Model 7
Objectives of the Research 11
n. DEVELOPMENT OF THE THEORY 15
Introduction 15
Application of die Potential Energy Principle 17
Minimization of tiie Potential Energy 20
Determination of Edge Shear Forces 23
Mathematical Model 30
Determination of the Y Parameter 30
Computational Technique 32
m. APPLICATION OF THE METHOD OF FINITE DIFFERENCES 34
General Procedure Explanation 34
Application of the Finite-Difference Equation for V w 37
m
Calculation ofEquivalent Nodal Forces 47
Development of die Coefficient Matrix 47
IV. RESULTS 49
Comparisons 49
Description of the Plate and Load Configurations Evaluated 53
Discussion of Results 58
V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS 78
Summary 78
Conclusions 79
Recommendaions 80
REFERENCES 83
^ ^ iv
ABSTRACT
Concrete slabs (plates) supported directiy by the soil continuum is a very common
construction form. The behavior of the slab when it carries external loads is influenced by
the soil, and the behavior of the soU is, in turn, influenced by the action of the slab under
load. Developing arealisticmathematical model for this complex soil-structure interaction
problem is essential in order to provide safe and economical designs. In the past, many
researchers have worked on this problem, which isreferredto as "beams and plates on
elastic foundations." In many practical design problems of this type, the soil continuum is
layered and may berestingoverrigidrock or arelativelystronger soiL
Most of die previous work began with the well known Winkler model, which was
originally developed for the analysis of railroad tracks. The use of the Winkler model
involves one major problem and one significant behavioral inconsistency. The problem
involves the necessity for determiiung the modulus of subgrade reaction, "k," and the
behavioral inconsistency is that an analysis of plates carrying a uniformly distributed load
will produce arigidbody displacement
Vlasov and Leont'ev (1966), recognizing die difficulty in determining values of "k"
for soils, as well as the behavioral inconsistency, postulated a two-parameter model
Vlasov's model provided for die effect of die neglected shear strain energy in the soil and
die subsequent shear forces on die plate edges as aresultof ±e soil displacement Recent
woric by Vallabhan and Das (1987,1988,1989) strengdiened die Vlasov postulation for
beams on elastic foundations but stopped short of developing computational techniques for
plates.
Thisresearchdevelops a diice-parametcr madiematical model foe die analysis of plates
on elastic foundations. The involved equations are explained in a step-by-step manner.
v
The procediuBS developed are then used in a computer program to perform the analysis.
The necessity of determining die value of "k" and die soil shear parameter, "t," is avoided
through the computation of a third parameter, •'Y." which provides a deformation profile for
the soil continuiun.
VI
UST OF TABLES
Table
4.1 Comparative input data 51
4.2 Additional comparative output data 54
4.3 Tabulation of the diree parameter values for the uniformly
distributed load 61
4.4 Tabulation of the three parameter values for the concentrated
load at the plate center 65
4.5 Tabulation of the three parameter values for the concenttated
load at the plate centerline on therightvertical edge 70
4.6 Tabulation of die diree parameter values for die concentrated
load at the upper-right plate comer 74
4.7 Tabulation of the three parameter values for the uniformly
distributed line load along die bottom, horizontal edge 77
vn
USTOFnOURES
Figures
1.1 Depiction of the deformation of a uniformly loaded plate,
using die Winkler model 4
1.2 Illustration of the assumption of various methods for providing
for interaction among the foundation spring elements 8
1.3 Depiction of the deformation of a uniformly loaded plate and the
soil stratum using the three-parameter model 12
2.1 Depiction of a loaded plate resting on an elastic foundation, together
with a deformation or mode shape function, <j) 16
viu
4.1 Comparison of displacementresultsfiromthe computer program for
plates on an elastic foundation to die program BOEF for a beam
on an elastic foundation by Vallabhan 52
4.2 niustrates load displacement and plotting directions for computer program
output data for four special load cases. (Dashed lines indicate the
position and direction chosen for plotting the computer program
output data in subsequent figures.) 55
4.3 Common input data 57
4.4 Computer programresultsfor a 30x40x0.5-ft plate with a 500-psf
uniformly distributed load. (Results plotted in die direction of die
"x" coordinate axis.) 59
4.5 Computer programresultsfor a 30x40x0.5-ft. plate widi a 30-kip
concentrated load at the center. (Results plotted in the direction
of die "x" coordinate axis.) Es = 1,000 psi for all curves 63
4.6 Computer programresultsfor a 30x40x0.5-fL plate widi a 30-kip
load at the centerline on die right vertical edge (Results plotted
in the direction of the "x" coordinate axis.) E^ = 1,000 psi for
all curves 66
4.7 Computer program results for a 30x40x0.5-ft plate widi a 30-kip
load at die centerline on dieright,vertical edge. (Results plotted
in die direction of the "y" coordinate axis.) E, = 1,000 psi for all
curves 67
4.8 Computer programresultsfor a 30x40x0.5-ft. plate widi a 30-kip
load at die upper,rightcomer. (Results plotted in die direction
of die "x" coordinate axis.) E, = 1,000 psi for all curves 72
4.9 Cwnputer program program results for a 30x40x0.5-ft plate with
a 2-klf load along die bottom edge of die plate. (Results plotted
in die direction of die "x" coordinate axis.) E, = 1,000 psi for
all curves '^
IX
NOTATIONS
B = Beam width
D = Plateflexuralrigidity
E = Modulus of elasticity of a beam
_ E,(l-v^
(l+v^(l-2vj
EI = Rexuralrigidityof a beam
Ep = Modulus of elasticity of the plate
Es = Modulus of elasticity of the soil
G = Shear modulus of the soil
h = Spacing between nodes (used in the finite difference representation)
Hs = Depth of the soil stratum
I = McHnent of inertia of a beam
k = Modulus of subgrade reaction
Mb,Mf = Prescribed bending moments along the plate edge
a = 1 ^ , a constant
D
Y = (no subscript) Parameter that characterizes the vertical deformation profile
within the soil continuum
Yx = Shearing strain in the direction of the subscripted coordinate axis
Ex = Normal strain in the direction of the subscripted coordinate axis
X 2t
Vj = Poisson's ratio of the soil
Vp = Poisson's ratio of the plate
Ox = Normal stress in the direction of die subscripted cowdinate axis
Xx = Shearing stress in the direction of die subscripted coordinate axis
V = Laplace operator
.4. V^ = (V^ Biharmonic operator
^.
XI
CHAPTER!
INTRODUCnON
Soil Behavior
Successfiil applications of the principles of stmctural engineering arc intricately linked
to die ability of die engineer to model the stmcture and its support conditions in order to
perform an accurate analysis and a subsequendy "correct" design. Arriving at a realistic
model is complicated in foundation analysis by the extreme difficulty of modeling the soil-
structure interaction.
In particular, concrcte building slabs, supported directiy by die soil medium, is a very
common construction system. It is used inresidential,commercial, industrial, and
instimtional stmctures. In some of diese structures, very heavy slab loads occur, such as
in libraries, grain storage buildings, warehouses, etc. A mat foundation, which is
commonly used in the support of multi-story building columns, is another example of a
heavily loaded concrete plate supported directiy by die soil medium. In all these stmctures,
it is very important to be able to compute plate displacements and consequent stresses widi
an acceptable degree of accuracy in order to ensure a safe and economical design.
Ultimately, all structure loads must be transferred to the soil continuum, and bodi the
soil and die stmcture act togedier toresistand support the loads. The integral nature of the
foundation and soil actions is further complicated by die complexity of die soil medium
itself. Soil is truly a nonhomogeneous and an anisotropic medium diat behaves in a non-
linear manner, while concrete and steel stmctures can be adequately modeled and analyzed,
assuming isotropic and linear behavior. In addition, die properties of structural building
materials arc well known so diat die stiffness of die stmcture may be readily determined,
given member sizing and stmcture geometry.
:a.
1
2
On the other hand, soil properties are very difficult to determine because in addition to
die previously mentioned characteristics, it is a "soft" material, which makes it very
difficult to obtain samples for testing that will produce laboratoryresultsparalleling its
acmal "in-ground" behavior. Among other problems, die type of soil affects the ability to
obtainrepresentativesamples (for example, stiff clay is more difficult to sample than soft
clay). Variations in sampling techniques among laboratories further complicate the
problem. Two additional complicating factors arc that soil material properties are sttess-
dependent, and the soil continuum will in practice consist of layers of materials with
different constitoitiverelationsand material properties. Because of these factors, the tme
properties and constituitiverelationsof the soil continuum are essentially unknown and
indeterminable. As a result, it is necessary to make a number of simplifying assumptions
to analyze the soil-stmcturc interaction.
Winkler Model
One very popular method for modeling the soil-stmcture interaction has its origins in
the work done by Winkler in 1867, where the vertical translation of the soil, w, at a point is
assumed to depend only upon the contact pressure, p, acting at that point in the idealized
elastic foundation and a propOTtionality constant, k.
p = kw. (1.1)
The proportionality constant, k, is commonly called die modulus of subgrade reaction
or die coefficient of subgrade reaction. This model was first used to analyze die deflecticHis
of andresultantstresses in railroad tracks. In die intervening years, it has been applied to
many different soil-structure interaction problems, and it is known as die Winkler model.
3
Description of the Model
Application of die Winkler model involves die solutiwi of a fourrii-otder differential
equation. For plates, die equation to be solved is of the form
DV^w + kw = q (1-2)
where D = the plateflexuralrigidity,
k = the modulus of subgrade reaction, and
q = the uniformly distributed load on the plate.
The model consists of linearly elastic springs with a stiffiiess of "k," placed at discrete
intervals below the plate, where k is the modulus of subgrade reacticHi of the soil. The
model is alsoftequentiyreferred to as a "one-parameter model"
^^M^N^M^
• -4 i^f
5
simplifying assumptions widi respect to expected displacements and stresses. This woric is
not applicable in real situations where die soil is generally layeitsd. The use of Cheung's
and Zienkiewicz's approach willresultin uncharacteristically large displacements for a fiilly
loaded plate or slab on a semi-infinite soil continuum. Otiierresearchershave attempted to
make die Winkler model more realistic by assuming some kind of interaction between die
spring elements. The first approach is discussed in die next section.
E l i - S ^ - 2 t ^ + k w = q. (1.9)
dx^ dx^
Vallabhan's and Das' study included displacement computations, using the mediod of
finite differences fca- du^ee load cases involving beams on an elastic foundaticm. In general,
dus computational approach yielded results diat were in excellent agrecnacnt widi diose
determined for die same stmctural system and load case using thefinite-dementmediod
11
In die case of a beam subjected to a uniformly distributed load, die shape of the
displacement curve was nearly parallel to, but with slightiy lower values dian, those
obtained by thefinite-elementmethod. A design using this analysis would be conservative,
since the maximum bending moment and shear values found using the finite-difference
method were slightiy higher than those found using thefinite-elementmethod. Vallabhan
and Das concluded that if the loads arc fairly evenly distributed on the beam, the results
from the Vlasov model arc sufficiendy accurate for practical designs.
Thm Plate
Introduction
Plates on elastic foundations represent a complex soil-structure interaction problem.
The development of the equations for such problems and the associated solutions become a
challenge to die engineer. This chapter is devoted to die dieoretical development of die
equations, and Chapter HI deals with the numerical techruques employed to arrive at the
solutions. A majority of the steps during the theoretical development are omitted; however,
all the most important steps are shown so that readers familiar with the Kirchhoff theory of
plates and variational calculus may easily follow the derivations.
There are two fundamentally different mediods employed in solid mechanics to derive
thefieldequations and the boundary conditions for the analysis of complex stmctures using
the displacement formulation. One method commonly used involves die assumption of
displacement functions and the subsequent development of the equilibrium equations. The
other method involves the assumption of the displacement functions and the application of
the minimum potential energy principle, which is the method chosen for this research
because it is easier to apply for this complex soil-stmcturc interaction problem. The
principle of minimum potential energy is explained in various textbooks, such as Langhaar
(1962), Fung (1965), Timoshenko and Goodier (1971), ete., and it is notrepeatedhere.
As mentioned in Chapter I die soil stratum considered has a finite depdi witii a rigid
boundary at the bottom. Figure 2.1 depicts a soil stramm depdi of Hj, a modulus of
elasticity, Es, and Poisson's ratio, v,. The elastic foundation supports a plate which is
subjected to a vertical load, q(x,y). Theflexuralrigidityof the plate is D.
15
16
<t>(Hs) = 0
*• x,u
•t^ + b
0a2w o^2w a w
^ = ^ \ \ j(VV-2(l-Vp * dxdy
3x3y
-C - b LI*''J (2.2)
•ii + b
+jjj [«^xex+ ^y^+ a,e,+ txyYxy+ txzYxz+ Wyz] dxdydz-f Jqw dxdy
Constituitive Relationships
The stress-strain relationship in the soil may be represented in matrix form by
assuming that it is a linearly elastic, isotropic, and homogeneous material.
18
r^x 1 c c 0 0 0
c 1 c 0 0 0
v^ Es(l-Vs) c c 10 0 0
"xy r (1 Vs)(l-2v,) 0 0 0 d 0 0
<
Yxy
> (2.3)
•xz 0 0 0 0 d 0 Yxz
y^hzj 0 0 0 0 0 d «J
where
c = ,and
l-v,5
(2.4)
d=
2(1-Vs)
Es(l-Vs)
Tlie term (i+vj(i_2vj ^ written as E in applicable subsequent expressions for
convemence.
v(x,y,z) = 0.
Following Vlasov and Leont'ev (1966), it isfimherassumed that
w(x,y,z) = w(x,y)(|»(z) (^.6)
where w is the vertical displacement of the plate, and <j»(z) is a mode shape defining the
variation of die deflection w(x,y,z) in die zdirectiwi. This function is depicted in
19
Figure 2.1, and since w(x,y) is die plate displacement, (j)(0) is equal to 1.0, and (|)(H,) isi
equal to 0 (zero).
Strain-Displacement Relationships
Using die strain-displacement equations of elasticity (Timoshenko and Goodier, 1971)
and Equations 2.5 and 2.6 the following expressions may be written:
(2.7)
(2.8)
e, = - g ^ = w ( x , y ) ^ . (2.9)
and
•*t+h
(vV-2(l-Vp) a w a w [ a w dxdy
-C-h
•rf + b (2.13)
i j j j h " ^ ^ ' ^ ^ *^ VIT^ <l»]dxdydz-j fqwdxdy.
-I -b
V = EdYyz = Gaw
^(0 (2.16)
ay
where
G = shear modulus of the soil = (2.17)
2(l+v,)
Now the potential energy may be expressed as
^ +b
^2 ^
^ = f j jj(VV-2(l-Vp) o w a w
^2 aw dxdy
ax2 IVJ axayj
-c -b I (2.18)
•rf +b
•*( +b
"^^ d%
SIC = f f (DV*w-2tV^w + kw-q)5wdxdy + J - m - ^ + n<|> 5(|>dz
-C -b 0 (2.19)
•H^ dz.
(2.20)
H
2t=fG<|)^dz,
(2.21)
0
n = f fG(Vw)^dxdy.
(2.23)
Since 5w and &J) by definition are not equalto0 (zero), die terms widun die
parendieses and die boundary conditions must each equal 0. Thefirstterm in die
parcndieses in Equation 2.19 may be written as
-m^+n.l, =0 (2.31)
inside die soil domain where die boundary conditions are at z = 0, ^(0) = 1.0 and at z = Hj,
<j>(Hs) = 0.
Therefore, for the plate on an elastic foundation problem, there are three differential
equations diat must be solved as indicated by Equations 2.24,2.28, and 2.31. The first
equation involves the displacement of the plate; the second equation involves the
displacement of the soil surface outside the domain of the plate; and the diird equation
involves the displacement of the soil continuum. Thefirststep in the overall technique
employed in thisresearchis to solve Equation 2.31 explicidytoobtain the deformation
mode (|)(z). The second step is to use dieresidtsof diis solution to solve Equation 2.28,
which will yield the boundary forces necessary for the solution of Equation 2.24, which is,
in turn, solved by numerical methods.
sinhY
(2.32)
•=•
sinhY
23
where Hg = the depth of the soil stratum and
J J (Vw)^ dxdy
f Y ''
= -S = - | ^ = ^ ; = • (2.33)
H.
J J w^ dxdy
><|)(z)
Hs
m
IV IV
n + -••X
n
Plate
IV IV
m
where Wb is die vertical displacement of the plate at x = b. Substituting Equation 2.34 and
assuming w(oo,y) = 0, one gets
X =7 | . (2.35)
The shape of this fimction w(x,y) is illustrated in Figure 2.4. Equivalent boundary
forces from the soil continuum acting on the edge of the plate arc computed using the
principle of virtual displacement This solution approach is utilized because of the lack of
an exact solution for the displacement in this region. The virtual work done by the edge
shear force on the plate equals die virtual strain energy in die soil continuum undergoing
where
^^ = E^^^^f
dz'
i ;2HW,-1^
"" ^ dy2
5W,dy.
By comparing die integrals, die equivalent edge shear force, Qb, is obtained as
d vV
(2.39)
r ^ dV
^
V x = - y2Ew. + 2 t | ^ , -
(2-40)
ax •x=b ^ dy
It is important to note the difference between Wb and w in Equation 2.40, where - ^ is the
can be rewritten as
y2Ew + 2 t ^ - f i-5L
(2.41)
I'x=b ax X ay^
^
>•
^x=b•'T=
Equations for Vj at x = -b can be derived using die same logic, and die equation is die
Following die logic presented in die previous region, die displacement fiinction w(x,y)
where Wf is die vertical displacement of die plate aty = /;andA.= M-,as obtained
earlier. Following similar derivations, die Kirchhoff edge shear force for die plate is
y2Ew + 2 t ^ - L ^
9y X 3x2 J (2.43)
y=r y=f
The equation for Vy at y = -/^ can be obtained by changing die sign in die above equation.
Region IV
The displacement function for this region is developed by combining Equations 2.34
and 2.42, such that
w(x,y) = W, e"^"-"^ e""^-'^ (2.44)
where Wc is the vertical displacement at die plate comers. Using the principle of virtual
work, the comerreactionis derived by equating the virtual strain energy in the soil to die
virtual work done by the edge shear forces and die equivalent comer reaction:
oo oo oo
Rc = ftw, (2.46)
All die odier comer forces arc now -^ ttimesdie displacements of die plate at die respective
comers.
30
Madiematical MnHpl
The madiematical model for die plate on an elastic foundation is dius represented by
DV^w - 2tV^w + kw = q
and
w
at y = ± / ' , My = 0 and Vy = - / 2 E w + 2 axt ^ -2X^ ^ay2 (2.48)
where M;j and My are the prescribed moments in the x and y directions, respectively, and
Vx and Vy are the Kirchhoff shear force in the x and y directions, respectively.
In order to solve this equation consistent with the deformation of the soil, a value of Y
J J (Vw)^ dxdy
rYV l-2Vs (2.49)
H. 2(l-v^
J J w^ dxdy
and in die denominator, die soil domain is divided into regions, as shown in Figure 2.3.
31
In Region n
, . ,,, -X^x-b)
(2.50)
w(x,y) = W^ e
(2.51)
-C b -I
4 4
In Region HI
-X<y-0
w(x,y) = W^ e (2.53)
Jjw^dxdy=i)w> (2.54)
l-b -b
,+b +b
jJ(Vw)^dxdy=|jw^^dx (2.55)
f-b -b
In Region IV
w(x,y) = Wc e e (2.56)
oo oo
r j w^dxdy = w; (2.57)
t b
oo oo -j^. 2
jJ(Vw)^dxdy=^ (2.58)
C b
32
In Region I
The two terms,
•t^ +b 4 +b
Y Computational Summary
Expressions have been developed and appropriately expanded for all terms required
for the computation of the soil deformation parameter, Y. Computation of some of die
terms wiU require the use of numerical integration coupled with die finite-difference
included in the last section of this chapter with additional details provided in Chapter EL
Computational Technique
A computer program was written that uses the method of finite differences to constmct
die full coefficient matrix for rectangular plates on elastic foundations. It was necessary to
work widi die full coefficient matrix using die finite-difference model because die matrix
initially set equal to one (1.0); and die mode shape, (j), is calculated and used in die
computation of the values of die modulus of subgrade reaction, k, and die soil shear
parameter, L Widi diese parameter values computed, die vertical displacements at discrete
Upon completion of die assemblage of die coefficient mattix, die load vector is
Then Y is calculated from Equation 2.49 using die plate displacement values, and a
comparison between diis calculated value of Y and die initially assumed Y value or die
die two successive Y values is widiin a prescribed tolerance limit, die displacement
computations cease. Otherwise, another iteration is performed, and the process is repeated
until the final value of Y does not deviate from die previous Y value by more dian die
prescribed tolerance.
The plate displacement values determined during the final iteration for the Y value are
used in the computation of internal plate-bending moments and shear forces at discrete
positions within die plate. These values are necessary for the design of die plate, and they
and in addition to, the finite-difference mediod in solving die differential equations. A
chapter, while the results of die various computer program "runs" are presented and
DV^w - 2tV^w + kw = q, 0- D
in die domain of the plate,
where w = the displacement of the plate,
t = the soil shear parameter,
k = the modulus of subgradereaction,and
q = the applied uniformly distributed load,
is too complex for arbitrary loads when die boundary conditions are considered, unless a
numerical approach is used.
The applicable boundary conditions are:
a t x = ±b, M^j = - D
a_w_ a w =0 (3.2)
ax^'^'^Pay^
andV^ = -D
d w
+ (2-Vp)- w /2iSw + 2 t 4 ^ - - H ^ (3.3)
ax^ ' "" '^ dxdy^_ ax 2X ay^
r:i2 -.2
aty = ±/;M^=-D a w a w =0 (3.4)
n^r- ^ o» aw 1 aw
andV^=-D 9 ' w ^ ( 2 - v J ^ ' ^ ^^•'^^a7"2X-^ (3.5)
ay^ ax2ay.
34
35
The approach selected for diis research is die mediod of finite differences, which
allows die conversion of a set of linear differential equations into a set of linear algebraic
being die replacement of a continuous domain by a set of points or "nodes" widiin die
domain. Using die finite-difference mediod, die derivative of a function w = f(x,y), widi
die difference of die values of w at die nodes of a plate grid. Refer to Figure 3.1.
Another method diat could have been used is thefinite-elementmethod; however, die
results of comparable accuracy would have required a coefficient matrix that is many orders
of magnitude larger than that required using die method of finite differences widi its
consequent requirement of more computer memory and much longer "running" time.
derivations of the coefficient matrix for bending of the plate. Also, die coefficient matrices
for k and t must be individually developed and assembled into the overall stmcture
coefficient or stiffness matrix. Since k and t are bodi dependent upon die value of Y, dien
these two coefficient sub-matrices must be generated and again assembled into die stmcture
Finally, die finite-element mediod operates on a reduced order of derivatives, while die
Figure 3.1 shows a grid drawn on die surface of arectangularplate. The numbers
represent equally spaced points or "nodes" on die plate surface. As shown, each node is
placed a distance "h" from its nearest "neighbor" node in bodi die x and y directions. This
K h ,
37 38 39 40 41 42
T
31 32 33 34 35 36
25 26 27 28 29 30
h
T
19 20 22 23 24
13 14 16 17 18
10 11 12
%
h + h Jf h + h + h
1
arc located either on the first row or the first column of nodes inboard of the plate boundary
will alsoresultin nodes that are off the plate. The crosshatched portion of the plate shown
in Figure 3.1representsthe only plate area containing nodes to which the v w molecule
'may be applied in this particular example withoutresultingin nodes that are off die plate.
These nodes, which are at least two nodes inboard of the plate edge nodes will be
designated "interior" nodes.
Boundary Nodes
To handle die application of die V^w moleculetodie edge nodes and neighbor edge
nodes and die application of die V^w molecule to die edge nodes, die known boundary
conditions are utilized.
ajv a j ^ = 0, along X = ±b.
Prescribed bending moment =*1VI|^ = -D (3.6)
ax^ •'ay'j
v^-*^a
[ h V - a h V + p]w.=qj (3.10)
where a = ^
R = kh!
^ D
"^ = D
40
•^^-^ i [®H3HT)] +V
a = -2F3 { [ @ - ® - ® - © - 0 ] M2v)-^
V.
<i=-*< ©j + (2-v)
Note: v represents Poisson's ratio for die plate (Vp in die text).
.« ni,3
>-%*% > - ^ * ^
Free Edge
Free Edge
(a) At a comer node (b) Edge node adjacent to comer
Free Edge
>=S*¥
Free Edge
(e) Edge node 3 ot more divisions from a comer
a, = i (l-v^) b4 = (-4+2v+2v2)
a2=(-3+2vfv2) ci =i(15-8v-5v^)
aa=(2-2v) v = Poisson's ratio for the plate
a4=(3-2v-v^) q = uniformly distributed plate load
bi=(-6+2v) D = plateflexuralrigidity
b2=(2-v) Q = plate edge shear
bj=(8-4v-3v^) h = spacing or divisions between the nodes
Note: V represents Poisson's ratio for the plate (Vp in the text).
the molecide representing — — V w for diose nodes located onerowand one column
inboard of die edge nodes (Cases (c) and (d) in Figure 3.4). Finally, die molecule
representingkh^
-=r- is added to all diagonaltermsin the coefficient matrix. The end result of
all these steps is the constmction of the last finite-difference molecule shown at die bottom
of Figure 3.5, which is applied to all non-boundary nodes to develop the coefficient maoix.
Boundary Nodes
For the nodes on the boundary, the appropriate known boundary conditions are
utilized.
Mb = 0 along die left andrightvertical plate edges, and
M^ = 0 along die bottom andtophorizontal plate edges.
These two boundary conditions are depicted on die plate outline and in molecule form
in Figure 3.6. The known boundary conditions are utilized to eliminate diefictitiousnodes
(wf), which lie outside die plate boundary.
2th 2
The technique used for die development of the molecule to be used for die — — V w
terms along dieright,vertical boundary and die bottom, horizontal boundary (except for die
comer nodes) is also illustrated in Figure 3.6. TTie molecules for die left, vertical boundary
nodes and die top. horizontal boundary nodes (except for die comer nodes) are die same as
diose shown for dieright,vertical boundary nodes and die bottom, horizontal boundary
nodes, respectively. TTiese molecules are dien addedtodie appropriate molecules along die
boimdary as depicted in Figure 3.4. /
43
-a where a = - 2 ^
V.
+P= ®. where P = - ^ *
(hV^-ahV +
(a)
1 ^
Mf= 0 on diis edge ^ ^ (b)
W^=-D(&-v^)
M.= - g < =0
^«r=-D& + v ^ )
-2t55v2w = a ^ Q K i v O ^c = -^< =0
Note: v represents Poisson's ratio for die plate (Vp in die text).
Note: v represents Poisson's ratio for die plate (Vp in die text).
'"^2 ^2 ^
% = 0 = -D i w . a_w = 0; and M =-D
a w ^ y a w = 0.
ax2
(3.11)
3yj ay^
Vax2 -^2
Therefore,
7^ :i2
a w =_ 0
aax2w _ ay2 (3.12)
at the comer nodes. To account for edge shear at a boundary node, Q,, and the distributed
load on the plate, Vallabhan and Wang (1981) found that the net equivalent discrete force,
Fj, at the plate edges is
(3.13)
i ~ 2D D '
where node i is on the edge at x=b, and
The expressions shown in Equations 3.14 and 3.15 are bodi converted to die finite-
difference foim in a manner similar to diat presented previously and dien incorporated into
die overall coefficient matrix.
47
Calculation of Equivalent Nodal FoTres
In order to develop a method for die computation of equivalent nodal forces, die load
influence area is considered. The load influence area for a uniformly distributed load in die
plate comers and at die odier boundary nodes is, respectively, only j and -i^ die influence
area of a uniformly distributed load at all odier nodes. The term "factor" is used to express
the adjustments to the load vector, a, so that die adjusted-load vector is a divided by factor,
where:
factor = 4 for the comer nodes
factor = 2 for the boundary nodes, and
factor = 1 for all otiier nodes.
Factor is also used when die modulus of subgradereaction,k, from the domain
equation,
4 4 4
v V - 2 % V^w + % w = q ^ , (3.16)
D D ^D
expressed infinite-differenceform is added to each nodal displacement That is,
k ^ - ^ factor (3.17)
is added to each nodal displacement. These factors are abeady incorporated in die
coefficient matrix as shown in Figure 3.4.
M, = -D a w ^^ a w (3.18)
Vay^ ay^ /
:J2 :V2 ^
My=-D a w aw (3.19)
In a similar manner, die values of die internal shear force at discrete points are also
determined using the expressions for Qx and Qy.
(3.20)
(3.21)
CHAPTER IV
RESULTS
Comparisons
As indicated in Chapter H, a computer program was developed in conjunction with this
research, using the computational techniques briefly outlined in the last section of that
chapter. When developing a computer program for stmctural analysis, the need always
exists to verify the program computations and finalresults(program output). Intuitively, it
can be proved that a plate carrying a uniformly distributed load, q,restingon a Winkler
foundation, undergoes arigidbody displacement without any bending moment and shear
force in die plate. In odier words, die computer program widi t = 0 and edge shear
forces = 0 should simulate the Winkler model,
D V w + kw = q,
and dieresultshould be w = -^. This concept was used to verify die computer program,
k
and dieresultswere exacdy as predicted. Moreover, if die plate is subjected to a uniformly
varying load, such as q = qo + qix, die displacement solution, w, was found to be exacdy
49
50
widiout die edge shear forces, would also yield arigidbody displacement (w = \ where q
Eqiuvalent*
Beam Plate
Member Dimensions
Displacement
(feet')
0.0-1
.010-
.020
.040-
.050
— I — — I —
Centerline 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0
tUnits shown in this table for each of therespectivevalues are also used for the
presentation of all subsequent computer program results in theremainderof this
chapter.
55
15 ft—»i
20 ft
X 40 ft H—*• X
20 ft.
20 ft
-•X
^>x 40 ft.
20 ft.
vrzrzrzrzrzrzrz-zrz
(c) 30 kip concentrated load (d) 2 klf line load along
at die upperrightcomer the bottom horizontal
of the plate. edge of die plate.
B and 20.00 ft
C and 30.00 ft
D and 50.00 ft
Discussion nf Results
Figure 4.4 presents plots of die computer program results for displacement bending
moment, and shear force for the 500-psf uniformly disdibuted load case. This is die only
set of curves diat includes plots of diese diree values (displacement, bending moment and
shear) for a soil modulus of elasticity (Eg) of 10,000 psi (1,440,000 psf).
1. A stiffer soil (higher soil modulus of elasticity) significantiy reduces the plate
displacement
2. The maximum displacement for all results occurs at the center of the plate.
3. The plate displacement increases with an increasing depth of the soil stratum;
however, die effect is less consequential as die soil stratum depdi becomes greater.
From die curves it would appear diat diere will be a value of die soil stramm depdi
imperceptible.
H,= 30ft.
H, = 50ft.
(a) Displacements along the plate centerline for four diffeient soil stratum depths.
Bending Moment
ab.-ft.) E,= 1,000 psi
1,500-
H,= 30ft.
1.000-
500-
0-
(b) Bending moments along the plate centerline for four different soil stratum depths.
H,= 20ft.
H,= 30ft.
H.= 50ft.
(c) Shear forces along the plate centerline for four diffeient soil stramm dq>ths.
3. The position of the maximum plate bending moment moves toward the center of
die plate with increasing soil sd^tum depths, and as the soil stratum depdi
approaches infinity, die plate bending moment curve will approximate a parabolic
shape. This would be similar to the case of a simply supported beam experiencing
2. The variation in shear forces at die edge of die plate is significant for all values of
3. The plot of shear forces approaches a sought line as die depdi of die soil stramm
table clearly reveals diat diere is no "unique" value for any of die duee parameters. Of
particular interest to die practicing engineer is die significant variation in die value of die
subgrade modulus, k, for a plate soU foundation system widi variations in die depdi of die
soil stramm when all material properties and die unifonnly distributed load is identified.
61
Table 4.3. Tabulation of the three parameter values for the unifomHy distributed load.
bending moment and shear for die load case depicted in Figure 4.2(a), 30-kip concentrated
load at the plate center.
1. The shape of all plate displacement curves reveals diat the plate displacement
increases rapidly towards the center of the plate as would be expected for this type
of loading.
30 feet, the difference becomes much less significant for greater depths.
1. The positive plate bending moment attains its maximum value at the plate center for
2. The variation in plate bending moment with die depth of die soil stratum is only
significant at die plate center where die maximum moment is attained, and dien die
3. The negative bending moment may require some "top" reinforcement in reinforced
concentrated load).
63
Displacement 15
(ft) -I — ^
0-
0.005-
0.010-
0.015-
(a) Displacements along the plate centerline for four diffeient soil stratum depths.
M,
Bending Moment
ab.-ft.)
+4,500-
+3.000-
+1,500-
0-
-1,500-
(b) Bending moments along the plate centeiline for four di^crent soil stratum depths.
V,
Shear Force
Oba.)
+3,000-1
+2.000
+1.000-
0-
-1,000-
-2,000-
-3.000-1
(c) Shear forces along the plate centerline for four diffeiem soil stratum depths.
ObservationsfromParameter Valnps
The computer program generated dieresultsshown in Table 4.4 When die difference
in the computed value of the subgrade modulus is significant as is the case widi the 20-
foot versus the 10-foot depdi of die soil stratum, die difference in bodi die plate
displacement and the bending moment at die plate center is likewise significant
Similarly, it can be seen diat die variation in the value of the foundation- shear
parameter is significant in a soil stramm depth of 10 feet versus 20 feet. On die other hand,
die variation in both of these parameters is less significant between a soil stramm depth of
20 feet versus 30 feet The difference is relatively insignificant between a 30-foot and a 50-
foot soil stramm depdi, even diough die value of the soil deformation profile parameter
does vary significantiy. This "tracks" well widi die earlier discussionregardingdie plate
displacement and bending moment curves.
Table 4.4. Tabulation of the three parameter values for the concentrated load at the plate
center.
0-
0.005-
0.010-
0.015
(a) Displacements along the plate centerline for four different soQ stratum depths.
M,
Bending Moment
ab.-ft.)
OH — I 1 I I ' I — I 1——I 1 1 1 I
-250-
-500-
-750-
-1.000-
H,= 20ft
(b) Bendjng moments along die plate centeriine for four different soil stratum depths.
V,
Shear Force
Obs.)
+2,000-
+1400-
+1.000
0-
(c) Shear forces along the plate centerline for four different soil stratum depths.
0-
0.005-
H,= 20.30. and 50 ft.
0.010-
0.015-
(a) Displacements along the plate centerline for four diflereni soil stratum depths.
M,
Bending Moment
Qb.-ft.)
4,500-
3,000-
1400-
0-
(b) Bending moments along the plaie centeiiine for four different soil stratum depths.
V,
Shear Force
Obs.)
+2,000-
+1400-
+1,000-
H,-20,30, and 50 ft;
+500-
H.= 10ft.
0- I I ny
-500-
-1.000-
-1.500-
-2.000-
(c) Shear foiees along the plate centerline for four diflisrent soO stiatum depths.
F i ^ r e 4.6.
1. The displacement is a maximum at the point of the load and rapidly diminishes at
3. The depth of die soil stramm has littie effect on displacements with an almost
Figure 4.7.
1. The displacement increases symmetrically from the top and bottom horizontal plate
edges until it reaches a maximum at die point of the applied concentrated load.
2. The depth of die soil stramm has littie effect on displacements with an almost
Figure 4.6.
1. The bending moment is zero at die plate edge, but it increases rapidly to reach a
maximum very close to die plate edge and dien diminishes rapidly at positions
die soil stramm occurs at die location of die point of maximum bending moment
69
Even at diis point, die variation in plate bending moment is not significant for a sod
stratum depdi greater dian 20 feet
Figure 4 7
1. The maximum positive plate bending moment attains its maximum value at die
plate centerline ("x" coordinate axis location) for all values of soU stramm depdis
considered.
2. The variation in plate bending moment widi die depdi of die soil sttamm is not
significant
3. The negative bending moment may require some "top" reinforcement in reinforced
1. The shear force is a maximum at die point of die applied load and rapidly
2. The variation of shear force widi different soil stratum depths is not significant
Figure 4.7.
1. The maximum shear force occurs at the plate centerline (at the location of the
concentrated load).
2. Shear forces diminish very rapidly away from the plate centerline.
3. The variation of shear force witii different soil stratum depths is not significant
die modulus of subgrade reaction and die foundation shear parameter is insignificant for
soil sttatum depdis greater dian 20 feet even diough die value of die soil deformation
70
Table 4.5. Tabulation of die three parameter values for the concentrated load at the plate
centerline on dierightvertical edge.
1. The shape of die plate displacement curves reveals that the displacements are a
maximum at die upper-right comer (die location of the concentrated load), and they
rapidly decrease at positions closer to die plate centerline and actually approach
2. The variation in displacement values for all soU stratum depths considered is
imperceptible.
maximum very close to die plate edge and dien diminishes rapidly at positions
0-
0.005
0.015 -
(a) Displacements along the top horizontal edge of the plate for four diHisrent soil stratum depths.
M,
Bending Moment
Ob.-ft.)
-500-
-1.000-
-1400-
H.= 10ft.-J
(b) Bending moments along the top horizontal edge of the plate for four different soil stratum depths.
Vx
Shear Force
Obs.)
+«»-
+500-
+400-
+300
+200-
+100-
0 - I I 1 H i 1—•x
-100-
(c) Shear forces along the top horizontal edge of the plate for four different soil stratum d^ths.
1. As expected, die plate shear force attains its maximum value at die point of die
concentrated load, and it rapidly diminishes at positions closer to die plate
centerline.
2. The only variation in shear force widi different soil stramm depdis occurs at die
point of maximum negative shear, which is several orders of magnimde less dian
the maximum positive shear. Even in dus area of negative shear, the variation
The computer program generated the results shown in Table 4.6. Even though the
values of the soil-deformation-profile parameter are varying significantiy. the effect on die
other two parameters is relatively insignificant for a soil stramm depth up to 20 feet and
Figure 4.9 presents plots of die computer program results for plate displacements.
bending moments, and shear forces for die load case depicted in Figurc 4.2(d)~2-kip per
linear-foot-line load along die bottom horizontal edge of die plate. All results plotted are
diose diat occur along die bottom, horizontal edge of die plate (parallel to die "x" axis).
of die plate.
74
Table 4.6. Tabulation of the three parameter values for the concentrated load at die upper-
right plate comer.
Hs = 10 ft. 20 ft. 30 ft 50 ft
0-
0.0005-
0.0010 -
0.0015 -
H,= 30 ft. and 50 ft.
(a) Displacements along the bonom edge of the plate for four soil stiatum dq)ths.
M,
Bending Moment
ab.-ft.)
75-
50-
25-
0-
(b) Bending moments along the bottom edge of the plate for four soil stratum depths.
(c) Shear foices along the bottom edge of the plate for four soil stramm depths.
depdi of 30 feet is reached, and dien die variation in plate displacement becomes
imperceptible.
1. As the depth of the soil sd^mm incrcases, the maximum bending moment increases
up to a soil stramm depdi of 20 feet After diis depdi is attained, die incrcases in
moment at the plate centerline does continue to increase, but with a reduced
1. Therc does exist a significant variation in the maximum shear force values at the
plate edge for all values of die soil stramm depth considered
2. The plot of the shear force data does not approach a straight line for any value of
the soil stramm depdi considered, and it is not likely that it will for any depth due
to the unsymmetrical nature of die loadingrelativeto the "x" coordinate axis.
clearly no "unique" value for die modulus of subgrade reaction aldiough die variation in die
value of diis parameter does decrease widi increasing depdis of die soil stramm.
77
Table 4.7. Tabulation of die three parameter values for the unifonnly distributed line load
along the bottom, horizontal edge.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
Certainly a major part of this research has centered on the development of an accurate
engineering model through building upon and strengthening die work of many researchers,
whose analytical derivations were checked. The principles of solid mechanics, combined
with variational calculus, arc employed to develop the model. Derivations are presented in
detail in Chapter n. The final result culminates in the development of die duee-paramcter
model, which is presented in detail in Chapter II, and it is die model used for die
development of the computational techniques. The reasons for the selection of this model
arc presented in Chapter I, and die computational results presented in Chapter IV are
consistent widi die expected behavior for plates and even for analogous beams, where
appropriate. For diese reasons tiien, die model selected appears to be very realistic.
computational techniques was die primary approach chosen for use in a computer program
relative to die computer memory Ttq^mcd. Its use also requires considerably less computer
operating time dian odier mediods. This aspect becomes especially important m die
utiUzation of die diree-parameter model because of die use of an iterative procedure for rhc
calculation of die foundation shear parameter, y. Essentially, diis results in the necessity
78
79
Chapter II presents a detailed explanation of die utilization of die mediod of finite
differences used in die computational procedures and incorporated in die computer program
developed in conjunction widi diis research. All computer "mns" made for diis research,
as well as diose presented as results in Chapter IV. were made using a microcomputer.
The results of twenty-two computer mns for various load cases, plate sizes, soil
stramm depdis, and soil stiffnesses are presented in Chapter IV. From the results, it is
relatively easy to observe diat diere is no truly unique value for die modulus of subgrade
reaction, k, for a given type of sod. More specifically, it can be concluded that many
factors can influence die value of k. For certain load cases, the depdi of die soil stramm
has a very significant effect. In odier load cases, die depth of die soil stratum has litde or
subgrade reaction from soil samples is extremely difficult Therefore, if the need for this
physical determination can be eliminated, then a major goal of this research is accom-
computing the value of k and die subsequent effect on plate displacements, bending
Conclusions
The following itemized list reprcsents brief summaries of die more important
parameter, t which represents die shear deformation of die soil are uniquely
calculated utilizing die modulus of elasticity, Poisson's ratio, and die geometry and
3. The arbitrary aspect of die Vlasov and Leont'ev model has been madiematically
value of a diird parameter, y, which reflects die variation of die soil deformation.
This parameter is computed internally based on die soil properties and geomedy.
4. There is no unique value for the modulus of subgrade reaction, k. This was
repeatedly demonstrated by the research, which, in fact showed that the value of k
depends on the soil stifftiess, the plate stiffness, the depth of the soil stramm, the
size of the plate, and most important of all, the distribution of the load on the plate.
5. The model and the program incorporating the finite-difference method for the
on a plate with a uniformly distributed load, the results are identical to diose
obtained using die classical Winkler model. In odier words, die model and the
easy to use.
7. This research clearly demonstrates die extteme importance of die role diat die edge
p^.;-nmmftnHarions
There were certain assumptions made in conjunction widi diis research diat could be
eliminated or modified to strengdien diis work further. In addition, odier feamres could be
81
considered bodi to strengdien and enhance die model. Finally, odier loading types could be
considered to expand die application for this research.
The following represents a more specific itemized listing of diese categories of fumre
work diat could strengdien, enhance, and expand die application of dus research.
1. This research makes provisions for the inclusion of one value for soil modulus of
elasticity, Ej-die ability to include more than one value for this important soil
2. This research considers a constant soil stratum depdi under die plate. The model
different soil stramm depths for soil segments below a given plate.
soils arc inherentiy anisotropic. Again, the model would be strengthened dirough
5. A constant plate flexural rigidity has been assumed for this research. If provision
were made for die inclusion of varying plate flexural rigidities, die model would be
enhanced.
assumed for bodi die "x" and "y" dircction in dus research. The ability to select a
different node spacing in die "x" direction versus die "y" direction would enhance
irtcgularities.
82
8. Large-scale experiments should be conducted to verify diese computational results.
9. Dynamic loading of plates was not considered in diis research. The dircc-
parameter model could be utilized to analyze plates on elastic foundations subjcaed
to tills type of loading. This would represent a major expansion of applications for
this research.
10. Linear, elastic soil behavior has been assumed for this research. Consideration of
11. The effect of lateral displacement of the soil was ignored as it is believed to have
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h
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