MULTIMEDIA 217

TABLE 4.3 Summary of Important Parameters and Associated Formulas and Equation Numbers for
a Dipole in the Far Field
Parameter Formula Equation Number
Infinitesimal Dipole
(l ≤ λ∕50)
Normalized power pattern U = (E𝜃n )2 = C0 sin2 𝜃 (4-29)
( ) ( )2 ( )2
Radiation resistance Rr 2𝜋 l l (4-19)
Rr = 𝜂 = 80𝜋 2
3( )λ( ) λ( )
Input resistance Rin 2𝜋 l 2 l 2 (4-19)
Rin = Rr = 𝜂 = 80𝜋 2
3 λ λ
E
Wave impedance Zw Zw = 𝜃 ≃ 𝜂 = 377 ohms
H𝜙
3
Directivity D0 D0 = = 1.761 dB (4-31)
2
3λ2
Maximum effective area Aem Aem = (4-32)
8𝜋
Vector effective length 𝓁e 𝓵 e = −̂a𝜃 l sin 𝜃 (2-92)
|𝓵 e |max = λ Example 4.2
Half-power beamwidth HPBW = 90◦ (4-65)
√ √
l 𝜔𝜇0 l 𝜔𝜇0
Loss resistance RL RL = = (2-90b)
P 2𝜎 2𝜋b 2𝜎
Small Dipole
(λ∕50 < l ≤ λ∕10)
Normalized power pattern U = (E𝜃n )2 = C1 sin2 𝜃 (4-36a)
( )2
l
Radiation resistance Rr Rr = 20𝜋 2 (4-37)
λ
( )2
l
Input resistance Rin Rin = Rr = 20𝜋 2 (4-37)
λ
E
Wave impedance Zw Zw = 𝜃 ≃ 𝜂 = 377 ohms (4-36a), (4-36c)
H𝜙
3
Directivity D0 D0 = = 1.761 dB
2
3λ2
Maximum effective area Aem Aem =
8𝜋
l
Vector effective length 𝓁e 𝓵 e = −̂a𝜃 sin 𝜃 (2-92)
2
l
|𝓵 e |max = (4-36a)
2
Half-power beamwidth HPBW = 90◦ (4-65)

Half Wavelength Dipole

(l = λ∕2)
( ) 2
⎡ cos 𝜋 cos 𝜃 ⎤
⎢ 2 ⎥
⎥ ≃ C2 sin 𝜃
3
Normalized power pattern U = (E𝜃n )2 = C2 ⎢ (4-87)
⎢ sin 𝜃 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
𝜂
Radiation resistance Rr Rr = C (2𝜋) ≃ 73 ohms (4-93)
4𝜋 in
(continued overleaf )
218 LINEAR WIRE ANTENNAS

TABLE 4.3 (continued)

Parameter Formula Equation Number
𝜂
Input resistance Rin Rin = Rr = C (2𝜋) ≃ 73 ohms (4-79), (4-93)
4𝜋 in
Input impedance Zin Zin = 73 + j42.5 (4-93a)
E
Wave impedance Zw Zw = 𝜃 ≃ 𝜂 = 377 ohms
H𝜙
4
Directivity D0 D0 = ≃ 1.643 = 2.156 dB (4-91)
Cin (2𝜋) ( )
𝜋
cos cos 𝜃
λ 2
Vector effective length 𝓁e 𝓵 e = −̂a𝜃 (2-91)
𝜋 sin 𝜃
λ
|𝓵 e |max =
= 0.3183λ (4-84)
𝜋
Half-power beamwidth HPBW = 78◦ (4-65)
√ √
l 𝜔𝜇0 l 𝜔𝜇0
Loss resistance RL RL = = Example (2-13)
2P 2𝜎 4𝜋b 2𝜎

Quarter-Wavelength Monopole
(l = λ∕4)
( ) 2
⎡ cos 𝜋 cos 𝜃 ⎤
⎢ 2 ⎥
⎥ ≃ C2 sin 𝜃
3
Normalized power pattern U = (E𝜃n )2 = C2 ⎢ (4-87)
⎢ sin 𝜃 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
𝜂
Radiation resistance Rr Rr = C (2𝜋) ≃ 36.5 ohms (4-106)
8𝜋 in
𝜂
Input resistance Rin Rin = Rr = C (2𝜋) ≃ 36.5 ohms (4-106)
8𝜋 in
Input impedance Zin Zin = 36.5 + j21.25 (4-106)
E𝜃
Wave impedance Zw Zw = ≃ 𝜂 = 377 ohms
H𝜙
Directivity D0 D0 = 3.286 = 5.167 dB
( )
λ 𝜋
Vector effective length 𝓁e 𝓵 e = −̂a𝜃 cos cos 𝜃 (2-91)
𝜋 2
λ
|𝓵 e |max = = 0.3183λ (4-84)
𝜋

REFERENCES

1. W. A. Wheeler, “The Spherical Coil as an Inductor, Shield, or Antenna,” Proc. IRE, Vol. 46, pp. 1595–1602,
September 1958 (correction, Vol. 48, p. 328, March 1960).
2. W. A. Wheeler, “The Radiansphere Around a Small Antenna,” Proc. IRE, Vol. 47, pp. 1325–1331, August
1959.
3. W. A. Wheeler, “Small Antennas,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., Vol. AP-23, No. 4, pp. 462–469, July
1975.
4. C. H. Walter, Traveling Wave Antennas, McGraw-Hill, 1965, pp. 32–44.
5. W. R. Scott, Jr., “A General Program for Plotting Three-Dimensional Antenna Patterns,” IEEE Antennas
Propagat. Soc. Newsletter, pp. 6–11, December 1989.