Sheet no.
1) What is the antenna? Write short notes about its parameters.
Solution
Antenna: is a device used for transmit and receive electromagnetic waves. It converts
the electric field into electromagnetic field
Antenna parameters are:
Radiation pattern – radiation resistance – antenna efficiency – directivity gain – power
gain – polarization – antenna input impedance – beam width
1- Radiation patterns: -It is a polar diagram which indicates how antenna will
transmits or receives in a different directions
-In terms of radiation pattern, there are two types:-
a) Omnidirectional antenna
b) Directive antenna
2- Beam width: It is the angle within which the power radiated is above one half of
the maximum radiated power or the angle within which the radiated power is -3dB
3- Antenna resistance: It is a fictitious resistance which would dissipate the same
power as the antenna radiates if it were connected to the same transmission line
Rr = Pr / i2
4- Antenna input impedance: Antenna input impedance should be matching with
the characteristic impedance of the transmission line for avoid the power reflection
from the antenna to the power source
5- The polarization: It is the orientation of the electric field of an electromagnetic
wave with reference to the ground plane
6- Antenna efficiency: is the ratio between radiated power and the input power to
the antenna
Ƞ = Pr / Pin
Where; Ƞ : the efficiency, Pr : is the radiated power, Pin: is the input power
7- Directive gain (directivity) & Power gain: *Directive gain (directivity): is
the ability of the antenna to concentrate the radiated energy in a given direction. Or the
ratio of the radiated power density in a given direction and distance to the power density
in the same direction and the distance due to a reference antenna called "isotropic
antenna"
Isotropic antenna: is a reference antenna that radiates the same power in all
directions D = Pr / Pref
D: the directivity "directive gain"
Pref: the radiated power from reference "isotropic" antenna
*Power gain (AP) =D×Ƞ
Sheet no.2
Solution
[1]
[2]
[3] Rr = P / i2 = 1000 / 52 = 1000 / 25 = 40Ω
[4] P = i2 / Rr , so 500 = i2 / 300 , hence I = 1.29 A
[5] p = 82 * 50 = 3200W
[6] Rr = 69.44 Ω
[7] P = 800 watt
[8] Q = fo / BW = 14 / 4 = 3.5
[9] BW = 1.57 MHz
[10] BW = 750 KHz
Sheet no.3
1-Calculate the radiation resistance of current element whose overall
length is 𝜆/50.
Solution:
dl 2 λ 2 1
R r = 80π2 ( ) = 80π2 ( ) = 80π2 ( )2 = 0.315 Ω
λ 50 λ 50
2-Define the radiation resistance. Calculate the radiation resistance
and efficiency of a current element whose overall length is 𝜆/50 and
loss resistance is 1.5 w
Solution:
Radiation resistance: It is a fictitious resistance which would dissipate the
same power as the antenna radiates if it were connected to the same
transmission line.
dl 2 λ 2 1
R r = 80π2 ( ) = 80π2 ( ) = 80π2 ( )2 = 0.315 Ω
λ 50 λ 50
Rr Rr 0.315
the efficiency (η) = = = = 0.174 = 17.4%
R T R r + R l 0.315 + 1.5
3-An antenna has an effective length of 100 meters and the current at
the base is 450 amperes (rms) at 40000 Hz. What is the power
radiated if the total resistance of the antenna circuit is 1.12 ohms,
what is the efficiency of the antenna.
Solution:
c 3 × 108
λ= = = 7500 m
f 40 × 103
Irms dl 2 450 × 100 2
Pr = 80π2 ( ) = 80π2 ( ) = 28.4 Kw
λ 7500
100 2
R r = 80π2 ( ) = 0.14 Ω
7500
R r 0.14
the efficiency (η) = = = 0.125 = 12.5%
R T 1.12
4-A thin dipole antenna is 1/15 𝜆 long if its loss resistance is 1.5 Ω
find radiation resistance and efficiency.
Solution:
dl 2 λ 2 1
R r = 80π2 ( ) = 80π2 ( ) = 80π2 ( )2 = 3.5 Ω
λ 15 λ 15
Rr Rr 3.5
the efficiency (η) = = = = 0.7 = 70%
R T R r + R l 3.5 + 1.5
5-Find an expression for the power radiated. What is the power
radiated for peak antenna current = 10 A.
Solution:
Irms dl 2
Pr = 80π2 ( )
λ
peak current (Ipeak) = 10 A
RMS current (Irms) = Ipeak / √2 = 10 / √2 = 7.07 A
dl 2 dl
Pr = 80π2 (7.07)2 ( ) = 4000π2 ( )2
λ λ
6- The radiation intensity of the major lobe of many antennas can be
represented by
Φ = Bo cos θ, where B is the maximum radiation intensity. The
radiation intensity exists only in the upper hemisphere (0<θ<𝝅/3,
0<φ<2𝝅) as shown in figure. Find the maximum directivity and
compare it with its exact value.
Solution:
Given Radiation intensity (φ) = Bo cos θ
Where; Bo is the maximum radiation intensity
The half power point occur at cos θ = 0.5
So that θ = 60o
2π
Beam width = 2 × θ = 2 × 60 = 120o =
3
2π
Hence; θ1r = θ2r =
3
The maximum directivity:-
4π 4π
Do = = = 2.86
θ1r × θ2r 2π × 2π
3 3
The exact value of Do is given as:
4π
Do =
ΩA
ϕ 2π π 2π
θ π
3
ΩA = ∫ ∫ sin θ dθdϕ = ∫ ∫ sin θ dθdϕ = − ∫ [cos θ]03 dϕ
0 0
0 0 0
2π
= − ∫ [0.5 − 1] dϕ = 0.5 [ϕ]2π
0 =𝛑
0
4π 4π
Do = = =4
ΩA π
exact value − approximate value 4 − 2.86
error = = = 28.5 %
exact value 4
The approximate maximum directivity is about 28.5% in error
7) for a spheric pf radius r, find the solid angle (in square radians or
steradians) of a spherical cap on the surface sphere over the north-
pole region defined by spherical angles of 0 ˂ θ ˂ 30o , 0 ˂ ϕ ˂ 360o.
Do this:
a) exactly
b) using 𝛀𝐀 ≌ θ1r × θ2r
Solution:
π
ϕ θ 2π π/6 2π
a) ΩA = ∫0 ∫0 sin θ dθdϕ = ∫0 ∫0 sin θ dθdϕ = − ∫0 [cos θ]06 dϕ =
−(−0.1339)[ϕ]2π
0 = 0.84
π π
b) ΩA ≌ θ1r × θ2r = × = 1.0966
3 3
exact value − approximate value 0.84 − 1.0966
error = = = 30.5 %
exact value 0.84
The approximate beam solid angle is about 30.5 % in error
