Rizal Reviewer

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Rizal- Reviewer- Finals
Life And Works Of Rizal (Technological Institute of the Philippines)
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REPUBLIC ACT 1425: The Rizal Law

The Making of Rizal Law
● April 9, 1956 - Senator Jose P. Laurel filed S enate B ill 448 or the Rizal Bill.
● April 19, 1956 - House Bill No. 5561, an identical version of Senate Bill 438, was filed by
Representative Jacobo Z. Gonzales
● Congress passed the Rizal Bill (S enate Bill 448) and was signed into Rizal Law (Republic Act 1425)
by President Ramon Magsaysay on June 12, 1956.
● Approval of R.A. 1425 on June 12, 1956.
● Presidential Memorandum Order 247 dated Dec. 26, 1994 President Ramos directed the DECS and
CHED to immediately and fully implement R.A. 1425.
● CHED Memorandum Order 6 dated February 15, 1996 CHED ordered all colleges and universities
to offer Rizal course as a separate three unit course fully and immediately.
Notable Persons Who Tried to Block its Approval

● Sen. Decoroso Rosales - brother of Archbishop (Cardinal) Rosales
● Francisco “Soc” Rodrigo - President of Catholic Action of the Philippines
● Sen. Mariano Cuenco - brother of Archbishop Cuenco
● Jesus Paredes - radio commentator
● Fr. Jesus Cavana - member of the Paulist Order who wrote a pastoral letter
● The Friars
Intentions/Reasons of Persons Who Blocked the Approval of Rizal Bill

● The Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo are very damaging to the clerics.
● The novels were written when Dr. Jose Rizal, estranged from Catholic fait h and religion and
contradict many of the Christian beliefs.
● To compel Catholic students to read a book which contains passages contradicting their faith
constitutes a violation of a Philippine constitutional provision (Art. 3, Sec. 1, Par. 7).
● The novels do contain teachings contrary to Catholic faith and so, the Church is opposed to the
proposed compulsory reading in their entirety of such books in any school in the Philippines where
Catholic students may be affected.
Notable Persons Who Fought for Its Approval

● Sen. Jose P. Laurel
● Claro M. Recto
● Other Illustrious Nationalists
Intentions/Reasons of Persons Who Pushed for the Approval of Rizal Bill

● There is a need for a rededication to the ideals of freedom and nationalism f or which our heroes
lived and died.
● There is a need to remember with special fondness and devotion the lives and works of our heroes
who shaped the national character.
● The life, works and writings of Dr.Jose Rizal particularly, his novels Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo are constant and inspiring source of patriotism with which the minds of the youth,
especially during their formative and decisive years in school, should be suffused.
● There is a need to develop moral character, personal discipline, civic conscience and to teach the
duties of citizenship.

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Salient Points of Rizal Law

● Courses on the life, works and writings of Dr. Jose Rizal, particularly the novels Noli Me Tangere
and El Filibusterismo, shall be included in the curricula of all schools, colleges and universities,
public and private.
● It obliged all schools, colleges and universities to keep in their libraries adequate number of copies of
the original or unexpurgated editions of the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo as well as Rizal's
other works and biography.
● It authorized and directed the Board of National Education to work for the translation of Noli M e
Tangere and El Filibusterismo as well as other writings of Dr. Jose Rizal into English, Tagalog and
other principal dialects and their printing in cheap or popular editions and their circulation.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 1425

AN ACT TO INCLUDE IN THE CURRICULA OF ALL PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SCHOOLS,
COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES COURSES ON THE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITINGS OF JOSE
RIZAL, PARTICULARLY HIS NOVELS NOLI ME TANGERE AND ELI FILIBUSTERISMO,
AUTHORIZING THE PRINTING AND DISTRIBUTION THEREOF, AND FRO OTHER
PURPOSES
SECTION 1. Course on the life works, and writings of Jose Rizal, particularly his novels Noli Me Tangere
and El Filibusterismo, shall be included the curricula of all schools, colleges and universities, public or
private: Provided, That in the collegiate courses, the original or unexpurgated editions of the Nilo Me
Tangere and El Filibusterismo or their English translation shall be used as basic texts.
SECTION 2. It shall be obligatory on all schools, colleges, and universities to keep their libraries an
adequate number of copies of the original and unexpurgated editions of the Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo, as well as of Rizal's other works and biography. The said unexpurgated editions of the Noli
Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo or their translations in English, as well as other writings of Rizal, shall be
included in the list of approved books for required reading in all public or private schools, colleges, and
universities.
The Board of National Education shall determine the adequacy of the number of books, depending
upon the enrollment of the school, college, or university.
SECTION 3. The Board of National Education shall cause the translation of the Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo, as well as other writings of Jose Rizal into English, Tagalog and the Principal Philippine
dialects; cause them to be printed in cheap, popular editions: and cause them to be distributed, free of
charge, to persons desiring to read them, through the Purok organizations and Barrio Councils throughout
the country.
SECTION 4. Nothing in this Act shall be construed as amendment or repealing section nine hundred
twenty-seven of the Administrative Code, prohibiting the discussion of religious doctrines by public school
teachers and other persons engaged in any public school.
SECTION 5. The sum of three hundred thousand pesos is hereby authorized to be appropriated out of any
fund not otherwise appropriated in the National Treasury to carry out the purposes of this Act.
SECTION 6. This Act shall take effect upon its approval.
Steps:

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STEP 1 Bill is filed in the Senate Office of the Secretary. It is given a number and calendared for first
reading.
STEP 2 First Reading. The bill’s title, number, and the author(s) are read on the floor. Afterwards, it is
referred to the appropriate committee .
STEP 3 Committee Hearings. The bill is discussed within the committee and a period of consultations is
held. The committee can approve ( approved without revisions, approve with amendments, or recommend
substitution or consolidation with similar bills) or reject. After the committee submits the committee report,
the bill is calendared from second reading.
STEP 4 Second Reading. The bill is read and discussed on the floor. The author delivers a sponsorship
speech. The other members of the Senate may engage in discussions regarding the bill and a period of
debates will pursue. Amendments may be suggested to the bill.
STEP 5 Voting on Second Reading. The senators vote on whether to approve or reject the bill. If approved,
the bill is calendared for third reading .
STEP 6 Voting on Third Reading . Copies of the final versions of the bill are distributed to the members of
the Senate who will vote for its approval or rejection.
STEP 7 Consolidation of Version from the House. The similar steps above are followed by the House of
Representatives in coming up with the approved bill. Of there are differences between the Senate and House
versions, a bicameral conference committee is called to reconcile the two. After this, both chambers approve
the consolidated version.
STEP 8 Transmittal of the Final Version to Malacañan. The bill is then submitted to the President for
signing. The President can either sign the bill into law or veto and return it to Congress.
Vocabulary:
Bill- a measure which if passed through the legislative process, becomes a law
Unexpurgated- basically untouched. In the case of the novels of Rizal, unexpurgated versions were those
that were not changed or censored to remove parts that might offend people.
Bicameral - involving the two chambers of Congress; the Senate and the House of Representatives
NATION AND NATIONALISM

Nation- a group of people with a shared language, culture, and history.
Nation-state- a state ruling over a nation
Sovereignty - the authority to govern a polity without external interference/incursions
State- A political entity that wields sovereignty over a defined territory.
Patriotism - a feeling of attachment to one's homeland
bayan/banua - indigenous Filipino concepts of community and territory that may be related to nationalism
Nation and Nationalism

Three theories that explain the roots of the nation and national identity

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● Primordialism - This theory traces the root of the nation and national identity to existing and deep-
rooted features of a group of people like race, language, religion, and others. Proponents of this
theory argued that national identity has always existed and nations have ethnic cores, whereas
division among citizens was determined through di-customizing 'us' and "them".
● Modernity - Nationalism and national identity are products of social structure and culture brought
by capitalism, urbanization, secularization, and bureaucratization.
● Constructivist approach - nationalism, and nationalism are results of discourses socially constructed
and imagined by people who identify with a group.
THE LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL

Jose Rizal was born on June 19, 1861 in the town of Calamba, Laguna
JOSE PROTACIO MERCADO RIZAL ALONZO Y REALONDA
 Doctor - completed his medical course in Spain and was conferred the degree of Licentiate in
Medicine by the Universidad Central de Madrid
 Jose- was chosen by his mother who was a devotee of the Christian saint San Jose (St. Joseph)
 Protacio - from Gervacio P. which come from a Christian calendar
 Mercado - adopted in 1731 by Domigo Lamco (the paternal great-great- grandfather of Jose
Rizal) which the Spanish term mercado means ‘market’ in English
 Rizal- from the word ‘Ricial’ in Spanish means a field where wheat, cut while still green, sprouts
again
 Alonzo - old surname of his mother
 Y- and
 Realonda - it was used by Doña Teodora from the surname of her godmother based on the
culture by that time
 June 19, 1861- moonlit of Wednesday between eleven and midnight Jose Rizal was born in the
lakeshore town of Calamba, Laguna
 June 22, 1861- aged three days old, Rizal was baptized in the Catholic church
 Father Rufino Collantes - a Batangueño, the parish priest who baptized Rizal
 Father Pedro Casanas - Rizal’s godfather, native of Calamba and close friend of the Rizal
family
 Lieutenant-General Jose Lemery- the governor general of the Philippines when Rizal was born
Injustice to Hero's Mother
 Before June, 1872 - Doña Teodora was suddenly arrested on a malicious charge that she and her
brother, Jose Alberto, tried to poison the latter’s perfidious wife
 Antonio Vivencio del Rosario
 Calamba’s gobernadorcillo, help arrest Doña Teodora
 After arresting Doña Teodora, the sadistic Spanish lieutenant forced her to walk from Calamba to
Santa Cruz (capital of Laguna province), a distance of 50 kilometers
 Doña Teodora was incarcerated at the provincial prison, where she languished for two years and
a half
 Messrs. Francisco de Marcaida and Manuel Marzan - the most famous lawyers of Manila that
defend Doña Teodora
1. Noli Me Tangere (Touch Me Not) – Rizal wrote the novel to expose the ills of Philippine society
during the Spanish Colonial Era. In this book you’ll learn the story of Crisostomo Ibarra, how he
dealt with Spanish authorities, and how he prepared for his revenge, as told in Rizal’s second book,
El Filibusterismo.

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2. El Filibusterismo – is the sequel of Noli Me Tangere. The novel exhibits a dark theme in which it
depicts the country’s issue and how the protagonist attempts a reform. The story takes place 13 years
after Noli Me Tangere, where revolutionary protagonist Crisostomo Ibarra is now under the guise of
Simoune (wealthy jewelry tycoon).
3. Mi Ultimo Adios – During his finals days in Fort Santiago of Manila, Rizal bid farewell to this
motherland and countrymen through letters. Mi ultimo adios or My Last Farewell is one of the few
last works that Rizal wrote.
4. To the Filipino Youth – literary poem when he was still studying at the University of Sto. Tomas
(UST). Originally written in Spanish (A la juventud Filipina).
5. Goodbye to Leonor – literary piece gives an insight into the romantic relationship of Rizal and his
beloved, Leonor Rivera.
6. Kundiman – He wrote kundiman to profess his love for his motherland. This piece reflects his high
hopes that one day, the Philippines would be free from treachery and injustice.
7. Junto Al Pasig – one act play in the Spanish language for the velada. The play centers around
Leonido and Diwata/Satan, which symbolizes the Spanish oppression toward Filipinos.
8. To the Young Women of Malolos – Addresses to the Filipino women, Rit reflects his inheritance
and issues reminders to Filipino women. In his letter he addresses all kinds of women-mothers,
wives, and even the single women.
Rizal’s Nationalism: Focusing on Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo

 Jose Rizal is commonly known as the “Father of Filipino Nationalism” and they said he is the
first Filipino.
 He was the only one of our many heroes to inspire a nation to become an independent country.
 He was the first one to use the word “Filipino” to refer to the country’s inhabitants, whether they
are of Spanish or Filipino blood.
 Under the spanish rule, the native inhabitants were called indios while inhabitants with spanish
blood (perninsulares, insulares, mestizo) were regarded as Filipino.
 He realizes that the people residing in the Philippines should be called one name – Filipino.
 Rizal has been very vocal against the Spanish government, but in a peaceful and a progressive
manner.
 “The pen was mightier than the sword.”
Cavite Mutiny and the GOMBURZA Martyrdom

 Mutiny - is a rebellion against authority It comes from an old verb “mutine” which means “revolt”
 Uprising of military persons of Fort San Felipe (the Spanish arsenal in Cavite, Philippines) on
January 20, 1872.
 Governor General Rafael Izquierdo Implicated the native clergy, who were active in the movement
toward the secularization of parishes.
 He highlighted the attempt to overthrow the Spanish government in the Philippines to install a new
“hari” in the persons of father burgos and zamora.
The Martyrdom of the three priests

GOMBURZA - They were prominent Filipino priests charged with treason and sedition. The Spanish clergy
connected the priests to the mutiny as part of the movement of secular priests who desired to have their own
parishes instead of being assistants to the regular friars.
Abuses and immoralities of the Friars

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A friar belongs to a religious order or a group within the Catholic church.
The Spanish friars played a significant role in the colonization of the Philippines.
 Reports of forced labor,

 unjust taxes, and the
 exploitation of natural resources often surfaced.
These abuses led to a growing discontent with the Catholic Church and its leaders, resulting in a wave of
anti-clericalism that would eventually lead to the Philippine Revolution of 1896.
REMEMBERING RIZAL
Millenarian Groups – Socio-political movements who generally believe in the coming of a major social
transformation with the establishment of the Kingdom of God.
Jove Rex Al – The latin name of Dr. Jose Rizal according to Rizalistas; Jove means God; Rex means King;
and Al mean All (Thus, “God King of All”).
Rizalista – A religious movement that believes in the divinity of Dr. Jose P. Rizal.
Canonization – The act of declaring a dead person as a saint.
Colorum – A term used to refer to secret societies that fought against the colonial government in the
Philippines.
Trivia: Dr. Jose P. Rizal

 Rizal's execution on December 30, 1896.
 American colonial government: Rizal was considered one of the most important Filipino heroes of
the revolution.
 Philippine Commission of 1901/Taft Commission: He was declared a National Hero.
Rizalistas
 According to them, Rizal's Latin name is Jove Rex Al, which means "God, King of All."
 An organization that recognizes Rizal not just as an important hero but also as their savior from all
the social ills that plague the country.
 A term used to describe a long history of millenarian movements in the Philippines.
Rizal as the Tagalog Christ

 The early decades of the 1900s then witnessed the founding of different religious organizations
honoring Rizal as the "Filipino Jesus Christ"
 Spanish writer and philosopher Miguel de Unamano gave Rizal the title "Tagalog Christ" as religious
organizations venerating him had been formed in different parts of the Philippines
 Rizal: The reincarnation of Jesus Christ
The Canonization of Rizal: Tracing the Roots of Rizalistas

 The earlist record about Rizal being declared as a saint is that of his canonization initiated by the
Philippines Independent Church (PIC).
 PIC churches displayed Philippine flags in its altar as an expression of their love of country and
recognition of heroes who fought for our independence. (Palafox, 2012)

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 In 1903, the PIC's official organ published the "Acta de Canonization de los Grandes Martires de la
Patria Dr. Rizal y PP. Burgos, Gomez y Zamora"
 September 24, 1903, Jose Rizal and the three priests were canonized following the Roman Catholic
rites.
 After Rizal's Canonization, Aglipay ordered that no masses for the dead shall be offered to Rizal and
the three priests.
 Today, Rizal's picture or statues can no longer be seen in the altars of PIC.
 Paulina Carolina Malay observations
Groups Venerating Jose Rizal Adarnista or the Iglesiang Filipina

Candida Balantac
 Founder of Adarnista or Iglesiang Pilipina
The members of Adarnista believe in the following:
1. Rizal is a God of the Filipino people
2. Rizal is true God and a true man
3. Rizal was not executed as has been mentioned by historians
4. Man is endowed with a soul; as such, man is capable of good deeds
5. Heaven and hell exist but are, nevertheless, "within us"
6. The abode of the members of the sect in Bongabon, Nueva Ecija is the new Jerusalem or paradise.
7. The caves in Bongabon are the dwelling place of Jehovah or God.
8. There are four persons in God: God, the Father, the Son and the Holy Ghost and the Mother(Virgin
Mary)
Simabahang Rizal
 "Rizal Church"
 by Basilio Aromin (Pangulu guru means chief preacher)
 Bathala (God or Creator)
 Noli me Tangere and El Filibusterismo
Iglesia Watawat ng Lahi

 Samahan ng Watawat ng Lahi (Association of the Banner of the Race) was formed by Arsenio de
Guzman In 1911.
 Iglesia Watawat ng Lahi is a social folk religious group based on the lacheria hill in Calamba,
Laguna, Philippines which beliefs in the divinity of Jose Rizal.
 Alcuran and Benedicto followed the banal na tinig and met with Salgado and Parabuac in Lacheria
on December 24, 1936.
 The word samahan changed to Iglesia (Iya, 2012)
The organization aimed: (Foronda, 2001)
 To love God above all things.
 To love one's fellowman as one loves himself.
 To love the motherland and to respect and venerate the heroes of the race especially the martyr of
Bagumbayan, Dr. Rizal, to follow, to spread, and to support their right teachings; and to serve the
country with one's whole heart towards its order, progress, and peace.
The beliefs of the sect were:
 The teachings are based on the commands of Holy Moses, Our Lord Jesus Christ, and the teachings
of Dr. Jose Rizal.
 The Trinity:

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o Father - Moses
o Son - Jesus Christ
o Holy Ghost – Rizal
 Rizal is not dead.
 The voice of Rizal commands the officials and members.
 After World War III, Rizal will make an appearance in the new world and he will lead the army of
God.
 Man has a soul, but a soul that is different from the soul of Dr. Rizal.
 There is a particular judgment and last judgment.
Branches: Nationwide
Members: 100,000 member found in different parts of the country
Three Faction:
1. Watawat ng lahi / samahan ng watawat ng lahi presiding elders.
o Rizal is not Christ but only a human.
2. Iglesia Watawat ng Lahi, Inc.
o Rizal is God/Christ himself.
3. Iglesia ng Lipi ni Gat Dr. Jose P. Rizal, Inc.
o Rizal is God/Christ himself.
Suprema de la Iglesia la Ciudad Mistica de Dios Inc.

 Suprema de la iglesia de la Ciudad Mistica de Dios Inc. is officially registered organization in 1952.
 It was founded by Marian Bernarda Balitaan (MBB)
 Ciudad Mistica is the biggest Rizalista group.
 In the history of Ciudad Mistica's establishment, the group has always been led by a woman
 For the Ciudad Mistica, Jesus Christ's work is still unfinished and it will be continued by Dr. Jose
Rizal and he "twelve lights" of the Philippines composed of the nineteenth century Philippine heroes.
LIFE OF JOSE RIZAL

Escuela Pia/Ateneo Municipal
 Charity School
 formerly name of Ateneo, a school for poor boys in Manila which was established by the city
government in 1817.
 June 10, 1872 - Rizal accompanied by Paciano went to Manila
 He used the name Jose Rizal instead of Jose Mercado as advice of his brother Paciano
 He took a six year program, Bachiller en Artes
 Father Magin Ferrando - was the college registrar, refused to admit Rizal in Ateneo for two reasons:
o he was late for registration.
o he was sickly and undersized for his age.
 Manuel Xerez Burgos - because of his intercession, nephew of Father Burgos, Rizal was reluctantly
admitted at the Ateneo.
 Jose was the first of his family to adopt the surname “Rizal”. He registered under this name at
Ateneo because their family name “Mercado” had come under the suspicion of the Spanish
authorities.
 During his time, Ateneo Municipal was known to offer the best education for boys.

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 At the start, He lagged behind his classmates but because of his perseverance and seriousness in
studies, he became the "emperor" ( the most outstanding student in class)
 He studied at Ateneo from 1872-1877.
 He passed the oral examination on March 14, 1877 and graduated with a degree Bachiller en Artes
with the Highest honors.
Jesuits System of Education

 it trained the character of the student by rigid discipline and religious instructions
 Students were divided into two groups:
o Roman Empire - consisting of internos (boarders); red banner
o Carthaginian Empire - composed of the externos (non-boarders); blue banner
 Emperor- the best student in each “empire”
 Tribune-the second best
 Decurion - the third best
 Centurion-the fourth best
 Stand-bearer- the fifth best
 The Ateneo students in Rizal’s time wore a uniform which consisted of “hemp-fabric trousers” and
“striped cotton coat” The coat material was called rayadillo
Rizal in Ateneo
 Rizal took private lessons in Santa Isabel College during the noon recesses. He paid three pesos for
those extra Spanish lessons.
 Rizal topped all his classmates in all subjects and won five medals at the end of the school term.
 The most brilliant Atenean of histime, he was truly “the pride of the Jesuits”.
 Rizal cultivated his literary talent under the guidance of Father Sanchez.
 Rizal studied painting under the famous Spanish painter, Agustin Saez, and sculpture under
Romualdo de Jesus, noted Filipino sculptor.
 Rizal carved an image of the Virgin Mary on a piece of batikuling (Philippine hardwood) with his
pocket- knife.
 Father Jose Bech - Rizal’s first professor in Ateneo whom he described as a “tall thin man, with a
body slightly bent forward, a harried walk, an ascetic face, severe and inspired, small deep-sunken
eyes, a sharp nose that was almost Greek, and thin lips forming an arc whose ends fell toward the
chin.
 Dr. Feodor Jagor- a German scientist-traveler who visited the Philippines in 1859-1860 who wrote
Travels in the Philippines.
 Padre Francisco de Paula Sanchez- a great educator and scholar, one of Rizal’s professors who
inspired him to study harder and to write poetry -Rizal described this Jesuiot professor as “model of
uprightness, earnestness, and love for the advancement of his pupils”.
 Father Jose Vilaclara- advised Rizal to stop communing with the Muse and pay more attention to
more practical studies.
 Father Lleonart- impressed by Rizal’s sculptural talent, requested him to carve for him an image of
Sacred Heart of Jesus.
 A Religious picture- Rizal’s first prize for being the brightest pupil in the whole class.
 The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexander Dumas - the first favorite novel of Rizal which made a
deep impression on him.
 Universal History by Cesar Cantu- Rizal persuaded his father to buy him this set of historical work
that was a great aid in his studies.

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 Marian Congregation - a religious society wherein Rizal was an active member and later became
the secretary.
 Rizal cultivated his literary talent under the guidance of Father Sanchez
 Rizal studied painting under the famous Spanish painter, Agustin Saez, and sculpture under
Romualdo de Jesus, noted Filipino sculptor
 Rizal carved an image of the Virgin Mary on a piece of batikuling (Philippine hardwood) with his
pocket- knife.
Poems Written in Ateneo

 Mi Primera Inspiracion (My First Inspiration), 1874 - the first poem Rizal probably wrote during
his days in Ateneo which was dedicated to his mother on her birthday; Rizal wrote it before he was
14 years old -In 1876, Rizal wrote poems on various topics-religion, education, childhood memories
and war. They were as follows:
 Un Recuerdo a Mi Pueblo (In Memory of My Town) - a tender poem in honor of Calamba, the
hero’s natal town.
 Alianza Intima Entre la Religion y la Buena Educacion (Intimate Alliance Between Religion
and Good Education) - Rizal showed the importance of religion in education
 Por la Educacion Recibe Lustre la Patria (Through Education the Country Receives Light) -
Rizal believed in the significant role which education plays in the progress and welfare of a nation.
Rizal as UST Student

After Finishing Bachiller en Artes, Rizal studied in University of Santo Thomas by Don Francisco even
Dona Teodora opposed it.
Freshmen Year (April 1877-1878)
 Rizal enrolled Philosophy and Letters course while taking vocational course in Ateneo, that give him
the perito agrimensor (expert surveyor).
 Rizal excels on his study and eventually received a gold medal in his agriculture and topography.
Other Facts:
 His father likes the course, and he is uncertain to what career to follow.
 Rizal have more romances with girls, won literary laurels, and fought against Spanish students.
Sophomore Year (1978-1979)
 Rizal shift and took his Medicine course, it is because of his mother's failing eyesight.
Other Facts:
 Recommendation of Pablo Ramon-Rector of the Ateneo.

 Dona Teodora objects on what is pursuing because she belief that learning to much might leads him
to misfortune or end his life such as the GOMBURZA.
 Love Affair's in UST, Leonor "Orang" Valenzuela. Love letter with invincible ink that only can be
seen when heated by flame.
 Rizal hate UST because of:
o Filipino Students are discriminated,
o Dominican are hostile to him, and
o The method of teaching is obsolete and repressive.

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Senior Year
 Rizal is not good in his academic career in Medicine course, yet he is one the seven students who
still stay out of twenty-four in their batch.
 Rizal decided to continue his studies in Spain without his parents' permission.
Rizal’s Arts
 Liceo Artistico-Literario (Artistic-Literary Lyceum) of Manila - a society of literary men and artists,
held a literary contest in the year 1879
o A La Juventud Filipina (To the Filipino Youth) - a poem of flawless form that inspire Filipino
youth to rise up and excel in arts and science - this winning poem (consisted of a silver pen,
feather-shaped and decorated with a gold ribbon) of Rizal is a classic in Philippine literature
for two reasons:
1. it was the great poem in Spanish written by a Filipino, whose merit was recognized by Spanish
literary authorities
2. it expressed for the first time the nationalistic concept that the Filipinos, and not the foreigners,
were the “fair hope of the Fatherland”
 El Consejo de los Dioses (The Councils of the Gods) - an allegorical drama written by Rizal (gold
ring on which was engraved the bust of Cervantes) which he entered in the literary contest of
Artistic-Literary Lyceum in 1880 to commemorate the fourth centennial of the death of Cervantes -
was a literary masterpiece based on the Greek classics.
 Junto al Pasig (Beside the Pasig) - a zarzuela which was staged by the Ateneans (his classmates) on
December 8, 1880, on the occasion of the annual celebration of the Feats Day of the Immaculate
Conception, Patroness of the Ateneo - Rizal wrote it as President of the Academy of Spanish
Literature in Ateneo.
 Compañerismo (Comradeship)- Rizal founded a secret society of Filipino students in University of
Santo Tomas in 1880.
Rizal in Europe
 Jose Rizal a 4th year student of UST was disgusted of the educational system and racial issue there.
So, he decided to leave UST and continue his studies in Europe instead with the support of his older
brother Paciano.
 On May 3, 1882, Rizal left the Philippines to complete his studies in Spain. His departure for Spain
was kept secret to avoid detection by the Spanish authorities and the friars. In order to flee the
country, he used his cousin's name from Biñan, which was Jose Mercado.
 Aside from completing his studies in Spain, Rizal has his “secret mission”—was to observe keenly
the life and culture, languages and customs, industries and commerce, and government and laws of
the European nations in order to prepare himself in the mighty task of liberating his oppressed people
from Spanish tyranny.
Life in Madrid
 Rizal moved to Madrid where he enrolled in Medicine and Philosophy and Letters at the Universidad
Central de Madrid (Universidad Complutense de Madrid) on November 3 1882. He joined Circulo
Hispano Filipino, a group of Filipino students in Madrid. He was with M. del Pillar, J. Luna, and G.
Lopez Jaena.
 Me Piden Versos (They Ask Me For Verses) - Upon the request of the members of this society,
Rizal’s wrote this poem which he personally declaimed during the New Year’s Eve reception of the

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Madrid Filipinos held in the evening of December 31, 1882 -in this sad poem, Rizal poured out the
cry of his agonizing heart.
 Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin and Eugene Sue’s The Wandering Jew- these two books
aroused Rizal’s sympathy for the oppressed and unfortunate people.
First Visit to Paris (1883)
 Rizal learned the French language and cultures in this city. He stayed there for a month and left Paris
for Madrid to attend his medicine degree.
Back in Madrid (1883-1885)
 March 1883- Rizal joined the Masonic lodge called Acacia in Madrid. His reason for becoming a
mason was to secure Freemansory’s aid in his fight against the friars in the Philippines.
 Lodge Solidaridad (Madrid) – Rizal transferred where he became a Master Mason on November 15,
1890. He was awarded the diploma as Master Mason by Le Grand Orient de France in Paris on
February 15, 1892.
 After Rizal’s departure for Spain, things turned from bad to worse in Calamba:
o Harvests of rice and sugarcane failed on account of drought and locusts.
o The manager of the Dominican-owned hacienda increased the rentals of the lands.
o A dreadful pest killed most of the turkeys. Due to hard times in Calamba, the monthly
allowances of Rizal in Madrid were late in arrival and there were times when they never
arrived.
 He was broke and was unable to take breakfast. Yet, he attended his class at the university,
participated in the contest in the Greek language and won the first prize and a grade of excellent in
history.
 June 21, 1884 - Rizal completed his medical course in Spain; he was conferred the degree of
Licentiate in Medicine by the Universidad Central de Madrid. The next academic year (1884-1885),
Rizal studied and passed all subjects leading to the degree of Doctor of Medicine but he did not
present the thesis required for graduation nor paid the corresponding fees, he was not awarded his
Doctor’s diploma.
 June 19, 1885- on his 24th birthday, Rizal was awarded the degree of Licentiate in Philosophy and
Letters by the Universidad Central de Madrid with the rating of “Excellent”: (Sobresaliente).
Paris to Berlin (1885-1887)
 Rizal decided to leave Madrid once again for a return to Paris, this time as an ophthalmology trainee.
Important people that Influenced Rizal in his intellectual pursuits

Teodora Alonso Realonda y Quintos (Nov, 9 1827 – August 16, 1911)
 Doña Teodora was a wealthy woman in the Spanish colonial Philippines Realonda was born in Santa
Cruz, Manila. She was also known for being a disciplinarian and hard- working mother.
 His mother was his first teacher, she taught him how to read, and as a result, to appreciate reading as
a way of learning and spending one’s time meaningfully.
Paciano Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda (March 9, 1851 – April 13, 1930)
 He mentored Rizal throughout his life, and Rizal listened to him as if he were his second parent.
 As Nick Joaquin said “ Without Paciano to back him up, it’s doubtful that Rizal would have gotten as
far as he reached.”

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Dr. Ferdinand Blumentritt (September 10, 1853 - September 20, 1913)
 Dr. Blumentritt was a teacher, secondary school principal in Litomerice, lecturer and author of
articles and books in the Philippines and its ethnography.
 Blumentritt introduced Rizal to well known intellectuals and scholars in Europe. He eventually
became Rizal's mentor, defender, and avid supporter.
Dr. Feodor Jagor (November 30, 1816 - February 11, 1900
 A German scientist traveller and author of travels in the Philippines.

 Dr. Jagor introduced Rizal to Dr. Rudolf Virchow, famous German anthropologist.
 Rizal became a member of the Anthropological Society and the Geographical Society in Berlin, upon
recommendation of Dr. Jagor.
Leon Monroy
 When Jose was still young and learning, he served as Rizal’s outstanding tutor.
 He honored Rizal’s ability to read and write rudimentary Latin and Spanish, preparing him for
school.
 His lessons have influence Rizal's development as a genius.
Padre Francisco de Paula Sanchez ( 1849-1928 )
 Father Francisco De Paula Sanchez, the Spanish Jesuit was Rizal’s favorite teacher in Ateneo where
the said priest taught Literature.
 It was under Father Sanchez that the young Rizal learned the Greek and Latin Classics.
Cash crop- crops cultivated for imports

Decree - an order issued by a legal authority; a policy pronouncement
Galleon trade - 1565-1815
- From Philippines to Mexico
- Payment in silver
Insulares - Pure blooded Spanish born in the Philippines
Mestizo - a person with mixed ancestry
Merchant Houses - firms established in Manila and other cities by foreign traders
Pacto de retroventa - an agreement that allowed a landowner to sell his/her land with the guarantee the
he/she could buy the land back at the same price
Parian - chinese enclave established in 1581 outside the walls of intramuros.
- china town
Peninsulares - pure-blooded Spanish born in Spain
Principalia - wealthy pure-blooded natives said to have descended from the kadatoan class
Social Stratification - A way by which people in a society are categorized based on socio-economic as well
as political standards
THE CHANGING LANDSCAPE OF PHILIPPINE ECONOMY AND SOCIETY 19TH CENTURY
-monarchy in Spain experienced a dynastic shift from the Habsburg to the Bourbons
-first implented Bourbon policies Gov. Gen. Jose de Basco y Vargas
-galleon trade is losing enterprises, so he established Royal Philippine Company in 1785 to finance
agricultural projects and manage the new trade as well as other Asian market.

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-British and American are the Major investors

- Majority imports are cash crops like tobacco, sugar, cotton, indigo, abaca, and coffee
-provinces shifted from cash crops, land ownership and management began to be a concern because farmers
felt the pressure of the economy while the hacienderos grabbed the opportunity.
- Example when a small landowner needed capital and money, he would engage in a pacto de retroventa, an
agreement of sale guaranteeing that he could buy the land back at the same price at which it was sold.
-if the land wouldn’t be bought by the small land owners on the last day of the contract, they would forfeit
the land to the hacienderos and would be forced to become a tenant, farmers, or kasama.
- As the growing economy required better management of lands, inquilinos(Middle Man) emerged, renting
land to sublet it to smaller farmers.
-the family of Rizal they called them Principal Inquilinos and they rent the biggest land in the hacienda de
Calamba, they rented 380 hectars.
- Pre-colonial time, the natives of the Philippines had trade relations with the Chinese
- Height of the Galleon Trafde- it was also chinese products that compromised most the goods being traded.
- The influs of chinese settlements made the spaniards supicious of the Chinese
- Stringent state policies towards the sangley ranging from higher taxes, the restriction of movement with the
establishment of the Chinese enclave ( the Parian), to actual policies of expulsion.
- Chinese , however, proved to be "necessary outsiders" in Philippine colonial economy and society.
- Spaniards were wary of the Chinese, they realized the importance that the latter played in sustaining the
economy so they become an important role in the economy through out
-The Chinese became integrated into colonial society , giving rise to intermarriages with indios that gave
birth to Chinese mestizos.
IMPACT ON LIFE IN THE COLONY

-the new economy demanded more man power to man the trading activities in the Manila and other centers
so the colonial government order in 1836 that all towns are required to set up primary schools to teach the
population how to read and write.
- The passage of an education decree in 1863 that mandated free primary education.
-the 19th century gave birth to many schools that addressed the growing demand established during this time
-Manila became a trading center, it became a viable destination for people seeking better opportunities or
those wanting to escape the worsening conditions in the farmlands.
-Increased rate of internal migration raised several concerns. 1, people flocked the centers of trade like
Manila . Overcrowding implied issues in living quarters, sanitation and public health, and increase in
criminality. 2, the continuous movement of people made tax collection extra difficult., in order to mitigate
these concerns, one measure implemented was the 1849 decree of Governor-General Narciso Claveria that
urged the people in the colony to adopt surnames.
- Catalogo de apellidos drawn up, the colonial government assigned surnames to people and forbade
changing names at will.
-Policies like the registration and possessions of a cedula personal bearing one's name and residence, the
colonial government sought to have a better surveillance mechanism.
RENEGOTIATING SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
PENINSULAR - Pure blooded Spaniard born in the Iberian Peninsula (i.e., Spain)
INSULAR- Pure-blooded Spaniard born in the Philippines

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MESTIZO- Born of mixed parentage, a mestizo can be: 1. Spanish mestizo- one parent is Spanish, the other
is a native ;or 2. Chinese mestiz0- one parent is Chinese, the other is a native
PRINCIPALIA- Wealthy pure-blooded native supposedly descended from the kadatoan class
INDIO- Pure-blooded native of the Philippines
CHINO INFIEL- Non-Catholic pure blooded Chinese
CONQUISTADOR - a Spanish conqueror
CABALLERO -a small tract of land included in a land grant(42.5 hectares)
CANON(RENTA) - a measure equal to 75 liters
HACIENDA - large estates that were used for raising livestock and agricultural production
INQUILINO – a tenat who rented land from the friars and subleased the land to sharecroppers
PRINCIPALES - ruling elite class
SHARECROPPER ( KASAMA) - an individual who rented the land from an inquilino and worked the
land
SITIO DE GANADO MAYOR - a large tract of land included in a land grant
BRIEF HISTORY OF FRIARS ESTATES IN THE PHILIPPINES

-The origin of the friars estates can be traced back to land grants awarded to the early Spanish
conquistadores who arrived in the Philippines during the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries.
- according to Roth’s ethno historical research on the agrarian situation in th Philippines from 1565 to 1903
is thorough and perceptive. In 1565 Miguel Lopez de legazpi brought the Philippine islands under spanish
dominition. So the filipinos had occuupied the lands but spanish proceeded legally to acquire land under
land grants from the king of spain.
-Perhaps 120 individuals in all recieved land grants on Luzon in the five provinces near manila. Later on
many of the land grants were consolidated into a large hacienda
-other lands were purchased from the Filipinos who claimed them. Some filipino lands were appropriated by
devious means. As a spanish hacienderos struggled to farm their lands.
-spanish get lands through donation
-120 Spaniards were given grants that were often composed of a large tract of land known as sitio de ganado
mayor (measuring 1,742 hectares) and smaller tracts of land known as caballerias ( measuring 42.5
hectares).
The Spaniards hacienderos failed to develop their lands for three reasons:
-The Spanish population in the Philippines was transient. It was a common practice for Spanish
administrator to return to Spain after having served in the country.
-The market for livestock products, which haciendas offered, remained relatively small until the latter parts
of the Spanish colonial period.

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-The Galleon Trade that was based in Manila offered bigger economic rewards and attracted more
Spaniards.
-The sixteenth and seventeenth centuries,the social structure found in the haciendas was primarily composed
of lay brother administrators were under the direct authority of the heads of their religious orders, they were
relatively free to make their own decisions on administrative affairs.
-Tenants(inquilinos) on the other hand, were expected to work the land and pay an annual rent, which was
usually a fixed amount of harvest and in later centuries, money.
-Mid-eighteenth century, an expanding economy based on exporting agricultural crops ushered in change
and gradually put into place and inquilino system.
-The inquilino or lessee was also expected to render personal services to his landlords. If The inquilino
failed to satisfy these requirements, he could face expulsion from the land.
-The religious hacenderos freed themselves from the social responsibilities borne from a direct interactions
with the kasama.
-the sharecroppers are not included in the polo y servicio
HACIENDA DE CALAMBA CONFLICT

1759- Hacienda de Calamba owned by several Spanish laymen
1759- a destitute Spanish layman, Don Manuel Jauregui, donated the lands to the Jesuits on the condition
that he would be allowed to live in(jusuits school is ateneo)
-1803 - the government sold the property to a Spanish layman, Don Clemente de Azansa, for 44,507 pesos.
-When Don Clemente died 1883 the Hacienda de Azansa which measured 16,424 hectares was purchased by
the Dominicans for 52,000 pesos
-Many families from neighboring towns had migrated to the hacienda in search of economic opportunities
-Among the families that arrived at the hacienda were Rizal’s ancestors, who eventually became one of the
principal inquilinos in the hacienda.
-Rizal’s family rented one of the largest leased lands, measuring approximately 380 hectares.
-1883- Paciano Rizal wrote that the friars were collecting rents without issuing the usual receipts.
-Two years later, the tenants failed to pay their tenants because the rent had supposedly increased while
sugar prices had remained low. To punish the tenants for not paying the rent, the Dominicans declared the
lands vacant and invited residents of other towns to take over the tenancies.
-Charges against the friars continued with Rizal’s brother-in-law, Mariano Herboso, specially complaining
about the yearly increase in rentals, faulty irrigation systems, and failure to issue receipts.
-Coupled with these problems was the fact that at this time, the price of sugar continued to decline in the
world market.
-Paciano at one point, considering giving back his lands to the friars and clearing land elsewhere
-Problem continued to escalate when in 1887, the colonial government demanded from the tenants of the
hacienda a report on the income and production of the state because they suspected that the Dominicans
were evading payment of their taxes.
-The tenants complied and submitted a report, but they also attached a petition authored by Jose Rizal.
-The petition presented a list of grievances against the hacienda owners including a complaint on the
increasing amount of rent. In calamba they are favored but in manila they are rejected.
-tenants who cant pay rent were exiled to remote areas in the country were Rizal’s parents, brother, and
sisters
-Rizal had worked on reversing the decision of the Philippine courts, his family’s exile would only be lifted
upon the issuance of a decree from the another governor-general
-The experience affected Rizal deeply and the increasing despair he felt from the event would be reflected in
his second novel, El Filibusterismo.

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EPISCOPAL VISITATION - official pastoral visit by the bishop every 3 years

GARROTE - used for capital punishment which an iron collar is tightened around a persons neck
POLO Y SERVICIO - forced labor; 16 - 60 years old
- bayad/falla
- 1. cutting trees 2. Build Churches 3. Build roads/Shipyards
REGULAR CLERGY - belong to religious order(Augustinians, Discalced Franciscans, Dominicans.
Jesuits, Augustinians Recollects,)
- parish priest
- they give homily
SECULAR CLERGY - do not belong to religious order
- engaged in pastoral work
- filipino and mestizo
TRIBUTO - system of taxation
- amilyar - with holding tax
- vat - monthly
-evat - income tax yearly
CAVITE MUTINY - because of removing exemption of tributo and polo y servicio

GOV. GEN CARLOS MARIA DELA TORRE - benefits - exemption to tributo and polo y servicio
GOV. GEN RAFAEL DE IZQUIERDO - abolish benefits
- signed the execution of GOMBURZA
-200 Filipino military personnel of Fort San Felipe Arsenal in Cavite, Philippines, staged a mutiny which in
a way led to the Philippine Revolution in 1896.
-When the Archbishop of Manila, Rev. Meliton Martinez, refused to cooperate and defrock the priests, the
Spanish court-martial on February 15 went ahead and maliciously found Fathers Gomez, Burgos, and
Zamora guilty of treason for instigating the Cavite mutiny. Two days later, the three priests were put to death
by garrotte in Bagumbayan, now known as Luneta. (Garrote was a barbaric Spanish method of execution in
which an iron collar was tightened around the prisoner’s neck until death occurred.)
-FATHER BURGOR ( JOSE BURGOS ) 35 y/o Insulares - priest of the Manila Cathedral
-was active and outspoken in advocating the Filipinization of the clergy.
-“Why shall a young man strive to rise in the profession of law or theology
when he can vision no future for himself but obscurity?”
-FATHER ZAMORA( JACINTO ZAMORA) 37 y/o Insulares - He was the parish priest of Marikina
- was known to be unfriendly to and would not countenance any arrogance
or authoritative behavior from Spaniards coming from Spain.
-He once snubbed a Spanish governor who came to visit Marikina.
-FATHER GOMEZ ( MARIANO GOMEZ ) mid 70 chinese mestizo - He held the most senior position of
the three as Archbishop’s Vicar in Cavite.
Secularization - FIlipinization
- Admin
-In the Philippines, the regular clergy remained administrators of the parishes well into the nineteenth
century
-Conflict began when the bishops insisted on visiting the parishes that were being run by regular priests. It
was their duty, they argued, to check on the administration of these parishes. But the regular priests refused

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these visits, saying that they were not under the bishop’s jurisdiction. They threatened to abandon their
parishes if the bishops persisted.
-In 1774, Archbishop Basilio Santa Justa decided to uphold the diocese’s authority over the parishes and
accepted the resignations of the regular priests. He assigned secular priests to take their place. Since there
were not enough seculars to fill all the vacancies the Archbishop hastened the ordination of Filipino seculars.
A royal decree was also issued on November 9, 1774, which provided for the secularization of all parishes
or the transfer of parochial administration from the regular friars to the secular priests.
-The regulars resented the move because they considered the Filipinos unfit for the priesthood. Among other
reasons they cited the Filipinos’ brown skin, lack of education, and inadequate experience.
-The issue soon took on a racial slant. The Spaniards were clearly favouring their own regular priest over
Filipino priests.
EXECUTION OF GOMEZ, BURGOS, AND ZAMORA

-Fathers Gomez and Zamora served as spiritual adviser of the soldiers and workers who joined the mutiny.
-The execution of the GOMBURZA had also inspired the Propaganda movement and the Philippine
revolution. The Propaganda Movement (1880- 1892) led by the Illustrados
TATSULOK NG PROPAGANDISTA
- Jose Rizal -Laong Laan ,Dimasalang
-Marcelo H. Del Pilar - Dolores, Plaridel
-Graciano Lopez - Diego Laura
-Due to abuses of Spanish authorities and clergies and the curtailment of freedom of expression, Filipinos,
specifically the IIustrados campaigned for the assimilation of the Philippines to Spain by becoming a
province of Spain so that the Filipinos and Spaniards will be equal and Filipinos will enjoy the liberties
enjoyed by the Spaniards.
REFORMS
PROVINCE OF SPAIN
REPRESENTATION IN SPANISH CORTES (PEDRO PATERNO)
LIBERALIZATION
FREEDOM OF PRESS
SECULARIZATION
EQUALITY OF THE LAW
-The Propaganda movement expressed their campaigns in the LA SOLIDARIDAD – the official newspaper
of the movement.
-First editor in chief - Graciano Lopez Jaena
Next- Marcelo H. del Pilar (because Graciano is drunkard)
IMAGINING A NATION
CORTES - legislative or lawmaking body of the spanish government

CREOLE - spaniard born in the Philippines(insulares)
MESTIZO - mixed ancestry
PROPAGANDA - INFORMATION USED TO PROMOTE OR PUBLICIZE A PARTICULAR CAUSE OR
POINT OF VIEW

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Restoration - spanish restoration; refers to the Spanish restoration; a period in Spanish history spanning the
years 1874 - 1931 the saw the restoration of the monarchy under Alfonso XII together with the
establishment of a bicameral legislature.
-PLATFORM - Dyaryo
-CIRCULO HISPANO-FILIPINO was the earliest attempt to unite Filipinos studying in Spain.
-published a bi-weekly newspaper titled REVISITA DE CIRCULO HISPANO FILIPINO
-LOS DOS MUNDOS came out with the intention of demanding for the overseas Hispano Colonies
equality of rights and equal opportunities for progress.
-Graciano Lopez Jaena and Pedro Govantes y Azcarraga were staff members.
-Rizal and Eduardo de Lete were also writers concerned with socio-political and economic reforms in the
Philippines.
-Another newspaper titled Espana en Filipinas started its publication through the support of Filipinos,
creoles, and meztizos in Madrid.
- LA SOLIDARIDAD -The staff defined its program as: to combat all reactions, to impede all
retrogression, to applaud and accept every liberal idea, to defend all progress.
Article contributors:
Jose Rizal
Dominador Gomez - cousin of rizal
Jose Maria Panganiban - Jomapa
Antonio Luna - Taga ilog
Ferdinand Blumentritt - interested in fil. Language
Rizal and Del Pilar had differences with regard to Philippines affairs.
-RIZAL believes that to serve the country better, one had to bring the issues closer to home.
-DEL PILAR was a skillful politician who felt that efforts at persuading the Spanish leaders and officials
needed to be continued and that this was the best way to achieve the reforms Filipinos were seeking.
-At New Year’s Eve banquet in 1891, Filipinos in Madrid proposed that they elect a leader to unite their
community.
Rizal agreed with the proposal while Del Pilar expressed initial misgivings; nevertheless, the voting took
place.
Rizal won the election, but upon learning that he won due to the manipulation of his friend, Mariano Ponce,
he felt a shallow triumph so he left Madrid.
NOVEL- a long written story most often about fictional events and characters
SETTING ( IN A NOVEL) - the context in which the events take place; covers geographical areas in
particular periods of time
PLOT - the flow of the narrative in a story
The Publication of the Noli Me Tangere

-Rizal participated in the movement of the ilustrados to utilized propaganda to campaign for reforms in the
Philippines . Utilizing their intellectual prowess, the ilustrados released various written outputs from news
bits, to feature articles, and commentaries.

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-Rizal’s exemplary mastery of words was clearly evident in one of his most celebrated works, his first novel,
Noli Me Tangere
-The idea of publishing a book was not alien to Rizal
-In a meeting with the ilustrados in 1884, he proposed to write a book project to be done collaboratively with
his fellow writers, the project did not materialize
-He decided to write a novel on his own
-Rizal influenced in the writing of the Noli: 1. Juan Luna’s painting Spolarium which depicted the
sufferings faced by humanity in the face of inequalities 2. Uncle Tom’s Cabin, a novel by Harriet Beecher
Stowe that dealt with slavery in America.
-Rizal finished the first half of the novel in Spain, supposedly the other half in France, then completed
the draft in 1886. The novel was published the following year in Germany. Luck of funds delayed the
book’s publication until a fellow ilusrado, MAXIMO VIOLA, insisted on lending him 300 pesos for the
printing of the first 2,000m copies
-MARCH 29, 1887- Rizal, in token of his appreciation and gratitude, gave Viola the galley proofs of the
Noli carefully rolled around the pen that he used in writing it and a complimentary copy, with the following
inscription: “To my dear friend, Maximo Viola, the first to read and appreciate my work—Jose Rizal”
MOTIVATIONS BEHIND WRITING THE NOLI
-The title Noli Me Tangere is a Latin phrase which means “Touch Me Not”. It is not originally conceived
by -Rizal, for he admitted taking it from the Bible
-Rizal, writing to Felix Hidalgo in French on March 5, 1887, said: “Noli Me Tangere, words taken from the
-Gospel of St. Luke, signify “do not touch me” but Rizal made a mistake, it should be the Gospel of St. John
(Chapter 20 Verses 13 to 17)
-Rizal dedicated his Noli Me Tangere to the Philippines—“To My Motherland”
-The cover of Noli Me Tangere was designed by Rizal. It is a ketch of explicit symbols. A woman’s head
atop a Maria Clara bodice represents the nation and the women, victims of the social cancer. One of
the causes of the cancer is symbolized in the friar’s feet, outsized in relation to the woman’s head. The other
aggravating causes of oppression and discrimination are shown in the guard’s helmet and the iron
chains, the teacher’s whip and the alferez’s scourge. A slight cluster of bamboo stands at the backdrop;
these are the people, forever in the background of their own country’s history. There are a cross, a
maze, flowers and thorny plants, a flame; these are indicative of the religious policy, the misdirected
ardor, the people strangled as a result of these all
-The novel Noli Me Tangere contains 63 chapters and an epilogue
ANTONIO MA. REGIDOR- Filipino patriot and lawyer who had been exiled due to his complicity in the
Cavite Mutiny of 1872, read avidly the Noli and was very much impressed by its author

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MAJOR CHARACTERS
IBARRA
Juan Crisóstomo Ibarra y Magsalin, commonly referred to the novel as Ibarra or Crisóstomo, is the
protagonist in the story. Son of a Filipino businessman, Don Rafael Ibarra, he studied in Europe for
seven years. Ibarra is also María Clara’s fiancé. Several sources claim that Ibarra is also Rizal’s reflection:
both studied in Europe and both persons believe in the same ideas. Upon his return, Ibarra requested the
local government of San Diego to construct a public school to promote education in the town.
In the sequel of Noli, El filibusterismo, Ibarra returned with different character and name: he called
himself as Simoun, the English mestizo.
MARÍA CLARA
María Clara de los Santos y Alba, commonly referred to as María Clara, is Ibarra’s fiancée. She was
raised by Capitán Tiago, Binundok’s cabeza de barangay and is the most beautiful and widely
celebrated girl in San Diego. In the later parts of the novel, María Clara’s identity was revealed as an
illegitimate daughter of Father Dámaso, former parish curate of the town, and Doña Pía Alba, wife of
Capitán Tiago. In the end she entered local covenant for nuns Beaterio de Santa Clara. In the epilogue
dealing with the fate of the characters, Rizal stated that it is unknown if María Clara is still living within
the walls of the covenant or she is already dead.
The character of María Clara was patterned after Leonor Rivera, Rizal’s first cousin and childhood
sweetheart.
CAPITÁN TIAGO
Don Santiago de los Santos, known by his nickname Tiago and political title Capitán Tiago is a Filipino
businessman and the cabeza de barangay or head of barangay of the town of Binundok. He is also
the known father of María Clara.
In the novel, it is said that Capitán Tiago is the richest man in the region of Binondo and he possessed
real properties in Pampanga and Laguna de Bay. He is also said to be a good Catholic, friend of the
Spanish government and was considered as a Spanish by colonialists. Capitán Tiago never attended
school, so he became a domestic helper of a Dominican friar who taught him informal education. He
married Pía Alba from Santa Cruz.
PADRE DÁMASO
Dámaso Verdolagas, or Padre Dámaso is a Franciscan friar and the former parish curate of San Diego.
He is best known as a notorious character who speaks with harsh words and has been a cruel priest during
his stay in the town. He is the real father of María Clara and an enemy of Crisóstomo’s father, Rafael
Ibarra. Later, he and María Clara had bitter arguments whether she would marry Alfonso Linares or go to a
convent.[13] At the end of the novel, he is again re-assigned to a distant town and is found dead one day.
In popular culture, when a priest was said to be like Padre Dámaso, it means that he is a cruel but
respectable individual. When one says a child is “anak ni Padre Damaso” (child of Padre Dámaso), it
means that the child’s father’s identity is unknown.
ELÍAS
Elías is Ibarra’s mysterious friend and ally. Elías made his first appearance as a pilot during a picnic of
Ibarra and María Clara and her friends.[14] He wants to revolutionize the country and to be freed from
Spanish oppression.
The 50th chapter of the novel explores the past of Elías and history of his family. In the past, Ibarra’s great-
grandfather condemned Elías’ grandfather of burning a warehouse which led into misfortune for Elías’

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family. His father was refused to be married by his mother because his father’s past and family lineage was
discovered by his mother’s family. In the long run, Elías and his twin sister was raised by their maternal
grandfather. When they were teenagers, their distant relatives called them hijos de bastardo or illegitimate
children. One day, his sister disappeared which led him to search for her. His search led him into different
places, and finally, he became a fugitive and subversive.
PILOSOPO TACIO
Pilosopo Tacio, known by his Filipinized name Pilosopo Tasyo is another major character in the story.
Seeking for reforms from the government, he expresses his ideals in paper written in a cryptographic
alphabet similar from hieroglyphs and Coptic figures hoping “that the future generations may be
able to decipher it” and realized the abuse and oppression done by the conquerors.
His full name is only known as Don Anastacio. The educated inhabitants of San Diego labeled him as
Filosofo Tacio (Tacio the Sage) while others called him as Tacio el Loco (Insane Tacio) due to his
exceptional talent for reasoning.
DOÑA VICTORINA
Doña Victorina de Espadaña, commonly known as Doña Victorina, is an ambitious Filipina who
classifies herself as a Spanish and mimics Spanish ladies by putting on heavy make-up.[12] The
novel narrates Doña Victorina’s younger days: she had lots of admirers, but she didn’t choose any of them
because nobody was a Spaniard. Later on, she met and married Don Tiburcio de Espadaña, an official of
the customs bureau who is about ten years her junior. However, their marriage is childless.
Her husband assumes the title of medical doctor even though he never attended medical school;
using fake documents and certificates, Tiburcio practices illegal medicine. Tiburcio’s usage of the title
Dr. consequently makes Victorina assume the title Dra. (doctora, female doctor). Apparently, she uses the
whole name Doña Victorina de los Reyes de de Espadaña, with double de to emphasize her marriage
surname. She seems to feel that this awkward titling makes her more “sophisticated.”
AUIDENCIA- the Royal Audencia or the royal court of justice in Spain and its colonies
ECCLESIASTICS- the religious missionaries
SECULAR- having ideas and attitudes not determined by any religious bias
ANTONIO DE MORGA SÁNCHEZ GARAY was born in Seville. He graduated from the University of
Salamanca in 1574 and in 1578 received a doctorate in canon law. He taught briefly in Osuna, and then
returned to Salamanca to study civil law. In 1580 he joined the government service as a lawyer. Among
other positions in Spain, he held that of auditor general of the galleys. In 1582 he was serving as mayor of
Baracaldo in Vizcaya when he first married, to Juana de Briviesca de Munotones.
-In August 1593 he was notified that he had been selected as Lieutenant to the Governor-General of the
Philippines, starting what would become 43 years of colonial service. He traveled accompanied by his
family, 14 servants, three black slaves and his collection of books. Following the route of that time, he
sailed from Cadiz in February 1594, arriving in Mexico in May. During the following period of preparation for
the Pacific voyage, he heard two important cases, and supervised the supplying of the two ships to be
used. He also recruited 200 soldiers for the garrison in Manila. They departed Acapulco on March 22, 1595,
reaching Manila on June 11, 1595. He had the second-most powerful position in the colony.
-He first served under Governor-General Luis Pérez Dasmariñas, who was interim after his father's
death. Francisco Tello de Guzmán soon succeeded him, and Morga reported to him during most of his time
in the colony. In his account of the colonial Philippines published in 1609, Morga noted the miserable
condition suffered by many of the Spanish/Mexican soldiers, who were young, ill-paid and suffered
in that unfamiliar environment. Few wanted to settle in Manila, and higher-level government officials also
sought to leave the colony in a few years. His first two reports to the Crown covered a wide variety of
topics, mentioning Japan, Mindanao, and China, in addition to civil, military and ecclesiastical activities
within the colony.

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-He issued regulations for administrative reform, known as the ORDENZAS. Among his reforms was to
restore the audencia. In 1598 he resigned as lieutenant governor to assume the office of oidor, or judge, in
the newly re-established Audiencia of Manila. The position required his removal from much public life.
SUCESOS DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS - An account of Spanish observations about the Filipinos and the
Philippines.
Background information/ Important information about Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas
-ANTONIO DE MORGA - Author of Sucesos de las islas Filipinas
-This is one of the first books ever to tackle Philippine history.
-Book that describes the events inside and outside of the country from 1493 to 1603, including the history
of the Philippines.
-Consist of 8 Chapters
-Discuss the political, social and economical aspects of a colonizer and the colonized country.
-The content of the book is based on documentary research, observation and personal experience of
Morga.
-Rizal is a secondary source of the book due to his Annotations.
-Spanish lawyer and official in the Philippines Antonio de Morga during the 17th century.
-The Philippines was named in honor of King Philip II of Spain.
EVENTS, HAPPENINGS, OCCURRENCE
-The SUCESOS is the work of an honest observer, a versatile bureaucrat, who knew the workings of the
administration from the inside.
RIZAL’S OBJECTIVES
1.To awaken the consciousness of the Filipinos regarding their glorious ways of the past
2.To correct what has been distorted about the Philippines due to Spanish conquest
3.To prove that Filipinos are civilized even before the coming of the Spaniards
Blumentritt’s Influence on Rizal Ferdinand BLUMENTRITT has encouraged Rizal to write about the
Philippines’ pre-colonial History.
ON RIZAL’s ANNOTATION
THE FIRST OBJECTIVE
The Early Filipino Pride
Rizal strove to establish that the Filipinos could be proud of their pre-conquest past.
THE SECOND OBJECTIVE
History as a Propaganda Weapon
Rizal aimed to use history as a propaganda weapon.
EARLY GOVERNMENT
Our forefathers in the pre-colonial Philippines already possessed a working judicial and legislative system
HIGH LITERACY RATE
The Spanish missionaries exploited the baybayin for their own ends, learning and using it to translate their
goals
EARLY ARTILLERY
Our ancestors were very proficient in the art of war. Aside from wielding swords and spears, they also knew
how to make and fire guns and cannons.
SMOOTH FOREIGN RELATIONS
The pre-colonial Filipinos had already established trading and diplomatic relations with countries as far
away as the Middle East
SELF- SUFFICIENT
In terms of food, our forefathers did not suffer from any lack thereof. Blessed with such a resource-rich
country, they had enough for themselves and their families
ADVANCED CIVILIZATION
Our ancestors possessed a complex working society and a culture replete with works of arts and literature
IMPORTANT POINTS
Sucesos De Las Islas Filipinas is the first book to tackle the Philippine history.
The book discusses the political, social and economical aspects of a colonizer and the colonized country.

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The book that describes the events inside and outside of the country from 1493 to 1603, including the
history of the
Philippines.
The pre-colonial Philippines already possessed a working judicial and legislative system
Spanish missionaries put an end to the baybayin written system of the Philippines to translate their goals
Our ancestors possessed a complex society and culture filled with arts and literature
RIZAL’S ANNOTATIONS
1. Philippines was NOT DESERTED and was actually HABITABLE.
2. Spaniards, like any other nation, treat food to which they are not accustomed or is unknown to them with
disgust. This fish that Morga mentions is bagoong (salted & fermented fish)
MORGA’S SUCESOS
1. Philippines was DESERTED and INHABITABLE.
2. Beef and fish they know it best when it has started to rot and stink Rizal’s Annotations vs. De Morga’s
Sucesos ...
RIZAL’S 3 PROPOSITIONS
1. The people of the Philippines have a culture on their own, before the coming of the Spaniards
2. Filipinos were decimated, demoralized, exploited, and ruined by the Spanish colonization
3. The present state of the Philippines was not necessarily superior to its past
JOSE RIZAL AS PHILIPPINES’ NATIONAL HERO
-Rizal gave us freedom by using goodness.
-Jose Rizal became the Philippines’ National Hero because he fought for freedom in a silent but
powerful way.
-He expressed his love for the Philippines through his novels, essays and articles rather than
through the use of force or aggression.
IMPORTANCE OF RIZAL’S ANNOTATIONS TO THE PRESENT GENERATION

1. To awaken in the Filipinos the consciousness of our past
2. To devote ourselves to studying the future
3. To first lay bare the past, in order to better judge the present and to survey the road trodden during three
centuries
4. To prove Filipinos had a culture of their own, prior to colonization, that the Filipinos were NOT inferior to
the white man
5. To shatter the myth of the so-called “Indolence of the Filipinos”
6. To reduce those Filipinos who denied their native tongue into rotten fish
7. To seriously study Tagalog and produce a comprehensive Tagalog dictionary
8. To embrace the generic term “Indio”, or in today’s case, Filipino, with all its negative connotations, and
turn it into one of dignity and nobility
INDIO- a term used by the Spaniards to refer to the native Filipinos; occasionally used in a derogatory
manner
MORO PIRACY – a series of raids in several Philippine towns committed by Muslims from Mindanao
during the seventeenth to eighteenth centuries
INDOLENCE OR INDUSTRY SOBRE LA INDOLENCIA DE LOS FILIPINOS ("ON THE INDOLENCE OF
THE FILIPINOS" IN SPANISH) is a socio-political essay published in La Solidaridad in Madrid in 1890. It
was written by José Rizal as a response to the accusation of Indio or Malay indolence. Before the
Spaniards came, we were active and honest in trading; we use our abilities and resources for our
country’s benefits, and we never corrupt. Besides that, we are industrious and passionate, independent,
value nature, and protective and defensive of our territory. When the Spaniards came we became
gamblers, dependent, powerless, corrupt, amnesiacs (makakalimutin), disloyal to our “identity”,
and indolent. Being discontent, having continual wars and tolerance, due to slavery, getting deceits from
the Spaniards, allowing pirates from the south (Mindanao Muslim pirates), and lacking unity, the Filipinos
became indolent.

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CHAPTER 1 SUMMARY:
Rizal admits that indolence does exist among the Filipinos, but it cannot be attributed to the
troubles and backwardness of the country; rather it is the effect of the backwardness and troubles
experienced by the country. Past writings on indolence revolve only on either denying or affirming, and
never studying its causes in depth. One must study the causes of indolence, Rizal says, before curing it. He
therefore enumerates the causes of indolence and elaborates on the circumstances that have led to it. The
hot climate, he points out, is a reasonable predisposition for indolence. Filipinos cannot be compared to
Europeans, who live in cold countries and who must exert much more effort at work. An hour's work under
the Philippine sun, he says, is equivalent to a day's work in temperate regions
CHAPTER 2 SUMMARY:
Rizal says that an illness will worsen if the wrong treatment is given. The same applies to indolence.
People, however, should not lose hope in fighting indolence. Even before the Spaniards arrived, Rizal
argues, the early Filipinos were already carrying out trade within provinces and with other neighboring
countries; they were also engaged in agriculture and mining; some natives even spoke Spanish. All this
disproves the notion that Filipinos are by nature indolent. Rizal ends by asking what then would have
caused Filipinos to forget their past.
CHAPTER 3 SUMMARY:
Rizal enumerates several reasons that may have caused the Filipinos' cultural and economic
decadence. The frequent wars, insurrections, and invasions have brought disorder to the
communities. Chaos has been widespread, and destruction rampant. Many Filipinos have also been sent
abroad to fight wars for Spain or for expeditions. Thus, the population has decreased in number. Due to
forced labor, many men have been sent to shipyards to construct vessels. Meanwhile, natives who have
had enough of abuse have gone to the mountains. As a result, the farms have been neglected. The so-
called indolence of Filipinos definitely has deeply rooted causes.
CHAPTER 4 SUMMARY:
Filipinos, according to Rizal, are not responsible for their misfortunes, as they are not their own
masters. The Spanish government has not encouraged labor and trade, which ceased after the
government treated the country's neighboring trade partners with great suspicion. Trade has declined,
furthermore, because of pirate attacks and the many restrictions imposed by the government, which gives
no aid for crops and farmers. This and the abuse suffered under encomenderos have caused many to
abandon the fields. Businesses are monopolized by many government officials, red tape and bribery
operate on a wide scale, and rampant gambling is tolerated by the government. This situation is
compounded by the Church's wrong doctrine which holds that the rich will not go to heaven, thus
engendering a wrong attitude toward work. There has also been discrimination in education against natives.
These are some of the main reasons that Rizal cites as causing the deterioration of values among the
Filipinos.
CHAPTER 5 SUMMARY:
According to Rizal, all the causes of indolence can be reduced to two factors. The first factor is the
limited training and education Filipino natives receive. Segregated from Spaniards, Filipinos do not
receive the same opportunities that are available to the foreigners. They are taught to be inferior. The
second factor is the lack of a national sentiment of unity among them. Because Filipinos think they
are inferior, they submit to the foreign culture and do everything to imitate it. The solution, according
to Rizal, would be education and liberty.
ISSUES AND CAUSES OF INDOLENCE:
First, the establishment of the Galleon Trade cut off all previous associations of the Philippines with
other countries in Asia and the Middle East. As a result, business was only conducted with Spain
through Mexico. Because of this, the small businesses and handicraft industries that flourished during the
pre-Spanish period gradually disappeared.
Second, Spain also extinguished the natives’ love of work because of the implementation of forced
labor. Because of the wars between Spain and other countries in Europe as well as the Muslims in
Mindanao, the Filipinos were compelled to work in shipyards, roads, and other public works, abandoning
agriculture, industry, and commerce.

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Third, Spain did not protect the people against foreign invaders and pirates. With no arms to defend
themselves, the natives were killed, their houses burned, and their lands destroyed. As a result of this, the
Filipinos were forced to become nomads, lost interest in cultivating their lands or in rebuilding the industries
that were shut down, and simply became submissive to the mercy of God.
Fourth, there was a crooked system of education, if it was to be considered an education. What were
being taught in the schools were repetitive prayers and other things that could not be used by the students
to lead the country to progress. There were no courses in Agriculture, Industry, etc., which were badly
needed by the Philippines during those times.
Fifth, the Spanish rulers were a bad example to despise manual labor. The officials reported to work at
noon and left early, all the while doing nothing in line with their duties. The women were seen constantly
followed by servants who dressed them and fanned them – personal things which they ought to have done
for themselves.
Sixth, gambling was established and widely propagated during those times. Almost every day there
were cockfights, and during feast days, the government officials and friars were the first to engage in all
sorts of bets and gambles.
Seventh, there was a crooked system of religion. The friars taught the naïve Filipinos that it was easier
for a poor man to enter heaven, and so they preferred not to work and remain poor so that they could easily
enter heaven after they died. Lastly, the taxes were extremely high, so much so that a huge portion of what
they earned went to the government or to the friars. When the object of their labor was removed and they
were exploited, they were reduced to inaction.
FILIBUSTERO - ( nineteenth century context)- translated as " subversive", a patriot who was usually
associated with revolutionary activities
GUARDIA CIVIL - police/military force assigned by the colonial government to maintain peace and order
CABEZA DE BARANGAY - head of the barangay
Rizal's second novel, EL FILIBUSTERISMO , is a story set in twilight years of the Spanish colonial
government in the Philippines . It was first translated into English by CHARLES DERBYSHIRE in 1912
under the title , Reign of Greed. The book according to the translator " represents Rizal's more mature
judgment on political and social conditions in the islands , and in its graver and less hopeful tone reflects
the disappointments and discouragements which he had encountered in his efforts to lead the way to
reform.
Presentation
EL FILIBUSTERISMO - Rizal second novel sequel to the Noli Me Tangere.
THE REIGN OF GREED - traslated into english by Charles Derbyshire in 1912.
FILIBUSTERO - a patriot who was usually associated with revolutionary activities.
HISTORY AND CONTEXT
THE PRINTING
FEBRUARY 1888 - rizal continued working oh his novel and made some revisions while he was in London.
MARCH 29, 1891 - complete the novel after three years in biarittz france.
SEPTEMBER 18, 1891 - book published in Ghent with the help of his friend Valentin Ventura.
Rizal sent 2 copies to Hongkong one for Basa and the other to Sixto Lopez. The original manuscript
and a printed copy gave to Valentin Ventura with his autograph.
El Fili - is dedicated to Gomburza, the three priest accused of being filibusters in 1872.
GOMBURZA - Don Mariano Gomez - died 73 years old.- Don Jose Burgos - died 35 years old.-Don
Jacinto ZAMORA - died 37 years old.
FEBRUARY 17, 1872 - gomburza publicly executed by garrote in Bagumbayan on the early morning.
NOLI
Themes that can be seen in the story "El Fili begins where the Noli leaves off where:
-Love
-Romance
-Aspiration

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-Heroism
-Mercy
-Idealism
EL FILI
Turns to :
-Hatred
-Pain
-Bitterness
-Anger
-Disillusionment
-Vengeance
- In 1890, Wenceslao Retana wrote about the “ filibuster” and described the term as “ the one who, eager
for the independence of the country, resorts to various extralegal proceedings in order to reach the
objectives that he pursues’ (Aguilar, 2011)
- By the end of the nineteenth century, the Spanish colonial government defined” filibuster: as
“someone who works for the separation of our overseas provinces”
PLOT
-The story of El Filibusterismo revolved around the main character, Simoun, who was the rich jeweller.
Simoun was actually Crisostomo Ibarra of the Noli whom everyone thought was killed by the guardia civil at
the Laguna de Bay thirteen years ago. He was able to escape and fled to Cuba. He became wealthy and
was able to establish connections with prominent Spaniards officials. Upon his return to the Philippines,
Simoun became very influential being the consultant of the governor general.
-Simoun came back with his grand plan to exact revenge on Spanish officials and to rescue Maria Clara
who entered the convent after learning the news of Ibbara’s death. He planned to launch a revolution.
Planting a bomb at the wedding ceremony which he started by smuggling arms and recruiting followers,
mainly from the exploited and abused natives. One of his recruits was Basilio, the son of Sisa. With the
help of Capitan Tiago, Basilio was able to study medicine in Manila. Simoun also began to establish an
alliance with Kabesang Tales and his revolutionary group. Kabesang Tales was a former cabeza de
barangay who was maltreated by the friars. Using his position, Simoun encouraged corruption and more
oppressive government policies to enrage the people and thus provoke them to revolt.
-Simoun’s plans of revolution failed twice. In his first attempt, he decided not to give signal for the outbreak
of the uprising upon hearing the news of Maria Clara’s death. Basilio and the other students were the
arrested for allegedly forming a seditious organization. Simoun arranged the release of Basilio who became
bitter and vengeful. However, he was very grateful to Simoun and offered his full support for the revolution.
The second attempt at starting a revolution entailed the planting of a bomb at wedding reception of Paulita
Gomez and Juanito Pelaez. Illustrious guests at the mansion included Padre Salvi and the governor
general. In Simouns’s plan, the revolution would be triggered by his gift to the couple, a kerosene lamp with
an explosive. When the lamp starts flickering and someone turns the wick, there would be an explosion,
signaling the revolutionaries to attack all government buildings in Manila.
-As planned, Simoun gave the lamp during the reception. Before leaving the venue, he left a note with a
message: “You will die tonight,” signed by Crisostomo Ibarra. Meanwhile, when Basilo saw all the people at
the venue, his conscience bothered him. He saw his friend Isagani, who was secretly watching his love,
Paulita, celebrating her wedding. Basilio told Isagani about the explosive and asked him to leave the place.
-When Padre Salvi confirmed Ibarra’s handwriting, the guess began to panic. The lamp flickered and Padre
Irene tried to turn the wick. But Isagani, wanting to save Paulita, ran into the house, grabbed the lamp, and
threw it into the river where it exploded.
-Simoun took refuge in the house of a kind Filipino preist, Padre Florentino. The guardias civiles, however,
learned about the whereabouts of the fugitive, and informed the priest that they would come in the evening
to arrest Simoun.
-Instead of surrending to the authorities, Simoun poisoned himself. As the poison started to take effect on
his body, he confessed to Padre Florentino his true identity and his plans for revenge. After the long and

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redius confession, the priest told Simoun that his plans might have failed because of the unjust means that
were used. He assured Simoun that there was still hope for the freedom of the country.
-The story ended with Padre Florentino throwing Simouns’s jewels into the sea so that they would not be
used by the greedy. He also prayed that when the right time comes, the treasure would be recovered and
used for a noble purpose
REFORM- improvement or change to better state (social, economic, and political institutions)
REVOLUTION – a violent attempt to overthrow a government
PRINCIPALIA CLASS- the ruling and usually educated upper class in the nineteenth century Philippines
PRESENTATION
-One hundred twenty years after Rizal’s execution, his writings remain socially relevant. The ills that he
rallied against inept leadership, corruption, abuse of women, and the influence of the Catholic Church over
political and social affairs- are still persisting in the Philippine society today.
-Rizal’s main objective in writing El filibusterismo is to expose the Philippine situation as he
witnessed during his time.
-The importance of Rizal’s ideas for our generation has a twofold basis first the applicability to present –day
problems, and second ,their inspirational value. Rizal holds a mirror to our face and we see ourselves our
vices our defects ,our meanness, because the conditions he describes are the very conditions we see
around us,and the characters he portrays are people we continue to meet. One hand holds a mirror to
shame us and the other points the way to our regeneration.Yet the truth is that the mirror was not meant to
reveal our image, but the image of the people and the society of Rizal time RENATO CONSTANTINO
RELEVANCE OF RIZAL’S TEACHINGS
-Council to stay in Madrid and write there is very benevolent; but I can not and I must not accept it. I can
not stand life in Madrid; there we are all "vox clamantis in deserto"; my relatives want to see me and I want
to see them too; Nowhere is life as pleasant to me as in my homeland, next to my family. I am still not
Europeanized as the Filipinos of Madrid say; I always want to return to the country of my aborigines. "The
goat always throws the bush," they told me. Rizal responded to Blumentritt. In a letter dated 19 June
1887, the patriot wrote: REVOLUTION AS A MEANS OF SOCIAL CHANGE
-Rizal himself was admired as a good leader.His colleagues in the Propaganda Moverment repected him
because he showed a kind of leadership that was not motived by personal interest.The call for a good
leadership could leadership could be gleaned from El Fili when he stressed the importance of National
sentiment to guard the society against all kinds of injustices and oppression ON LEADERSHIP AND
GOVERNANCE
-At the time that Simoun was planning to launch the revolution,students including Basilio were also fighting
for the establishment of a school that would allow natives to learn the Spanish language.Simoun strongly
reated against the project advocated by the students.For him ,it would mean the death of national identity
and the institutionalization of Tyranny.In Chapters 6 (Basilio) AND 7 ( Simoun), Simoun expressed his
disapproval of the students’program ,convincing Basilio to join him in his plan of revolution instead. ON
EDUCATION AND LANGUAGE
-Jose Rizal through the character of Padre Florentino, a patriotic Filipino priest in El Fili.Rizal saw the youth
as future of the country because this generation would one day lead the nation. Their actions today would
shape the path of tomorrow. Rizal stressed the important role of the youth in challenging the government as
seen in the efforts of students like Basilio and Isagani to organize themselves and unite to call for
reforms. ON THE FILIPINO YOUTH
CHARACTER:
KABESANG TALES
Cabeza Telesforo Juan de Dios, a former cabeza de barangay (barangay head) of Sagpang, a
barangay in San Diego's neighboring town Tiani, who resurfaced as the feared Luzón bandit Matanglawin.
He is the son of Tandang Selo, and father of Juli and Tano.

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PLACIDO PENITENTE
A student of the University of Santo Tomas who was very intelligent and wise but did not want, if not
only by his mother's plea, to pursue his studies. He also controls his temper against Padre Millon, his
physics teacher. During his High School days, he was an honor student hailing from Batangas.
PADRE CAMORRA
The lustful parish priest of Tiani, San Diego's adjacent town who has longtime desires for young women.
He nearly raped Juli causing the latter to commit suicide.
HERMANA PENCHANG
Sagpang's rich pusakal (gambler). She offers Juli to be her maid so the latter can obtain money to free
Kabesang Tales. Disbelieving of Juli and her close friends, she considers herself as an ally of the friars.
JULI
Huli - Juliana de Dios, the girlfriend of Basilio, and the youngest daughter of Kabesang Tales. To claim
her father from the bandits, she had to work as a maid under the supervision of Hermana Penchang.
Eventually, she was freed but committed suicide after Father Camorra attempted to rape her.
Rizal’s essay titled “ THE PHILIPPINES A CENTURY HENCE” presents compelling arguments on what
the state of the country will be like in the future.
PRESENTATION
The First Part of Rizal’s essay does this by illustrating that with the arrival of the Spaniards, the
Filipinos were forced to accept the subject themselves to a new and foreign culture.
By the nineteenth century, economic conditions had become better in the Philippines and Rizal recognizes
this. However, beyond the material prosperity, he points out that the Filipinos remain brutalized and
oppressed. Since advancement or progress is clearly inevitable, Rizal poses the question on whether the
Philippines will remain a colony of Spain despite all the changes.
He states that the Philippines will remain a colony of Spain if the mother country implements
reforms such as freedom of the press and representation in the Rizal also concedes that if Spain
does not grant these reforms, the Filipino will likely become independent after a violent and bloody
revolution.
The Final Part of Rizal’s work presents another interesting point of discussion since he attempts to look
into the future of the country. He argues that if the Philippines becomes free in the future, this
independence will be short-lived since the United States of America will probably acquire and
colonize the country as one of their own territories.
In the end, Rizal makes a strong assertion that it is imperative for Spain to grant the Filipinos
reform, for as he eloquently states, “It is better to keep pace with the desire of a people that to give
way before them; the former begets sympathy and love, the latter contempt and anger.”
BIOGRAPHY – the story of one’s life written by someone else

NATIONAL HISTORY- the study of a nation’s past events
SOCIAL CONTEXT- physical and social setting in which people live
BIOGRAPHY IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

-The Philippines history noted the publication of the considered first biographies focusing on the life of the
missionaries who worked in the evangelization of the natives.
-These Spanish-written narratives can be read in religious chronicles and histories citing the missionaries ‘
important roles in building churches or even bridges and fortresses.
-Filipino biographies can only be found in the accounts of the Spanish priests who reported on how they
defended the Spain and the Catholic faith against the Filipino “enemies”.
-Early colonial Filipino biographies, therefore, are narratives of Filipino fighters who were seen as “enemies
of the state.”
-The study on biographies broadened. One monumental work in the history of life-writing in the country is
that of E. Arsenio Manuel in 1955, a four-volume compilation entitled Dictionary of Philippine
Biography.

lOMoARcPSD|37683082
-Two years after, D. H. SORIANO AND ISIDRO L. RETIZOS PUBLISHED THE PHILIPPINES WHO’S
WHO, a book about the lives of 400 Filipinos and their achievements.
-Historian and biographer GREGORIO ZAIDE ALSO PUBLISHED HIS GREAT FILIPINOS in history in
1970.
-He and his daughter revised the book in 1988 with the title RIZAL AND OTHER GREAT FILIPINOS,
featuring the biographies of forty heroes, foremost of which is Rizal. The purpose of the revised book, as
summed up by SONIA ZAIDE was “TO INSPIRE THE YOUNGER GENERATIONS OF FILIPINOS TO
LOVE AND SERVE THEIR COUNTRY.
-Today, many Filipino biographies have been written. Undoubtedly, Jose Rizal’s life and works have always
been the favorite subject of writers and biographers. Among the most known BIOGRAPHIES OF RIZAL
include the books of AUSTIN CRAIG (1913); CARLOS QUIRINO (1940); RAFAEL PALMA (1949); LEON
MA. GUERRERO (1963) ;GREGORIO ZAIDE (1981); AND AUSTIN COATES (1992).
Historical biographies, therefore, serve as means or tools to study the lives and experiences of Filipinos,
Particularly of Philippines heroes from which one can learn and be inspired to serve the country.
BIOGRAPHY AND NATIONAL HISTORY

-In history,it is always important to connect the individual’s life story with the historical situation he/she was
in. Remember that the goal of studying a biographer is to “read a society through an individual’s
story”( Ferratori, 1983)
-Understanding Rizal, therefore, means comprehending the context of his time. Rizal’s biography, for
example, is not complete without mentioning the Industrial Revolution and the American revolution which
happened years before he was born.
-The social impact of these events shaped the society in which Rizal had lived. Moreover, Rizal’s life covers
the period from 1861 to 1896; therefore, it is inevitable to look into the events in the Philippines during the
nineteenth century.
-Specific episodes in Philippine history , like the rise in power of the Catholic Church called by the
reformists as frailocracy; the opening of the Suez Canal and the Philippines to free trade; the liberal rule
of Carlos Ma. Dela Torre; the Cavite Mutiny of 1872 that resulted in the execution of Gomburza; and the
founding of the Propaganda Movement in the 1880s, were all significant in shaping Rizal’s views and ideas.
-Rizal was born and grew up in a period of massive changes not just in Europe but also in Spain and the
Philippines.

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Rizal- Reviewer- Finals

Life And Works Of Rizal (Technological Institute of the Philippines)

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REPUBLIC ACT 1425: The Rizal Law

Notable Persons Who Tried to Block its Approval

Intentions/Reasons of Persons Who Blocked the Approval of Rizal Bill

Notable Persons Who Fought for Its Approval

Intentions/Reasons of Persons Who Pushed for the Approval of Rizal Bill

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Salient Points of Rizal Law

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 1425

SECTION 6. This Act shall take effect upon its approval.

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NATION AND NATIONALISM

Nation-state- a state ruling over a nation

Sovereignty - the authority to govern a polity without external interference/incursions

State- A political entity that wields sovereignty over a defined territory.

Patriotism - a feeling of attachment to one's homeland

Nation and Nationalism

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THE LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL

JOSE PROTACIO MERCADO RIZAL ALONZO Y REALONDA

Injustice to Hero's Mother

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Rizal’s Nationalism: Focusing on Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo

Cavite Mutiny and the GOMBURZA Martyrdom

The Martyrdom of the three priests

Abuses and immoralities of the Friars

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A friar belongs to a religious order or a group within the Catholic church.

 Reports of forced labor,

Canonization – The act of declaring a dead person as a saint.

Trivia: Dr. Jose P. Rizal

Rizal as the Tagalog Christ

The Canonization of Rizal: Tracing the Roots of Rizalistas

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Groups Venerating Jose Rizal Adarnista or the Iglesiang Filipina

Iglesia Watawat ng Lahi

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Suprema de la Iglesia la Ciudad Mistica de Dios Inc.

LIFE OF JOSE RIZAL

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Jesuits System of Education

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Poems Written in Ateneo

Rizal as UST Student

Freshmen Year (April 1877-1878)

Sophomore Year (1978-1979)

 Recommendation of Pablo Ramon-Rector of the Ateneo.

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First Visit to Paris (1883)

Back in Madrid (1883-1885)

Paris to Berlin (1885-1887)

Important people that Influenced Rizal in his intellectual pursuits

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Dr. Ferdinand Blumentritt (September 10, 1853 - September 20, 1913)

Dr. Feodor Jagor (November 30, 1816 - February 11, 1900

 A German scientist traveller and author of travels in the Philippines.

Padre Francisco de Paula Sanchez ( 1849-1928 )

Cash crop- crops cultivated for imports

THE CHANGING LANDSCAPE OF PHILIPPINE ECONOMY AND SOCIETY 19TH CENTURY