Cleaner Engineering and Technology 5 (2021) 100341

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Cleaner Engineering and Technology

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Turning textile waste into valuable yarn

Hafsa Jamshaid a, *, Uzair Hussain a, Rajesh Mishra b, Martin Tichy b, Miroslav Muller b
a
Faculty of Textile Engineering, Natioanl Textile University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
b
Department of Material Science and Manufacturing Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Czech University of Life Sciences, Suchdol, 65100, Praha, Czech Republic

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: To utilize spinning wastages and convert into a value-added product, different blends of fiber reclaimed from
Textile waste yarn waste and rags/fabric clippers were made with different soft wastages. Theses fibers were converted into
Recycling open end yarn. Fiber reclaimed from yarn waste had superior properties than fiber from rugs in term of fiber
Cotton fiber
length, uniformity %age and floating fiber %age which are 8% and 8.95% and 12% respectively. Yarn produced
Reused fiber
Fiber cost
from blended waste yarn sample have less yarn irregularities and better tensile strength properties than of rag
ANOVA waste blended yarn. Among, soft wastages, liker-in waste fiber in yarn showed better results as compared to card
fly and ring ac fan. A cost comparison was made which showed that the cost of yarn produced from fibers
extracted from rag is cheaper than yarn-waste. Statistical evaluation of fiber and yarn properties was conducted
using ANOVA statistical approach. A Tukey HSD provided the level of significance of the relationship between
the waste types and the fiber and yarn properties at α value of 0.05. These recycled yarns can be used for
manufacturing higher quality textile products like denim, chino cloth for trousers and towel. Cost with recycled
content is potentially beneficial in terms of resource depletion and waste minimization strategy.

1. Introduction
World’s consumption of fibers is increasing continuously and is ex­
pected to increase further in future. As per data available, in the last two
decades the production of textile industry has doubled and average
global consumption of textile waste has doubled i.e., from 7 to 13 kg per
person (Durham.Eet.al., 2015). As a matter of fact, the number of
disposed items is increasing due to rapid changes in fashion and throw
away culture and the issue of proper handling of end-of-life textiles is
becoming more important.
Textile waste is a big threat for environment pollution. The textile
waste is composed of industry/pre-consumer waste and post-consumer
waste. Industrial waste is generated through manufacturing process
and post-consumer waste which is, discarded textiles material after
completion of their service life. Apparel waste management is an
important area which should be taken into consideration as today’s
clothes are made to be used for shorter period and then disposed of.Only
20% of clothing waste is recycled or reused and remaining 80% is
landfill or incinerated, which leads to great loss of raw materials, energy
and has a negative impact on environment (Lewis,T,2015). Payne, A.
(2015) argued that solid waste should be recycled or reused to
strengthen the concept of circular economy. Koszewska M.(2018)
argued that Cotton fiber is the main consumable natural fiber type,
which is famous for its properties like comfort, natural appearance,
moisture absorbency. Environmental footprint of cotton is also signifi­
cant as during its growth a lot of water, land, pesticides, and fertilizers
are consumed. Due to high volume of textile waste reuse and recycling,
it can be sustainable solution for reducing the production of virgin
materials, solid waste and most importantly production of a smaller
environmental footprint. Beside consumer awareness regarding utiliza­
tion of apparel waste, apparel manufacturer should be encouraged to
recycle more extensively in order to ensure that the resources are uti­
lized properly, and the environment is preserved at an optimal level
(Ütebay B. 2020). Utilization of different types of wastes produced in
different textile process for development of new products can be
explored.
Environmental protection and waste recycling have become the most
important challenge for the future. By wearing clothes for longer periods
and effective utilization of waste could largely reduce the demand of end
products and fibers. Besides having impact over environment, raw ma­
terials prices, energy, and labor costs are increasing with each year
passing by. Therefore, exploration of raw materials is need of time. Fiber
recovery from waste is one solution to cater demand and supply rule of
raw material.

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: hafsa@ntu.edu.pk (H. Jamshaid).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clet.2021.100341
Received 7 May 2021; Received in revised form 4 November 2021; Accepted 4 November 2021
Available online 10 November 2021
2666-7908/© 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
H. Jamshaid et al.
Fig. 1. Flow process of Ring spinning.
A lot of research work has been focused on the study of textile wastes.
Nowadays, according to the end user’s desire, rotor yarn can be spun
from cotton waste by using it in different proportions. Many researchers
studied about using waste for open end (OE) yarn in literature, Brug­
geman et al. (1982) concluded that recovered fibers can be used for OE
rotor yarn spinning. Halimi MT et al. (2008), worked on the efficiency of
different processes in spinning w.r.t cleaning and concluded that
generated waste contained 50% good fiber and can be blended with
virgin cotton to produce rotor yarn. Wulfhorst B(1984) investigated that
20% recovered fibers can be blended with virgin cotton without
noticeable changes in quality of yarn. In addition to the effect of quantity
of reused fibre on quality of yarn, most researchers have focused on the
influence of production parameters on yarn properties. Particularly
machine parameters of OE-rotor spinning have been mostly investi­
gated. Halimi MT et al. (2007) developed a statistical model by studying
effect of cotton waste %age and different spinning/rotor parameters on
the rotor yarn quality. Taher et al. also investigated the rotor yarn
uniformity level and hariness by changing the percentage of fibres
recovered from cotton wastes and different spinning parameters and
concluded that spinning parameters have strong impact on yarn quality.
Hasani and Tabatabaei (2011) used Grey relational Taguchi method for
optimizing the process parameters for open-end spun yarns with mul­
tiple performance characteristics and it was concluded that the rotor
speed has the most significant effect on the multiple performance
characteristic. In another work, Hasani et al. (2012) used Taguchi
method to optimize the various rotor spinning parameters for yarn
production from ginning waste. Yilmaz D et al. (2017) studied about
development of ring and OE yarn parameters for blending waste with
virgin fiber at different ratios.
The available literature is mainly focused on utilization of soft
spinning waste and parameters of spinning but there is no research
about using hard waste i.e yarn and rags. In this work, the objectives
have been categorized into four main aspects. In the first part, fiber
properties in soft waste like, card fly, ring ac fans and comber noil and
liker-in were evaluated. In the second part, hard waste like rags and yarn
waste were converted into fibrous form and the properties of extracted
fibers were evaluated. In the third part of the study, blends of 100%
reused materials were produced by using waste yarn and rags along with
different soft fiber waste and their properties were compared on the
basis of hard and soft waste proportions. Also, statistical evaluation of
fiber and yarn properties was conducted using ANOVA approach and
their significance is tested. In the final part, cost of blended yarn vari­
eties produced from soft and hard wastes was compared with each other.
Overall, the main aim of this work is to recycle and reuse textile waste so
as to reduce negative impact on environment. Such an approach is
sustainable and ecofriendly looking into the current crisis of energy,
environmental burden relating to textile waste disposal and economy of
Fig. 2. Working of waste recycling machine.
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Cleaner Engineering and Technology 5 (2021) 100341
production.
2. Materials and methods
Textile is a process in which conversion of fiber to fabric is done.
There are different methods of fabric manufacturing like weaving,
knitting etc. In weaving, first of all yarn is required which is made in
spinning process. Spinning is defined as the process of converting fiber
or filament into yarn. Yarn can be developed by different process. Two
famous process are Ring spinning and Open end spinning. Both have
their merits and demerits. For ring spinning process Flow chart is shown
below in Fig. 1:
During yarn manufacturing/spinning there are different processes
from blow room to ring frame. In blow room fiber is open properly and is
converted into lab/sheet. After blow room lab is converted into sliver in
carding process (Carding is the reduction of entangled mass of fibers to
filmy web by working them between two closely spaced relatively
moving surfaces closed with sharp points). Combing is the process that
removes the final proportion of short fiber, neps and other impurities
such as vegetable matter and seed coat fragments in cotton that has
already been carded. In Drawing process, the slivers are blended,
doubled, leveled and drafted by passing the slivers through a series of
pairs of rollers and then passed through simplex/roving/speed frame in
which fibers are converted into low twist lea called roving. In Ring
frame, roving is converted into yarn. During all process different types of
waste are generated so, the waste which is in fibrous form are called as
the soft waste. The soft waste is generated from carding to the speed
frame (Including all types of slivers). While the waste which is not
reusable is called as hard waste. These wastes are produced in ring frame
and the winding department. Also waste which is received from weaving
(fabric manufacturing process)rags is also termed as hard waste.
In the spinning industry, textile waste is sold out at low price. The
main purpose of this study is to give an added value to this waste and
produce a new low cost yarn based on recycled fibers. In order to study
the effect of waste fibers on quality of yarn, waste fibers were collected
from spinning mill preparatory departments (cotton spinning line) and
fabric clipped material known as rags. Six varieties of wastages are used
with a purpose to utilize the spinning and fabric clipped material to
make a low-cost yarn and to compare the yarn properties made from
rags and yarn waste. The reused fibers were named depending on the
machine provided such as card fly waste, licker/taken in waste, comber
waste, ring ac waste. All these four types of waste have fibrous forms so
it can be termed as soft waste. Comber noil and ring ac waste were
directly used while other two wastages were recycled mechanically to
extract clean fibers. Hard waste i.e. yarn and rags clipped i.e. fabric
clipped material required machinal recycling route before using as blend
for making yarn.
H. Jamshaid et al. Cleaner Engineering and Technology 5 (2021) 100341

Fig. 3. Flow process of Rags to fiber form.

first processed in Toyoda Blow room line for opening, cleaning, and
mixing and lap formation. Then it was passed through Howa CM 80 Card
and a sliver of 125 grains/yard was made. After that the sliver was
drawn DYH 500C (Toyoda)/RSB D40 (Reiter) at breaker and finisher
draw frames and drawn sliver obtained was 80 grains/yard after this
process. Two passages were used in order to improve the homogeneity of
the blend. The yarn was manufactured on Rotor machine Schlaforst SE
9, Germany from slivers.

3. Testing

3.1. Recycled fibers testing

As different wastages are used in present work so reclaimed fibers

has different cleanliness and openness level and taken from different
processes/machines so prior to blending for yarn fiber properties Upper
Half Mean Length (UHML)/fiber length, uniformity % and floating fiber
percentage % were determined by Digital fibro graph 530 as per ASTM
D1447-07(2012). Fibro graph measurements provide a relatively fast
method for determining the length uniformity of the fibers in a sample of
Fig. 4. Process sequence.
cotton in a reproducible manner. Fiber length is an important property
as it effect spinning performance. Longer fiber leads to better perfor­
Firstly, the liker in wastages was passed through preopner (Willow)
mance than shorter one. The long and short fibers both contribute to­
as shown in Fig. 2(a) which opened the fibers to a great extent using
wards the length irregularity of cotton, It is therefore important that in
harsh beating of fibers. Trash including motes and dirt were removed in
addition to the fiber length of a cotton, the degree of irregularity of its
this process. Then it was passed through a waste recycling machine as
length should also be known. Uniformity is defined as the ratio of 50%
shown in Fig. 2(b) The material was made into compacted form in order
span length to 2.5% span length expressed as a percentage. As short fiber
to deliver it to next process. Waste recycling machine-as shown in Fig. 2
% increases leads to increase yarn irregularity which effect fabric quality
(b), contained four saw tooth rollers in a row and provided full beating
and appearance Coefficient of variation (CV) and average values were
point to the fibers for fine cleaning. A web of fibers was delivered at the
recorded for analysis.
end which was then compressed to make bales of fibers. Yarn and
clippings were processed on recycling machine to convert into fiber and
3.1.1. Spinnability of recycled cotton fibres blends
process flow and state of material is shown in Fig. 3.
To check the spinnability of blends, 2.5% span length(mean fiber
The sampling plan of material used in making yarn of fabric clipped
length mm) which define as 2.5% of fibres in the specimen being tested
material/rags and yarn waste material with different soft waste fiber by
when the fibers are parallelized and randomly distributed and where the
keeping the comer noil constant in all samples.
initial starting point of the scanning in the test is considered 100%.The
These blends were then processed to prepare OE yarn samples of Ne
information of blend ratios of samples were tested by Digital fibro graph
10 ± 0.02 with a Twist multiplier (TM)4.1. The process sequence and
530 as per ASTM D1447-07(2012).All the blends have span length in the
machine parameters are shown in Fig. 4 and Table 2. The material was

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H. Jamshaid et al.
Fig. 5. Comparison of fiber Properties of different waste.
range of 19–20 CV and average values were recorded for analysis.
3.2. Yarn testing
The count lea strength product (CLSP) testing was performed on Lea
Strength Tester as per ASTM 3822. Lea strength tester is a machine that
is used to determine the cotton yarn strength and count length strength
product by lea strength tester machine. CLSP is a product of lea strength
and linear density. It is a traditional method of assessing yarn strength
beside checking count of yarn.
Tensile properties of yarn were evaluated on Uster® Tensorapd as
per ASTM D 2256.It measures tensile forces and elongation. Then the
other values such as tenacity and work done are determined from them
and the yarn linear density. Tenacity and elongation are two important
properties of yarn quality as both of them effect the efficiency of sub­
sequent process such as yarn breakage during weaving.
Yarn unevenness/imperfections and irregularity was checked for
yarn quality characteristic like classifying and counting faults in yarn on
an USTER TESTER 5- using standard test method ASTM D6197.Imper­
fections includes thick, thin places((±50% with respect to the mean
value of yarn cross-sectional size), and number of neps (may exceed the
200% limit).A yarn with more imperfections will give poor performance
in weaving due to low strength which leads to poor quality of fabric.
Yarn irregularities i.e U% (Mean linear irregularity and CVm % (Coef­
ficient of variation of the yarn mass) also affect subsequent process ef­
ficiency and quality. Five bobbins were chosen for efficient assessment
of each yarn sample and five measurements were completed on each
bobbin. All the measurements were conducted under standard test
conditions: 65 ± 4% relative humidity and 20 ± 2 C temperature.
4. Statistical analyses
Each experiment was performed three times and average in each
experiment was considered as the response variable. Prior to analysis,
data were tested to ensure the assumptions of normality (using
Normality test) were met. In order to analyze the different types of waste
randomized one-factor analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) was used
for determination of the statistical significance of the waste type. In
addition to this, Pearson correlation analysis were conducted to obtain
co relation coefficient between blended fiber length with some yarn
properties (Tenacity and CVm).Additionally, in order to understand the
effect of using waste blends types on yarn properties, one way ANOVA
was used. In the case of significant differences among variables, Tukey’s
HSD test was used to identify which means differed significantly at p ≤
0.05. The means were compared by means of Tukey’s tests as when a
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Cleaner Engineering and Technology 5 (2021) 100341
multiple comparison is needed, Tukey’s procedure is a sensible choice
(Zar JH, 1984). The value of the significance level (α) selected for all
statistical tests in the study was 0.05. The treatment levels were marked
in accordance with the mean values, and levels marked by a different
letter (A, B, C) indicate that they were significantly different. All sta­
tistical procedures were conducted using the Minitab Statistical software
package.
5. Results and discussion
5.1. Fiber properties
The average values of Upper Half Mean Length (UHML), Uniformity
% and Floating fiber (FF) of waste fiber in our study were plotted as
shown in Fig. 5. Table 3 and Table 4 presents a statistical summary of
fiber properties.
Fiber length is an important property to determine the quality of
cotton. The quality of reclaimed fiber can be identified according to fiber
length parameters. As illustrated in Fig. 3, the fiber results showed that
in soft fiber waste, liker in fibers have better length then card fly fibers
because it is extracted in the beginning of carding process. Similarly
fiber extracted from card fly had better length than fibers extracted from
Ring AC because these fibers are extracted in starting process of spin­
ning.The comparison of fiber length between yarn waste and fabric
clippers/rags indicates that yarn waste had better length property the
fibers extracted from clipped fabric. Fabric clippers material are opened
from the interlacing of yarn and due to their opening fiber damage is
more compared with the material opens from yarn.
Uniformity % of fibers was also examined and yarn waste fibers have
better uniformity % then rags. Among soft wastages, liker in fibers have
better uniformity % after that card fly fiber and then ring ac fan fiber but
overall there is no statistically significant difference as visible in Table 4.
Floating fibers % was also determined as it is very important for fiber
length characteristics because of its implications in the yarn
manufacturing. As the FF % increase It can be seen from Fig. 5 that the
fibers which have better uniformity % show less floating fiber %. Fibers
obtained from yarn waste has less FF%
As a result, it was expected that the yarns blended with yarn waste
fibres will perform better, while those containing rags fiber led to less
values regarding yarn quality.
The differences in all fiber properties of different wastes were sta­
tistically significant at the 5% level as shown in Table 3.
ANOVA analysis of fiber properties was further conducted to deter­
mine the level of significance and ranking of fibers waste samples. From
Table 3, it can be concluded that there is significant difference between
H. Jamshaid et al. Cleaner Engineering and Technology 5 (2021) 100341

Table 1 Table 5
Sampling plan. Physical properties of yarn samples.
Sample Material % Material % Material % Total weight S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6
ID (kg)
Actual count (Ne) 10.41 10.34 10.39 10.24 10.18 10.42
S1 Yarn waste Comber noil Licker in 40% 10 kg Actual Twist(T/inch) 13.98 14.52 14.82 15.13 14.56 14.6
40% 20% U% 11.02 11.82 13.94 13.39 15.12 15.44
S2 Yarn waste Comber noil Card fly 40% 10 kg CVm% 14.31 15.14 17.91 16.11 19.11 19.5
40% 20% Thin places (− 50%) 1.9 5.5 24.12 12.5 26.32 27.11
S3 Yarn waste Comber noil Ring ac fan 10 kg Thick places (+50%) 190.6 163 230.6 125 155 143
40% 20% 40% Neps (+280%) 120.6 92.5 52.34 30 82.5 87
S4 Rags 40% Comber noil Licker in 40% 10 kg CLSP 1416 1366 1336 1321 1249 1234
20% Elongation (%) 5 4.8 4.01 4.2 3.92 3.74
S5 Rags 40% Comber noil Card fly 40% 10 kg Tenacity (cN/tex) 8.5 8.3 7.37 7.32 7.07 6.76
20% B-work (cN.cm) 597 570 511 536 480 470
S6 Rags 40% Comber noil Ring ac fan 10 kg
20% 40%
5.2. Effect of waste fiber usage on yarn properties

Table 2 In this section, the effect of hard waste types with different soft waste
Machine parameter. types was investigated. Ne 10/1 count OE yarn using different blends of
waste as mentioned in Table 1 (sampling plan), were statistically
Parameters Description Parameters Description
analyzed in term of yarn evenness and strength by conducting one factor
Card Specifications Rotor specification ANOVA test.Physical properties of samples are mentioned in Table 5.
Taker-in speed 500 rpm Rotor speed 65,000rpm
Cylinder speed 350 rpm Opening roller speed 7000rpm
5.3. Yarn irregularity
Top set speed 0.20 m/min Package weight 4.12 pound
Card sliver 125 grains/yard
Draw Frame Specifications The results are shown in Table 5. As expected yarn made from yarn
Breaker speed 400 m/min waste sample(S1–S3) was under one subset had lower irregularities (U %
Finisher speed 350 m/min and CVm) mass variation than rags waste samples(S4–S6) which is due
Breaker sliver 82 grains/yard
Finisher sliver 80 grains/yard
to more uniform and less FF % fibers.Blended yarn with licker in waste
Breaker draft 6.7 has also lower irregularities.
Finisher draft 6.1
5.3.1. Yarn imperfections
Yarn imperfection results (Thin places (− 50%)Thick places (+50%)
Table 3 Neps (=280%) are also shown in Table 5. Similar to yarn irregularity
ANOVA results for fiber properties. results yarn produced from yarn waste blended fiber had lower thin
Fiber Parameters Sum of squares F P
places than yarn produced from rags waste blended sample. But in case
of thick places and neps value yarn made from rag waste fiber blended
Uniformity % 243.22 19658.82 0.00
had lower value. As recycled wastages have better fiber length than the
Fiber length 10.38 817 0.00
Floating fiber % 188.35 15111 0.00 ones extracted from rags, that leads to higher chances of neps and thick
places due to rolling of fibers during processing.

Table 4 5.4. Tensile properties

Tukey s results for fiber properties.
Yarn CLSP and other tensile properties (Tenacity, elongation% and
Waste type Fiber Length(mm) Uniformity % Floating Fiber %
Breaking work) are shown in Table 5. As it can be seen the yarn waste
Yarn waste 20.8675 A 51.8260 A 17.8860 E samples have more CLSP and tenacity values as compared to rags waste
Rags 19.2050 D 47.1860 C 23.1160 C
samples which is due to better fiber length and less FF%. When a yarn is
Comber noils 19.1575 D 48.1660 B 22.9460 D
Licker in 20.1150 B 44.1240 D 24.0160 B subjected to tensile testing, short fibres present in the yarn are more
Card fly 19.4375 C 44.1380 D 24.0780 B prone to slip, resulting in lower values of yarn strength and breaking
Ring ac fan 19.0075 E 44.0720 D 26.0520 A elongation %. This case showed similarity to yarn irregularity, thin place
Statistically significant (5% significance level). Means that do not share a letter results, where the weakest points might lead to an increase in yarn
are significantly different. breakages The yarn result showed that yarn made from liker in fibers
have better tenacity then card fly because it contains fiber of good
different types of waste fiber properties i.e. difference in mean of fiber
length, uniformity % and FF% because the significance value is less than Table 6
0.05. Tukey’s analysis was then implemented to determine the level of Univariate one direction ANOVA results.
significance among the experimental data. Table 4 shows the ranking of Yarn parameters Sum of square F P(sig.)
fiber properties based on Tukey ranking. In case of UHML, Tukey’s U% 64.66 20.77 0.00
analysis shows a significant difference except for rags waste fiber and Cvm 3 89.66 29.03 0.00
comber noil which share same letter. Although ANOVA analysis Thin places (− 50%) 2500 41.06 0.00
revealed a significant difference in the uniformity %, Tukey’s test did Thick places (+50%) 28379 6.75 0.001
Neps (+280%) 20743 17.18 0.00
not express a significant difference in soft waste fiber uniformity %
CLSP 69513.8 220.48 0.00
except comber noil %. Almost, similar observation was observed for FF% Elongation (%) 4.668 6.45 0.001
where licker in and card fly waste did not express significance Tenacity (cN/tex) 12.878 9.18 0.00
difference. B-work (N.cm) 62846 5.02 0.003

Statistically significant (5% significance level).

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H. Jamshaid et al. Cleaner Engineering and Technology 5 (2021) 100341

Table 7
Tukey’s results for yarn evenness and tensile properties.
Sample no. U% CVm Thin places (− 50%) Thick places (+50%) Neps (280%) CLSP Elongation% Tenacity (cN/tex) B-work (N.cm)

S1 11.02 D 14.31 C 1.88 C 190.6 A B 120.63 A 1415.00 A 4.870 A 8.516 A 600.6 A

S2 11.82 CD 15.14 B C 5.63 B C 163.8 B C 92.5 A B 1358.33 B 4.624 A B 8.336 A 582.8 A B
S3 13.94 AB 17.91 A 25.25 A 230.6 A 51.13 C D 1336.67 B C 3.926 B C 7.276 B 517.4 A B C
S4 13.28 BC 16.12 B 12.50 B 125.0 C 30.00 D 1323.33 C 4.230 A B C 7.144 B 522.4 A B C
S5 15.19 A 19.18 A 26.135 A 155.0 B C 82.3 B C 1249.33 D 3.972 B C 7.068 B 485.4 B C
S6 15.53 A 19.32 A 26.87 A 143.00 B C 88.75 A B 1234.00 D 3.7720 C 6.804 B 479.0 C

Note: The different letters next to the counts indicate that they are significantly different from each other at a significance level of 0.05.
Means that do not share a letter are significantly different.

Fig. 6. Different blended fiber length.

Fig. 7. Co relational Analysis b/w Fiber Length and CVm.

length. Yarn made from card fly had better tenacity than yarn made from
fibers extracted from ring ac because fiber extracted from card fly were
larger in length the fibers extracted from ring ac.Tensorapid reports
provide us the tenacity and elongation of yarn of all the samples. Hard-
waste samples have good breaking force and breaking work and have
good tenacity as compared in the figure and good elongation then rags as
shown in figure and time to break is nearly same of all the samples.There
was a significant difference between the U %, CVm%, number of thin
places (− 50%), thick places (+50%), neps (+280%), CLSP, elongation
%, tenacity and B-work values of six different yarn samples because their
significance level are less than 0.05(Table 6).Tukey ‘s HSD categorized
the same in four subsets. Tukey ‘s analysis did not express the significant
difference among S1,S2 and S4 and similarly for S3,S5 and S6 for mass
variation CVm and thin places(-50%).Also for thick places(+50%) and
neps Tukey’s analysis did not express significant difference. With respect
to tensile properties, Turkey ‘s HSD categorized them in two/three
subsets. For tenacity S1 and S2 had no significant difference and similar
for S4–S6 as shown in Table 7.

5.5. Correlation between fiber blends and yarn properties Fig. 8. Co relational Analysis b/w Fiber Length and Tenacity.

Different studies emphasized that there is strong relationship be­
tween fiber properties and yarn properties (Faulkner, W et al.,2012;
Gordon, S,2007).Prior to spinning, blended cotton fiber length was
determined, the results of which are shown in Fig. 5.The span length of
blend ratios of samples show that the yarn samples have better length in
blends as compared to rags. Also it can be seen that among soft wastages
liker in waste fiber used in blends have more length as compared to card
fly waste fiber and card fly waste had better length as compared to ac fan
which is in consistent with individual waste fiber length waste as shown
in Fig. 6.
Within this study, in order to analyze the relation between fiber and
yarn parameters, correlation between fiber length and yarn mass vari­
ation (CVm&) and between fiber length and yarn tenacity were
conducted.
Fiber length is one of the important parameters for the yarn evenness
as it directly influences yarn irregularities.
In order to evaluate the interaction correlation analysis was con­
ducted as shown in Fig. 7 and a high negative correlation as – 0.88 (R
(sq) = 77.4%) was obtained which is also supported by literature
(Faulkner, W et al.,2012; Geunaydin, G. K et al.;2018).
The correlation analysis carried out between fiber length and
tenacity high positive correlation i.e. 0.928 and R (sq) = 86% was
observed as shown in Fig. 8 which was also supported by literature
(Üreyen and Kadoğlu, 2006; Gizem K. et al.,2020)
5.6. Cost of yarn w.r.t material cost
The cost of blended yarn was investigated. The cost of yarn consists
of several factors such as raw material, energy, labor and capital. Table 6
illustrates the details of calculated manufacturing cost of recycled cotton

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H. Jamshaid et al. Cleaner Engineering and Technology 5 (2021) 100341

Table 8
Cost of waste blended yarn (price in $ (US).
S1 S2 S3

Yarn waste 4 kg 0.88/kg Yarn waste 4 kg 0.88/kg Yarn waste 4 kg 0.88/kg

Liker in 4 kg 0.76/kg Card fly 4 kg 0.68/kg Ring ac fan 4 kg 0.52/kg

Comber noil 2 kg 0.71/kg Comber noil 2 kg 0.71/kg Comber noil 2 kg 0.71/kg
Total cost 7.98/10 kg Total cost 7.65/10 Kg Total cost 7.05/10 Kg

S4 S5 S6

Rags 4 kg 0.676/kg Rags 4 kg 0.676/kg Rags 4 kg 0.676/kg

Liker in 4 kg 0.76/kg Card fly 4 kg 0.68 kg Ring ac fan 4 kg 0.52/kg
Comber noil 2 kg 0.71/kg Comber noil 2 kg 0.71/kg Comber noil 2 kg 0.71/kg
Total cost 7.17/10 Kg Total cost 6.84/10 Kg Total cost 6.24/Kg

170Pak Rs. = 170$.

yarn and compare it with 100% virgin cotton yarn. Spinning with 100%
of recycling materials has many advantages such as: give an added value
for the waste yarn and adds a new life for abundant fibers by reintro­
ducing them back into the industrial cycle. Spinning yarn with 100% of
recycled fibers gives an advantage against the normal price of raw ma­
terials. Raw material cost is almost 60–70% of total manufacturing cost
(Béchir W et al.,2016)
The cost of all blended yarn waste sample is mentioned in Table 8
which clearly indicate that cost of yarns made of rags waste is cheaper
than yarn waste samples. The cost of 100% virgin fiber is 16$/10 kg.
Cost of all yarn waste sample price is almost half the price of virgin yarn
sample, which is saving in terms of cost benefit. This can be helpful for
any industry who is working on valorization of textile waste.
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgement
The work was supported by the Internal grant agency of Faculty of
Engineering, Czech University of Life Sciences ,Prague (Project no.
2021:31140/1312/3108), Higher Eduactaion Commision project
"Optimization of performance and comfort properties of fire-resistant
knitwear" (project no.. NRPU/HEC/8980), Higher Eduaction Commi­
sion project “Development of comfortable compression socks for treat­
ment of varicose veins or chronic venous disease in legs” (Project no.
TDF03-149), and by Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the
Czech Republic, the European Union (European Structural and Invest­
ment Funds - Operational Program Research, Development and Educa­
tion) in the frames of the project “Modular platform for autonomous
chassis of specialized electric vehicles for freight and equipment trans­
portation”, Reg. No. CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_025/0007293.

In this study effect of different textile wastes and their properties was
investigated w.r.t fiber and yarn. From this research it is concluded that
hard waste can be utilized for developing yarn. Between yarn waste and
rag waste, yarn waste had better fiber length, uniformity, and floating
fiber %ages respectively. The yarn made from subset of blended yarn
waste with other soft waste had better CLSP, U% CVm and tensile
properties as compared to yarn made from rags. According to random­
ized one-factor ANOVA test conducted for different properties of fiber
waste and blended waste yarn were found statistically significant.
Tukey’s analysis revealed that some properties overlap with blended
waste yarn samples means, so choice can be made according to cost.
Positive correlations were between blended waste fiber length and
tenacity while negative correlation was found between blended waste
fiber length values and CVm values.
The costing of samples showed that the cost for making yarn from
fiber extracted from rag is economically more favorable than the yarn
made from yarn waste. The aim of this study is to investigate the use of
100% recycled materials for making yarn. At the end of the study it is
concluded that 100% waste can be used for making yarn to reduce
environmental impact and to achieve a product at low cost. Theses yarn
can be used for manufacturing denim, chino cloth for trousers and
towels.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
the work reported in this paper.
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