Vedic Maths

Digit Sum

1 Vedic Maths

Long Answer Type Questions

Q.1. Give history of vedic mathematics in Indian
knowledge
tradition and its characteristics.
Ans. The Vedas contain not only religious ideasfor a
perfect
life, but also facts which science has proved true. Electricity,
radium, electronics, airship, all was known to the seers who
founded the Vedas.
Wheeler Wilcox, Indi£ is the lánd of the Vedas".
*We owe a lot to Indians, who. taught us how to count,
without which no worthwhile scientific discovery could have
been made" -Albert Einstein.
Mathematics is mother of all sciences. Mathematics is an
important part of life, without which everything in life falls apart. From
beggar to businessmàn, cobbler to construction engineer, student to
scientist, astrologers to astronauts literally everyone would be using
mathematics in some way or the other. Mathematics is full of mnagic
and mysteries. The ancient Indians were able to understand these
mysteries and develop simple keys to solve these mysteries. Thousands
of years ago the Indians used these techniques in different fields like
construction of temples, astrology, medicine, sciençe etc.,due to which
India emerged as the richest country in the world. The Indians called
this system of calculations as "THE VEDIC MATHS", Vedic Maths is
much simpler and easy to understand than conventional maths. Using
Vedic maths one could calculate the problems in single step, and some
of the problems faster than a calculator and of course, much faster
than conventional methods of calculations. This also creates an interest
in the students.
History of Vedic Mathematic
In this direction the Sankaracharya of Govardhan Matha Puri
JagadguruSwami Sri Bharati Krishna Teerthaji Maharaja has explored
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encoded vedic mysteries and retrieved a set ofmathematical sutras
the Bh£rati Krishna Teerthaji was a
from the Vedic literatures. Swami Sri
extraordinaire. A profound master of modern subjects incuding
scholar he went into solitude at
mathematics. Later after attaining sanyasa
Peeth in Sringeri and relentlessly pursued the study of Vedic
Saradha he reconstructed a set of 16
sutras
scriptures with the consequence that covering every branch and part
text
and 13 sub sutras from the Vedic
of mathematics.
Features of the Vedic Math system which contrast
many features of the Vedic
There are
significantly with conventional mathematics.
most striking feature of the Vedic
1. Coherence : Perhaps the hotchpotch
a ofunrelated techniques
system is itscoherence. Instead ofinterrelated and unified: the general
the whole system.is beautifully reversed to allowone-line
multiplication method, for example, is easily
can be reversed to give one
divisions and the simple squaring method understood. This unifying
all easily
line square roots. And these are mathematics easy and enjoyable
quality is very satisfying, it makes
and encourages innovation.
Flexibility : In modem teaching usually have one way ofdoing
2.
boring, and intelligent and creative
a calculation. This is rigid and variations you get all sortsof
students rebel against it. Once you allow teacher is encouraging
benefits. Children become more creative. The there are
innovation and the children respond. In the Vedic systemmethod of
a
general methods, that always work, for examplethe Vedic system
multiplication that can he applied to any÷ numbers, But some.special
has many special methods, when a calculation has And it's
characteristic that can he used to find the answer mÍre easily.
great fun when you spot that method.
Having only one method of. say, multiplying is like a carpenter
whouses a screwdriver for every job. The skilled craftsman selects the
tool most appropriate for the job and gets it done quicker, better and
with more satisfaction.
So there are special methods, that apply in specialcases, and
alsogeneral methods. You don't have to use these special methods but
they are there if you want to.
Caleulations can often be carried out from right to left or from
left to right.
You canrepresent numbers in more.than one way; we can work 2
or more figures-at a time if we wish.
This flexibility adds to the fun and gives pupils the freedom to
choose their own approach. This in turn leads to the development of
creativity and intuition. The Vedic system does not insist on a purely
 analytic approach as many modern Vedic Maths /3
big.difference to the attitude
which teaching methods do. This makes a
children
In this rapidly have towards
changing world adaptability and
absolutely essential for success. For the mathematics
change and perhaps at a more rapid pace. future We canflexibility are
expect more
3. Mental,
Mathematics improves memory :The ease land simplicity of Vedic
means" that calculations can be carried out
(though the methods can also be written mentally
advantages in using a flexible, mental system. down). There are many
Pupils can invent their
one 'correct! method. This own methods, they are not limited tothe
leads to more creative,
intelligent pupils. It alsoleads to improved interested and
agility. memory and greater mental
Bear in mind also that
In working directly with thesemathematical objects are mental objects.
to the objects and objects as in mental maths you get closer
understand them
relationships much better. Of course thereand are
their properties and
times especially early
on when physical activities are agreat help
to understanding.
4. Promotes creativity : All these
encourage students to be creative in doing theirfeatures of Vedic math
creative students like to devise their own methodsmath. Being naturally
of solution. The Vedic
system seeks -to cultivate intuition, having a conscious proof or
explanation of a method beforehand is not essential in the Vedic
methodology. This appeals to the artistic types who prefer not to use
analytical ways of thinking.
5. Appeals to everyone: The Vedic systemappears to be effective
over all ability ranges: the able child loves the choice and freedom to
experiment and the less able may prefer to stick to thegéneral methods
but loves the simple patterns they can use. Artistic types love the
opportunity to invent and have their own unique input, while the
analytic types enjoy the challenge and scope of multiple methods.
6. Increases mental agility : Becausethe Vedic system uses
these ultra-easy methods mental'calculation is preferred and leads
naturally to develop mental agility. And this in turn leads to growth in
other subjects.
7. Efficient and fast : In the Vedic system 'difficult'problems or
huge sums can often be solved immediately. These striking and beautiful
methods are just a part of a complete systern of mathematics which is
far more systematic than the modem 'system. Vedic Mathematics
manifests the coherent and unified structure naturally inherent in
mathematics and the methods are direct, easy and complementary.
8. Easy, fun : "The experience of the joy of mathematics is an
immediate and natural consequence of practicing Vedic Mathematics.
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maths - not the' rigid and boring 'system
And this is the true nature of
that is currently widespread. Another important feature of
in algebra :
9.Methods apply an arithmetic method has been mastered
the Vedic system is that once algebraic cases of that type- the
applied to manifest
the same method can be arithmnetic and algebra is clearly
"beautifülcoherence between
in the Vedic system.
and Subtraction process with
Discuss the Addition
Q.2. Maths. the
example in Vedic maths : The process of addition by
Vedic
Ans. Addition by normallyeasy for students. But
when so many
traditional method is Ekadhikena Purvena' method of Vedio
the adding
numbers are tobe added, traditional method, at the time of all the
In of
maths will be easier. sum of all the digits at unit places unit place
numberswe make the numbers are too many the total of methód.
the stress also. Inthis time:
numbers to be added. If creates mental
high which reduce this stress andcalculation
digits goes upvery are made to (known
ofVedicmaths efforts digits goes beyond10, onedot
also. Here, as soon
as the total of
the top ofneärest left hand sidedigit
Ekadhikena Purvenasign) put on added to the next digit.. This
as be
of the total will process. Everý such
and the unit digitfollowed throughouttheadditionadding the digits of
procedure will be will be consideredwhile
1which
dots have value columns tillthe end. following illustration
evèry left hand side
understoodby the
This willbe better 6547
1932 +
Illustration-1. 7534 + 2459 +
7 53 4

+
24 5 9
+0 1 93 2
6 5 4 7
1847.2
to the solution
Detailed explanation addition process will start
oftraditional method the
(1)As in case places. 4 +9= 13 which is more than 10
digits at unit ie. on the top
by adding allthe put on the top the nearest left hand digit unit digit ol
So.-one dot will be only3(i.e
13 tothenext digit 2 Now 5+7= 12 whic
instead of adding
of5. Now, will become 5(i.e. 3 +2=5). neares
added which top of the
13) willbe one dot will be put on the
So again remaining digit 2
again exceeds 10. the topof 4. Now, the
7i.e. on
left hand side digit ofthe
put as final total of all the digits at unit places.
(ie. digi
of 12) will be
start to add the nearest left hand side column Some0
(2)Now
at tens places).
While adding, remember that every dot put on
 Vedic Maths /5
the digits has als0 value 1. So, one will be
added to every digit bearing
dot on its top toget its Ekadhikena value. For
example, the value of 5
=5+1= 6. the value of 7=7+l=8, 4 =5 and so on. Now, we
come to our illustration i.e. to add the nearest left again
hand side column
(i.e. digits at tens places). 3 + 5 means 3+6=9 and 9
more than 10. So put one dot on 9 (.e. the nearest left +3= 12 which is
hand side digit to
3). Now, go ahead, 2 + 4=2+5=1. Thus, 7 is the final
result of the
sum of all the digits at tens places.
(3)Similarly, start to add all the digits in the third column (i.e. all
the digits at theplace of hundred). 5 +4+ 9 =5+4+ 10 = 19
which is
again more than 10. So put one dot on 1 (i.e. nearest left inside
Now, 9 +5= 14 which also exceeds 10. So put one dot on digit).
the nearest
left hand side digit 6. So4 is the final result of the sum of all
the digits
at the plaäce of hundred.
(4) Now start to add all the digits of last column (i.e. all
the digits
at the place of thousand).
7+2+1=7+2+ 2= 11 which is again more
than 10. But the problem is that there is no left hand digit on which a
dot may be put. So assume zero as the left hand digit and
put dot on
that zero. Now, go head, 1.(i.e. right h¡nd sidedigit of the sum 11)+ 6
=1+7=8 which is the final result of the addition of allthe digits át the.
place of thousand.
(5) Now, in the fifth column (i.e. the digit at the place
ten
thousands) the only digit is zero having dot on the top.So 0 =0+1=
1.Thus, the final result of fifth column is 1. s2
Thus, the sum ofall the four numbers is 18,472.
Note: The explanationto the solution seems to be an
detailed, one. But it is quite necessary to develop a extremely
understanding of the procedüre. By practice, the addition thorough
of many
numbers will become easier, accurate and consuming less time.
Subtraction by edic maths: For
are two methods in Vedic maths as under subtraction of numbers there
(1)Ekadhikena Purvena method: The
term Ekadhikena' is ek adhik" i.e. one more. Theliteral meaning of the
sign for this is dot(.).
Ekadhikena digit bears a dot on its top. The,value of FEkadhikena digit
is one more than the digit itself. For
example, 3 means 3+1 =4,0 =0
+l=1, 1=1+12.
Similarly, 4 =5, 5 =6, 6 =7, 7 =8, 8 9,and 9 = 10.
(2)
Ekanyunena Purvena method : literal meaning of
Ekanyunena' is one less. The Ekanyunena digitThebears a dot belovw itself.
Thevalue of Ekanyunena digit, is 1 less than the
digit. For example, 3
means 3-l=2.Similarly, I =0, 2 -1, 3 = 2,.4 =3, 5 =4, 6
=5, 7
 Mathematics
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0 is not possible,
9 =8.
=6, 8 =7, and lastly,
below zero. we have to
no sign ofEkanyunena subtraction by any of the two methodwill learn t
While making which means the best friend. We
find out Param
Mitra'
friend is such a digit which, when
friend of 10. Best of1 is 9,
find out the best digit, makes 10.For example, best friend
added to any other 5. 6 is 4, 7 is 3, 8 is 2 and 9 is 1,
is 7, 4 is 6, 5 is
best friend of2 is 8, 3 better understood bythe followine
be
Both the methods can
illustrations Ekadhikena Purvena method.
by
lustration-2 Solve 200-132
200
Solution :
132
068

solution :
Detailed explanation tothe deducted from 0, the best friend of 2
i.e.&
(1)Since 2 can nÍt beside digit0. Thus, 0+8= 8 will be the unit
upper dot
will be added to the Here. we have used best friend of 2soone
digit ofthe final answer. nearest left handsidedigit i.e. on the top of
will be put to the top of the dot will always be put on the digits oflower
that
3. It is to be noted here be deducted.
side nuimber i.e. the number to deducted from 0. So, the bést
cannot be
(2) Now, 3 =4 which theupper digit 0.Thus, 0+6=6will be
friend of4i.e. 6 will be addedto
the tens digit of the final answer.
2-2=0.
(3) Now lastly, 1= 2. So,
Short Answer Type Questions
multiplication with Ekadhikena Purvena
Q.3. How to quick
method?
literal meaning of the
Ans. 1. Ekadhikna Purvena method : The multiplication of two
method is one more than the previous
one. For
satisfied under this method.
numbers there are certain onditions to be
These conditions are as undera.
(a) Both the numbers to be multiplied must have equal digits e.g.
number only.
atwo digit number can be multiplied by another two digit three
Similarly, a three digit number can be multiplied only with another four
digit number and a four digit number can be multiplied only with
digit number and so on.
(b) First digits of both the number must be same. These same
digits are called Nikhilam digit. For example,36 x 34,here the first digit
in both the numbers is 3. So it is called Nikhilam digit. Similarly, 596 x
 Digit Sum
Long Answer Type Questions
Q.31. What do you mean by Digit Sum'
Discuss with example.
Ans. Digit sum method is not used for quick
checking of answers. It will help us to verify the calculation but for quick
answer that we have
obtained to a particular question. This technique has wonderful
applications for students giving competitive exams as they are already
provided with four alternatives (options) to every
answer.
Student can check the digit-sum of each of the alternatives with the
digit-sum of the question and try to arrive at the correct answer. This
eliminate the ned for going through the whole calculation. will
The digit-sum method also known as the add-up
be used to check answers involving method which can
different arithmetic operations like
multiplication, division, addition, subtraction, squares, square roots,
cube roots, etc. The procedure involved is very simple. We
any given number into a single digit by repetatively adding have to convert
digits of that number. up all the
The digit sum will always be a single digit. You have to
keep on
adding the numbers until you get a single-digit answer.
So, in digit sum method, while we are trying to make
single digit
value in the process of additión all the nines and all the digits that add
up to nine are completely divisible by 9, hence leaves remainder 0.
Therefore, While calculating the digit-sum of a number, you can
eliminate all the nines and all thedigits th¡t add uptonine.
When youeliminate all the nines and all the digits thatadd up to
nine you will be able to calculate the digit-sum of any number much
faster. Theelimination will have no effect on the final result.
If the digit-sum of a number is. 9, then we can eliminate the 9
straight away and the digit sum becomes 'zero.' Remember that 9is
synonymous with 0.
While solving problems if the digit sum value comes
just add it to 9 & result will be the actual digit sum value.negative
then
Number Digit Sum
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4+3+2+l=10.=1+0=1
4+3+5+2= 14 =1+4=5
5984 5 +9+8+4= 26=2 +6=8
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