ProtaStructure Design Guide

RC Beam Design to BS8110

Version 3.0 November 2023

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Table of Contents
Table of Contents..................................................................................................................................... 3
Notations ................................................................................................................................................. 5
Bending Design ........................................................................................................................................ 8
Rectangular Section ............................................................................................................................. 8
Flanged Section.................................................................................................................................. 10
Flange in Tension ............................................................................................................................ 10
Flange in Compression ................................................................................................................... 10
Limitation on Bending Reinforcement ............................................................................................... 12
Minimum Reinforcement ............................................................................................................... 12
Maximum Reinforcement............................................................................................................... 12
Shear Design .......................................................................................................................................... 13
Limitation on Shear Reinforcement ................................................................................................... 14
Minimum Shear Reinforcement ..................................................................................................... 14
Maximum spacing .......................................................................................................................... 14
Torsion Design ....................................................................................................................................... 14
Limitation on Torsion Reinforcement ................................................................................................ 16
Minimum transverse reinforcement .............................................................................................. 16
Maximum torsional link spacing ..................................................................................................... 16
Deflection Check .................................................................................................................................... 16
Worked Examples .................................................................................................................................. 17
Example 1: Singly Reinforced Rectangular Section ............................................................................ 17
Design for Bending ......................................................................................................................... 17
Limitation on Bending Reinforcement............................................................................................ 18
Shear Design ................................................................................................................................... 18
Limitation on Shear Reinforcement................................................................................................ 19
Minimum Shear Reinforcement ..................................................................................................... 19
Maximum spacing .......................................................................................................................... 19
Torsion Design ................................................................................................................................ 19
Limitation on Torsion Reinforcement ............................................................................................. 20
Minimum transverse reinforcement .............................................................................................. 21
Maximum torsional link spacing ..................................................................................................... 21
Example 2: Double Reinforced Rectangular Section....................................................................... 21
Design for Bending ......................................................................................................................... 21
Example 3: Singly Reinforced Flanged Section................................................................................... 22
Design for Bending ......................................................................................................................... 23
Shear Design ................................................................................................................................... 24
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Limitation on Shear Reinforcement................................................................................................ 25

Minimum Shear Reinforcement ..................................................................................................... 25
Maximum spacing .......................................................................................................................... 25
Torsion Design ................................................................................................................................ 25
Required transverse reinforcement from shear and torsion .......................................................... 26
Limitation on Torsion Reinforcement ............................................................................................. 27
Minimum transverse reinforcement .............................................................................................. 27
Maximum torsional link spacing ..................................................................................................... 27
Example 4: Deflection Check of a Beam with a Rectangular Section ................................................. 27
Thank You… ........................................................................................................................................... 28
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Notations
𝑎 Depth of equivalent rectangular stress block

𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑥 Maximum depth of equivalent rectangular stress block

𝑎𝑓 Depth of equivalent rectangular stress block within the flange depth

𝑏𝑤 Web width for T section or width of rectangular section

𝑏𝑓 Effective flange width

𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥 Maximum Allowable Distance from extreme compression fiber to the neutral axis

Distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of longitudinal tension

𝑑 reinforcement

Maximum of half of the maximum depth of equivalent rectangular stress block and
𝑑𝑓 thickness of the flange

𝑑𝑠 Diameter of shear link

Distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of longitudinal compression

𝑑′ reinforcement

𝑓𝑐𝑢 Specified compressive strength of concrete

𝑓𝑠 ′ Compressive stress in reinforcement under factored loads

𝑓𝑦 Specified yield strength for non-prestressed reinforcement

𝑓𝑦𝑡 Specified yield strength of transverse reinforcement

ℎ Overall thickness, height, or depth of the member

𝑠 The center-to-center spacing of transverse reinforcement

𝑡𝑓 Thickness of flange

𝑥0 Height of the section enclosed by the shear links

𝑦0 Width of the section enclosed by the shear links

𝐴𝑐𝑝 The area enclosed by the outside perimeter of the concrete cross-section

𝐴𝑙 The total area of longitudinal reinforcement to resist torsion

𝐴𝑙𝑚𝑖𝑛 The minimum area of longitudinal reinforcement to resist torsion

𝐴𝑜 Gross area enclosed by torsional shear flow path

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The area enclosed by the centerline of the outermost closed transverse torsional
𝐴𝑜ℎ reinforcement

𝐴𝑠 Area of longitudinal tension reinforcement

𝐴𝑠1 Area of longitudinal single reinforced tension steel

𝐴𝑠2 Area of longitudinal double reinforced tension steel

𝐴𝑠3 Area of longitudinal double reinforced tension steel for T Section

𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 The minimum area of flexural reinforcement

𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 The maximum area of flexural reinforcement

𝐴𝑠 ′ Area of longitudinal compression steel

𝐴𝑣
𝑠 Area of one leg of a closed stirrup within spacing s for torsion

𝐴𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑠 The minimum area of one leg of a closed stirrup within spacing s for torsion

𝐴𝑣
𝑠 Area of shear reinforcement within spacing s

𝐴𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑠 The minimum area of shear reinforcement within spacing s

𝐸𝑠 Modulus of elasticity of reinforcement and structural steel

𝑀𝑢 The factored moment in the section

𝑀𝑢𝑐 Factored moment resisted by the compressed concrete

𝑀𝑢𝑓 Factored moment resisted by the flange of the T section

𝑀𝑢𝑠 Factored moment resisted by the steel

𝑀𝑢𝑤 Factored moment resisted by the web of the T section

Factored axial force normal to cross-section co-occurring with Vu or Tu; to be taken as

𝑁𝑢 positive for compression and negative for tension

𝑇𝑐𝑟 Cracking torsional moment

𝑇𝑡ℎ Threshold torsional moment

𝑇𝑢 Factored torsional moment at the section

𝑉𝑐 Nominal shear strength provided by concrete

𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 Maximum allowable shear strength

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𝑉𝑢 Factored shear force at section

𝜀𝑐𝑢 Maximum usable strain at extreme concrete compression fiber

Net tensile strain in the extreme layer of longitudinal tension reinforcement at nominal
𝜀𝑡 strength, excluding strains due to effective prestress, creep, shrinkage, and temperature

Value of net tensile strain in the extreme layer of longitudinal tension reinforcement
𝜀𝑡𝑦 used to define a compression-controlled section

𝜑 Strength reduction factor

Modification factor to reflect the reduced mechanical properties of lightweight concrete

𝜆 relative to normal-weight concrete of the same compressive strength

𝑣𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 Maximum allowable stress for the combination of shear and torsion stress

𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 Maximum allowable shear stress

𝜌𝑐𝑝 The perimeter of the rectangular or T section

The perimeter of the area enclosed by the centerline of the outermost closed transverse
𝜌ℎ torsional reinforcement

The angle between the axis of the strut, compression diagonal, or compression field and
𝜃 the tension chord of the members
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Bending Design
The bending design process for a section is considered for rectangular and flanged sections separately.
According to the BS8110, a simplified rectangular stress block is considered for both cases, explained in
detail in the related sections.

Bending is checked for the top edge and bottom edge in a total of six regions:

1. Top-Left (worst case forces in end region ‐ 1/3 of clear span)

2. Top-Middle (worst case forces in mid-region ‐ 1/3 of clear span)
3. Top-Right (worst case forces in end region ‐ 1/3 of clear span)
4. Bottom-Left (worst case forces in end region ‐ 1/3 of clear span)
5. Bottom-Middle (worst case forces in mid-region ‐ 1/3 of clear span)
6. Bottom-Right (worst case forces in end region ‐ 1/3 of clear span)

For each zone, the maximum bending moment M along the entire length of the zone is determined. The
procedures below are followed to design each section separately depending on whether the section is
rectangular or flanged.

Rectangular Section
ProtaStructure considers the following stages for bending design of rectangular sections:

1. 𝑀 = |𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡|

2. 𝛾𝑚𝑐 = 1.5 Cl.3.4.4.1. b

3. 𝛾𝑚𝑠 = 1.15 Cl.3.4.4.1. d

4. 𝜀𝑐𝑢 = 0.0035 Cl.4.3.7.1. b

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𝑥𝑚𝑎𝑥
5. = 0.5 Cl.3.4.4.4
𝑑

6. 𝜑𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 0.9 Cl.3.4.4.4

0.156 𝛽𝑏 ≥ 0.9
7. 𝐾′ = { Cl.3.4.4.4
0.402 (𝛽𝑏 − 0.4) − 0.18 (𝛽𝑏 − 0.4)2 𝛽𝑏 < 0.9

𝑀
8. 𝐾= Cl.3.4.4.4
𝑏𝑤 𝑑2 𝑓𝑐𝑢

𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒆: 𝑲 ≤ 𝑲′ (Single Reinforcement)

𝐾
a. 𝑧 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 {𝑑 {0.5 + √(0.25 − 0.9)} Cl.3.4.4.4
0.95 𝑑

𝑀
𝐴𝑠1 =
b. 𝑓𝑦 Cl.3.4.4.4
𝛾𝑚𝑠 𝑧

c. 𝐴𝑠2 = 𝐴𝑠 ′ = 0

d. 𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠1 + 𝐴𝑠2

𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒆: 𝑲 > 𝑲′ (Double Reinforcement)

𝑑′
𝐸 𝑑 𝜀𝑐𝑢 (1 − )
𝑥𝑚𝑎𝑥
1. 𝑓𝑠 ′ = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 Cl.3.4.4.4
𝑓𝑦
{ 𝛾𝑚𝑠

(𝐾 − 𝐾 ′ ) 𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑤 𝑑2
2. 𝐴𝑠 ′ = Cl.3.4.4.4
𝑓
(𝑓𝑠 ′ − 0.67 𝛾𝑐𝑢 ) (𝑑 − 𝑑′ )
𝑚𝑐

𝐾
3. 𝑧 = 𝑑 {0.5 + √(0.25 − )} Cl.3.4.4.4
0.9

(𝐾 − 𝐾 ′ ) 𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑤 𝑑2
4. 𝐴𝑠2 =
𝑓𝑦 ′
𝛾𝑚𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑑 )

𝐾 ′ 𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑤 𝑑2
5. 𝐴𝑠1 = Cl.3.4.4.4
𝑓𝑦
( 𝛾 𝑧)
𝑚𝑠

6. 𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠1 + 𝐴𝑠 ′ Cl.3.4.4.4
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Flanged Section

Flange in Tension
If the section is subjected to the negative moment (flange in tension), the flange part does not
contribute to the moment capacity of the section. Thus, the section is designed similar to the
rectangular section.

Flange in Compression
ProtaStructure considers the following stages for bending design of flanged sections:

1. 𝑀𝑢 = 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

2. 𝛾𝑚𝑐 = 1.5 Cl.3.4.4.1. b

3. 𝛾𝑚𝑠 = 1.15 Cl.3.4.4.1. d

4. 𝜀𝑐𝑢 = 0.0035 Cl.4.3.7.1. b

𝑥𝑚𝑎𝑥
5. 𝑑
= 0.5 Cl.3.4.4.4

6. 𝜑𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 0.9 Cl.3.4.4.4

𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑥
7. = 𝜑𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 × 𝑚𝑎𝑥⁄𝑑 Cl.3.4.4.4-Fig 3.3
𝑑

0.156 𝛽𝑏 ≥ 0.9
8. 𝐾′ = { Cl.3.4.4.4
0.402 (𝛽𝑏 − 0.4) − 0.18 (𝛽𝑏 − 0.4)2 𝛽𝑏 < 0.9

𝑀
9. 𝐾= Cl.3.4.4.5
𝑏 𝑑2 𝑓𝑐𝑢

𝐾
10. 𝑧 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 {𝑑 {0.5 + √(0.25 − 0.9)} Cl.3.4.4.4
0.95 𝑑

(𝑑 − 𝑧)
11. 𝑥= Cl.3.4.4.4
0.5 𝜑𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
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12. 𝑎 = 𝜑𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑥

Case 1: 𝒂𝒇 ≤ 𝒕𝒇 (Neutral axis is within the flange)

The section is designed as a rectangular section. The only difference is that the term 𝑏𝑤 is
replaced 𝑏𝑓 .

Case 2: 𝒂𝒇 > 𝒕𝒇 (Neutral axis is within the web)

0.67
a. 𝑀𝑓 = 𝑓 × (𝑏 − 𝑏𝑤 ) ℎ𝑓 (𝑑 − 0.5 ℎ𝑓 )
𝛾𝑚𝑐 𝑐𝑢

𝑀𝑓
𝐴𝑠1 =
b. 𝑓𝑦
( 𝛾 ) (𝑑 − 0.5 ℎ𝑓 )
𝑚𝑠

c. 𝑀𝑤 = 𝑀 − 𝑀𝑓

𝑀𝑤
d. 𝐾𝑤 =
𝑏𝑤 𝑑2 𝑓𝑐𝑢

𝐂𝐚𝐬𝐞: 𝑲𝒘 ≤ 𝑲′ (Single Reinforcement)

𝐾𝑤
a. 𝑧𝑤 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 {𝑑 {0.5 + √(0.25 − 0.9)}
0.95 𝑑

𝑀𝑤
𝐴𝑠2 =
b. 𝑓𝑦
𝛾𝑚𝑠 𝑧𝑤

c. 𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠1 + 𝐴𝑠2

𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒆: 𝑲𝒘 > 𝑲′ (Double Reinforcement)

𝑑′
𝐸 𝑑 𝜀𝑐𝑢 (1 − )
𝑥𝑚𝑎𝑥
a. 𝑓𝑠 ′ = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 Cl.3.4.4.4
𝑓𝑦
{ 𝛾𝑚𝑠

b. 𝑀𝑢𝑤 = 𝐾 ′ 𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑤 𝑑2

(𝑀𝑤 − 𝑀𝑢𝑤 )
c. 𝐴𝑠 ′ =
𝑓
(𝑓𝑠 ′ − 0.67 𝛾𝑐𝑢 )(𝑑 − 𝑑′ )
𝑚𝑐
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(𝑀𝑤 − 𝑀𝑢𝑤 )
𝐴𝑠2 =
d. 𝑓𝑦
(𝑑 − 𝑑′ )
𝛾𝑚𝑠

𝐾′
e. 𝑧𝑝 = 𝑑 {0.5 + √(0.25 − )}
0.9

𝑀𝑢𝑤
𝐴𝑠3 =
f. 𝑓𝑦
𝛾𝑚𝑠 𝑧𝑝

g. 𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠1 + 𝐴𝑠2 + 𝐴𝑠3

Limitation on Bending Reinforcement

Minimum Reinforcement

Tension Reinforcement: Rectangular and Flanged Section

Minimum reinforcement is evaluated based on Table 3.25 as follow:

Minimum Tension Reinforcement Percentage

Definition of 𝑁 𝑁
Situation 𝑓𝑦 = 250 𝑓𝑦 = 500
Percentage 𝑚𝑚2 𝑚𝑚2

% %

0.24 0.13
Rectangular 𝐴𝑠 ∗ 𝐴𝑐 ∗ 𝐴𝑐
100 100

𝑏𝑤⁄ 0.32 0.18

Flanged 𝑏 < 0.4 ∗ 𝑏𝑤 ℎ ∗ 𝑏𝑤 ℎ
100 100
(Web in
𝑏𝑤⁄ 0.24 0.13
Tension)
𝑏 ≥ 0.4 100
∗ 𝑏𝑤 ℎ
100
∗ 𝑏𝑤 ℎ

0.48 0.26
𝑇 − 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 ∗ 𝑏𝑤 ℎ ∗ 𝑏𝑤 ℎ
Flanged 100 100
(Flange in 0.36 0.20
Tension) 𝐿 − 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 ∗ 𝑏𝑤 ℎ ∗ 𝑏𝑤 ℎ
100 100

Compression Reinforcement: Rectangular and Flanged Section

𝑨𝒔 ≥ 𝐀′𝒔𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝛒′𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝒃𝒘 𝒉 Table 3.25

Maximum Reinforcement
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𝑨𝒔 < 𝑨𝒔𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝑨𝒄 = 𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒃𝒘 𝒉 Cl.3.12.6

Shear Design
1. 𝑉 = Design Shear Force

2. 𝛾𝑚𝑠 = 1.15 Cl.3.4.4.1. d

𝑓𝑦𝑣
3. 𝑓𝑦𝑣𝑑 =
𝛾𝑚𝑠

4. 𝛾𝑚 = 1.25 Cl.3.4.5.2

𝑉
5. 𝑣= Cl.3.4.5.2
𝑏𝑤 𝑑

0.8√𝑓𝑐𝑢
6. 𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 { Cl.3.4.5.2
5 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

7. 𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.4 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 Table 3.7-Note 2

𝐴𝑔𝑣 𝑏𝑤
8. ( ) = 𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 Table 3.7
𝑠𝑣 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑦𝑣𝑑

100 𝐴𝑠
9. 𝜑1 = 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 0.15 ≤ 𝜑1 ≤ 3.00 Table 3.8-Note 2
𝑏𝑣 𝑑

400
10. 𝜑2 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 { 𝑑 Table 3.8-Note 2
1

1.0 𝑓𝑐𝑢 ≤ 25 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

𝑓𝑐𝑢
11. 𝜑3 =
𝑚𝑖𝑛 { 25 𝑓𝑐𝑢 > 25 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
40
{ 25

0.79 𝜑11/3 𝜑21/4 𝜑31/4

12. 𝑣𝑐 = Table 3.8-Note 2
𝛾𝑚

𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒆 ∶ 𝒗 < 𝒗𝒄 + 𝒗𝒎𝒊𝒏

No shear reinforcement is required. However, minimum shear reinforcement is provided for safety.

𝐴𝑔𝑣 𝐴𝑔𝑣
( ) =( ) Table 3.7
𝑠𝑣 𝑟𝑒𝑞. 𝑠𝑣 𝑚𝑖𝑛
 Page - 14

𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒆 ∶ 𝒗𝒄 + 𝒗𝒎𝒊𝒏 < 𝒗 < 𝒗𝒎𝒂𝒙

Shear reinforcement is required. The portion of the shear that needs to be resisted by the shear
reinforcement is:

𝐴𝑣 𝑉𝑢 − 𝜑 𝑉𝑐
=
𝑠 𝜑 𝑓𝑦𝑡 𝑑

𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒆 ∶ 𝒗 > 𝒗𝒎𝒂𝒙

The design process is failed. The section is not sufficient to resist the applied shear force. Resize the
section.

Limitation on Shear Reinforcement

Minimum Shear Reinforcement

𝐴𝑔𝑣 𝐴𝑔𝑣 𝑏𝑣
≥( ) = 𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 Table 3.7
𝑠𝑣 𝑠𝑣 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑦𝑣𝑑

Maximum spacing

𝒔𝒗 < 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝒅 Cl.3.4.5.5

Torsion Design

The following stages are followed during the torsion design of the section.

1. 𝑇= Design torsion moment

2. 𝛾𝑚𝑠 = 1.15 Cl.3.4.4.1. d

 Page - 15

𝑓𝑦𝑣
3. 𝑓𝑦𝑣𝑑 =
𝛾𝑚𝑠

4. 𝑥1 = 𝑏𝑤 − 2 ∗ 𝐶𝑐−𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 − 𝑑𝑠

5. 𝑦1 = ℎ − 𝐶𝑐−𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝 − 𝐶𝑐−𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠 − 𝑑𝑠

𝑏
6. ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 { 𝑤
ℎ

𝑏
7. ℎ𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 { 𝑤
ℎ

2𝑇
8. 𝑣𝑡 = BS8110-2- Cl.2.4.4.1
ℎ
2
ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛 (ℎ𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑚𝑖𝑛
3 )

0.067√𝑓𝑐𝑢
9. 𝑣𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 { BS8110-2- Table 2.3
0.4 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

0.8√𝑓𝑐𝑢
10. 𝑣𝑡𝑢 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 { BS8110-2- Table 2.3
5 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

𝑦1
𝑣𝑡𝑢 × 𝑚𝑖𝑛 { ⁄550 𝑦1 < 550 𝑚𝑚
11. 𝑣𝑡𝑢 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 ={ 1
𝑣𝑡𝑢 𝑦1 ≥ 550 𝑚𝑚

12. 𝑣𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑣 + 𝑣𝑡 BS8110-2- Cl.2.4.5

𝑥1
13. 𝑌1 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 {𝑦
1

𝐂𝐚𝐬𝐞: 𝒗𝒕 ≤ 𝒗𝒕𝒎𝒊𝒏
No Torsion Reinforcement is required.

𝐂𝐚𝐬𝐞: 𝒗𝒕 > 𝒗𝒕𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒗𝒕 < 𝒗𝒕𝒖 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍

𝐴𝑠𝑣 𝑇 BS8110-2- Cl.2.4.7

( ) =
𝑠𝑣 𝑟𝑒𝑞. 0.8 𝑥1 𝑦1 𝑓𝑦𝑣𝑑

𝐴𝑠𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑣 (𝑥1 + 𝑦1 ) BS8110-2- Cl.2.4.7

𝐴𝑠 = ( ) ×
𝑠𝑣 𝑟𝑒𝑞. 𝑓𝑦

Case: 𝒗𝒕 > 𝒗𝒕𝒖 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍

The design process is failed. The section is not sufficient to resist the applied torsional moment. Resize
the section.
 Page - 16

Limitation on Torsion Reinforcement

Minimum transverse reinforcement

𝐴𝑠𝑣 𝐴𝑔𝑣 𝑏𝑣
≥( ) = 𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 BS8110-2-Table 2.4
𝑠𝑣 𝑠𝑣 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑦𝑣𝑑

Maximum torsional link spacing

𝑥1
𝑦1
𝑠𝑣 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 { BS8110-2- Cl.2.4.8
2
200 𝑚𝑚

Deflection Check
𝐿𝑛𝑒𝑡
1. Calculate
𝑑

2. 𝐿𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 = 10 𝑚

1 𝐿𝑛𝑒𝑡 ≤ 𝐿𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡
3. 𝑓1 = { 𝐿𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 Cl.3.4.6.4
𝐿𝑛𝑒𝑡 > 𝐿𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡
𝐿𝑛𝑒𝑡

2 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞. 1
4. 𝑓𝑠 = × Cl.3.4.7-Eq.8
3 𝐴𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣. 𝛽𝑏

(477 − 𝑓𝑠 )
0.55 +
5. 𝑓𝑚 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 { 𝑀 Cl.3.4.7-Eq.7
120(0.9 + 2 )
𝑏𝑑
2.0

𝐴′𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣.
6. 𝑓𝑚.𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓 = 100 Cl.3.4.7-Table 3.11
𝑏𝑑

𝑓𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
1+ Cl.3.4.7-Table 3.11
7. 𝑓𝑐 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 { 3 + 𝑓𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 Eq.9
1.5

8. Calculate 𝐿/𝑑𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐 depth value according to table below:

Rectangular 𝒃𝒘
Support Conditions Flanged beams with ≤ 𝟎. 𝟑
𝒃

Cantilever 7 5.6

Simply Supported 20 16
 Page - 17

Continuous 26 20.8

𝑳
9. 𝑳/𝒅𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆 = × 𝒇𝟏 × 𝒇𝒎 × 𝒇𝒄
𝒅

𝐂𝐚𝐬𝐞: 𝑳𝒏𝒆𝒕 /𝒅 ≤ 𝑳/𝒅𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆

Deflection check is satisfied.

𝐂𝐚𝐬𝐞: 𝑳𝒏𝒆𝒕 /𝒅 ≤ 𝑳/𝒅𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆

Deflection check is not satisfied.

Worked Examples

Example 1: Singly Reinforced Rectangular Section

Design a rectangular beam that is subjected to a positive bending moment of 180 kN.m, a shear force
of 80 kN, and a torsional moment of 30 kN.m, with the properties shown below:

Value Value
Parameters Parameters
(mm) (MPa)

𝒃𝒘 250 𝒇𝒄𝒖 25

𝒉 500 𝒇𝒚 410

𝒅 452.5 𝒇𝒚𝒘𝒅 240

𝒅′ 43 𝑬𝒔 200000

Design for Bending

1. 𝑀 = 180 × 106 𝑁. 𝑚𝑚

2. 𝛾𝑚𝑐 = 1.5 Cl.3.4.4.1. b

3. 𝛾𝑚𝑠 = 1.15 Cl.3.4.4.1. d

4. 𝜀𝑐𝑢 = 0.0035 Cl.4.3.7.1. b

𝑥𝑚𝑎𝑥
5. 𝑑
= 0.5 Cl.3.4.4.4

6. 𝜑𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 0.9 Cl.3.4.4.4

7. 𝐾 ′ = 0.156 Cl.3.4.4.4
 Page - 18

𝑀 180 × 106
8. 𝐾= = = 0.141 Cl.3.4.4.4
𝑏𝑤 𝑑2 𝑓𝑐𝑢 250 × 452.52 × 25

𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒆: 𝑲 ≤ 𝑲′ (Single Reinforcement)

𝐾
√
e. 𝑧 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑑 {0.5 + (0.25 − 0.9)} = 364.77 𝑚𝑚
{ 0.95 𝑑

𝑀 180 × 106
f. 𝐴𝑠1 = = = 1384 𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦 410
𝑧 1.15 × 364.77
𝛾𝑚𝑠

g. 𝐴𝑠2 = 𝐴𝑠 ′ = 0

h. 𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠1 + 𝐴𝑠2 = 1384

Limitation on Bending Reinforcement

Minimum Reinforcement:

𝑁
ρmin = 0.0017 (𝑓𝑦 = 410 ) 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝑚𝑚2

Asmin = ρmin 𝑏𝑤 ℎ = 0.0017 × 250 × 500 = 212 𝑚𝑚2

ρ′𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.002

A′𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = ρ′𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑤 ℎ = 0.002 × 250 × 500 = 250 𝑚𝑚2

Maximum Reinforcement:

Amax = ρmax 𝑏𝑤 ℎ = 0.04 × 250 × 500 = 5000 𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 < 𝐴𝑠 < Amax ✔

Shear Design

1. 𝑉 = 150000 𝑁

2. 𝛾𝑚𝑠 = 1.15

240
3. 𝑓𝑦𝑣𝑑 = = 208.7 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
1.15

4. 𝛾𝑚 = 1.25
 Page - 19

150000
5. 𝑣= = 1.325 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
250 × 452.5

6. 𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 { 0.8√25 2 = 4.00 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

5 𝑁/𝑚𝑚

7. 𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.4 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑔𝑣 250
8. ( ) = 0.4 × = 0.48 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 208.7

100 × 1384
9. 𝜑1 = = 1.22
250 × 452.5

400
10. 𝜑2 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 {452.5 = 1
1

11. 𝜑3 = 1.0 ( 𝑓𝑐𝑢 = 25 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 )

0.79 × 1.221/3 × 11/4 11/4

12. 𝑣𝑐 = = 0.675 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
1.25

𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒆 ∶ 𝒗𝒄 + 𝒗𝒎𝒊𝒏 < 𝒗 < 𝒗𝒎𝒂𝒙

Shear reinforcement is required. The portion of the shear force that needs to be resisted by the shear
reinforcement is:

𝐴𝑔𝑣 1.325 − 0.675 𝑚𝑚2

( ) =( ) × 250 = 0.78
𝑠𝑣 𝑟𝑒𝑞. 208.7 𝑚𝑚

Limitation on Shear Reinforcement

Minimum Shear Reinforcement

𝐴𝑔𝑣 𝑚𝑚2 𝐴𝑔𝑣

= 0.78 ≥( ) = 0.48 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 ✔
𝑠𝑣 𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑣 𝑚𝑖𝑛

Maximum spacing

𝑠𝑣 < 0.75 × 452.5 = 339.37 𝑚𝑚

Torsion Design
 Page - 20

1. 𝑇 = 20 × 106 𝑁

2. 𝛾𝑚𝑠 = 1.15

240
3. 𝑓𝑦𝑣𝑑 = = 208.7 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
1.15

4. 𝑥1 = 250 − 2 × 25 − 10 = 202 𝑚𝑚

5. 𝑦1 = 500 − 2 × 25 − 10 = 440 𝑚𝑚

6. 250
ℎmin = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 { = 250 𝑚𝑚
500

250
7. ℎ𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 { = 500 𝑚𝑚
500

2 (30 × 106 )
8. 𝑣𝑡 = = 2.304 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
2 250
250 × (500 − )
3

9. 𝑣𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 { 0.067√252 = 0.335 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

0.4 𝑁/𝑚𝑚

10. 𝑣𝑡𝑢 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 { 0.8√25 2 = 4 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

5 𝑁/𝑚𝑚

11. 𝑣𝑡𝑢 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 4 × 440⁄550 = 3.2 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

12. 𝑣𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑣 + 𝑣𝑡 = 1.32 + 2.304 = 3.624 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

202
13. 𝑌1 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 { = 401.5 𝑚𝑚
401.5

𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒆 ∶ 𝒗𝒕 > 𝒗𝒕𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒗𝒕 < 𝒗𝒕𝒖 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍

𝐴𝑠𝑣 20 × 106 𝑚𝑚2

( ) = = 1.43
𝑠𝑣 𝑟𝑒𝑞. 0.8 × 202 × 401.5 × 208.7 𝑚𝑚

240 (202 + 401.5)

𝐴𝑠 = 2.215 × = 782.5 𝑚𝑚2
410

Additional longitudinal reinforcement due to torsion is:

30 × 106 ⁄0.75 ∗ 1228

𝐴𝑙 = = 867.96 𝑚𝑚2
2 ∗ 70740.4 ∗ 400 ∗ cot 45

Limitation on Torsion Reinforcement

 Page - 21

Minimum transverse reinforcement

𝐴𝑠𝑣 𝑚𝑚2 𝐴𝑔𝑣 𝑚𝑚2

= 2.215 ≥( ) = 0.4 ✔
𝑠𝑣 𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑣 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑚

Maximum torsional link spacing

202
𝑠𝑣 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 {401.5/2 = 200 𝑚𝑚
200

Example 2: Double Reinforced Rectangular Section

Design a rectangular beam that is subjected to a positive bending moment of 220 KN.m with the
properties shown below:

Value Value
Parameters Parameters
(mm) (MPa)

𝒃𝒘 250 𝒇𝒄𝒖 25

𝒉 500 𝒇𝒚 410

𝒅 452.5 𝒇𝒚𝒘𝒅 240

𝒅′ 43 𝑬𝒔 200000

Design for Bending

1. 𝑀 = 220 × 106 𝑁. 𝑚𝑚

2. 𝛾𝑚𝑐 = 1.5

3. 𝛾𝑚𝑠 = 1.15

4. 𝜀𝑐𝑢 = 0.0035
𝑥𝑚𝑎𝑥
5. 𝑑
= 0.5

6. 𝜑𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 0.9

7. 𝐾 ′ = 0.156

𝑀 220 × 106
8. 𝐾= = = 0.172
𝑏𝑤 𝑑2 𝑓𝑐𝑢 250 × 452.52 × 25
 Page - 22

𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒆: 𝑲 > 𝑲′ (Double Reinforcement)

𝑑′
𝐸 𝑑 𝜀𝑐𝑢 (1 − )
𝑥𝑚𝑎𝑥
13. 𝑓𝑠 ′ = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 356.52 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦
{ 𝛾𝑚𝑠

(0.172 − 0.156) × 25 × 250 × 452.52

14. 𝐴𝑠 ′ = = 145 𝑚𝑚2
25
(356.52 − 0.67 )(452.5 − 43)
1.5

(0.172 − 0.156) × 25 × 250 × 452.52

15. 𝐴𝑠2 = = 140 𝑚𝑚2
356.52 × (452.5 − 43)

0.156
16. 𝑧 = 452.5 × {0.5 + √(0.25 − )} = 351.54 𝑚𝑚
0.9

0.156 × 25 × 250 × 452.52

17. 𝐴𝑠1 = = 1593 𝑚𝑚2
410
( × 351.54)
1.15

18. 𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠1 + 𝐴𝑠2 = 1593 + 140 = 1733 𝑚𝑚2

Minimum Reinforcement

𝑁
ρmin = 0.0017 (𝑓𝑦 = 410 ) 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝑚𝑚2

Asmin = ρmin 𝑏𝑤 ℎ = 0.0017 × 250 × 500 = 212 𝑚𝑚2

ρ′𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.002

A′𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = ρ′𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑤 ℎ = 0.0017 × 250 × 500 = 250 𝑚𝑚2

Maximum Reinforcement:

Asmax = ρmax 𝑏𝑤 ℎ = 0.04 × 250 × 500 = 5000 𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 < 𝐴𝑠 − 𝐴𝑠 ′ < Asmax ✔

Example 3: Singly Reinforced Flanged Section

Design a flange beam that is subjected to a positive bending moment of 350 kN.m, a shear force of 100
kN, and a torsional moment of 20 kN.m with the properties shown below:
 Page - 23

Value Value
Parameters Parameters
(mm) (MPa)

𝒃𝒘 250 𝒕𝒇 120

𝒉 500 𝒇𝒄𝒖 25

𝒅 452.5 𝒇𝒚 410

𝒅′ 43 𝒇𝒚𝒗 240

𝒃𝒇 560 𝑬𝒔 200000

Design for Bending

1. 𝑀 = 350 × 106 𝑁. 𝑚𝑚

2. 𝛾𝑚𝑐 = 1.5

3. 𝛾𝑚𝑠 = 1.15

4. 𝜀𝑐𝑢 = 0.0035
𝑥𝑚𝑎𝑥
5. 𝑑
= 0.5

6. 𝜑𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 0.9

7. 𝐾 ′ = 0.156

𝑀 350 × 106
8. 𝐾= = = 0.122
𝑏 𝑑2 𝑓𝑐𝑢 560 × 452.52 × 25

𝐾
𝑧 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 {𝑑 {0.5 + √(0.25 − 0.9)} = 379.25 𝑚𝑚
9.
0.95 𝑑

(𝑑 − 𝑧) (452.5 − 379.25)
𝑥= = = 162.76 𝑚𝑚
10. 0.5 𝜑𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 0.5 × 0.9

𝑎 = 𝜑𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 0.9 × 162.76 = 146.48 𝑚𝑚

11.

Case: 𝐂𝐚𝐬𝐞: 𝒂 > 𝒉𝒇 ( Neutral axis is within the web)

0.67
𝑀𝑓 = × 25 × (560 − 250) × 120 (452.5 − 0.5 × 120)
a. 1.5
= 163044500 𝑁. 𝑚𝑚
 Page - 24

163044500
b. 𝐴𝑠1 = = 1165 𝑚𝑚2
410
( ) (452.5 − 0.5 × 120)
1.15

c. 𝑀𝑤 = 350 × 106 − 163044500 = 186955500 𝑚𝑚2

186955500
d. 𝐾𝑤 = = 0.146
250 × 452.52 × 25

𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒆: 𝑲𝒘 ≤ 𝑲′(Single Reinforcement)

0.146
a. 𝑧𝑤 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 {452.5 {0.5 + √(0.25 − 0.9 )} = 360.23 𝑚𝑚
0.95 × 452.5

186955500
b. 𝐴𝑠2 = = 1456 𝑚𝑚2
410
× 360.3
1.15

c. 𝐴𝑠 = 1165 + 1456 = 2621 𝑚𝑚2

Minimum Reinforcement

𝑏𝑤⁄ 250 ⁄ 𝑁
ρmin = 0.0017 ( 𝑏= 560 = 0.45 , 𝑓𝑦 = 410 𝑚𝑚2 ) 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

Asmin = ρmin 𝑏𝑤 ℎ = 0.0017 × 250 × 500 = 212 𝑚𝑚2

ρ′𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.004 (flange in compression)

A′𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = ρ′𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑤 ℎ = 0.004 × 560 × 120 = 268.8 𝑚𝑚2

Maximum Reinforcement

Asmax = ρmax 𝐴𝑐 = 0.04 × (250 × 500 + (560 − 250) × 120) = 6488 𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 < 𝐴𝑠 − 𝐴𝑠 ′ < Asmax ✔

Shear Design

1. 𝑉 = 150000 𝑁

2. 𝛾𝑚𝑠 = 1.15

240
3. 𝑓𝑦𝑣𝑑 = = 208.7 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
1.15
 Page - 25

4. 𝛾𝑚 = 1.25

150000
5. 𝑣= = 1.325 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
250 × 452.5

0.8√25
6. 𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 { 𝑁 = 4.0 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
5
𝑚𝑚2

7. 𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.4 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑔𝑣 250
8. ( ) = 0.4 × = 0.48 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 208.7

100 × 1384
9. 𝜑1 = = 1.22
250 × 452.5

400
10. 𝜑2 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 {452.5 = 1.0
1

11. 𝜑3 = 1.0 ( 𝑓𝑐𝑢 = 25 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 )

0.79 × 1.221/3 × 11/4 11/4

12. 𝑣𝑐 = = 0.675 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
1.25

𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒆 ∶ 𝒗𝒄 + 𝒗𝒎𝒊𝒏 < 𝒗 < 𝒗𝒎𝒂𝒙

Shear reinforcement is required. The portion of the shear force that needs to be resisted by the shear
reinforcement is:

𝐴𝑔𝑣 1.325 − 0.675 𝑚𝑚2

( ) =( ) × 250 = 0.78
𝑠𝑣 𝑟𝑒𝑞. 208.7 𝑚𝑚

Limitation on Shear Reinforcement

Minimum Shear Reinforcement

𝐴𝑔𝑣 𝑚𝑚2 𝐴𝑔𝑣

= 0.78 ≥( ) = 0.48 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 ✔
𝑠𝑣 𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑣 𝑚𝑖𝑛

Maximum spacing

𝑠𝑣 < 0.75 × 452.5 = 339.37 𝑚𝑚

Torsion Design
 Page - 26

1. 𝑇 = 20 × 106 𝑁

2. 𝛾𝑚𝑠 = 1.15

240
3. 𝑓𝑦𝑣𝑑 = = 208.7 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
1.15

4. 𝑥1 = 250 − 2 × 25 − 10 = 190 𝑚𝑚

5. 𝑦1 = 500 − 25 − 25 − 10 = 440 𝑚𝑚

6. 250
ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 { = 250 𝑚𝑚
500

250
7. ℎ𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 { = 500 𝑚𝑚
500

2 × 20 × 106
8. 𝑣𝑡 = = 1.536 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
250
2502 (500 − )
3

9. 𝑣𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 { 0.067√252 = 0.335 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

0.4 𝑁/𝑚𝑚

10. 𝑣𝑡𝑢 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 { 0.8√25 2 = 4 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

5 𝑁/𝑚𝑚

11. 𝑣𝑡𝑢 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 4 × 440⁄550 = 3.2 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

12. 𝑣𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 1.325 + 1.536 = 2.862 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

202
13. 𝑌1 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 { = 401.5 𝑚𝑚
401.5

𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒆 ∶ 𝒗𝒕 > 𝒗𝒕𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒗𝒕 < 𝒗𝒕𝒖 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍

𝐴𝑠𝑣 20 × 106 𝑚𝑚2

( ) = = 1.43
𝑠𝑣 𝑟𝑒𝑞. 0.8 × 202 × 401.5 × 208.7 𝑚𝑚

240 (190 + 440)

𝐴𝑙 = 1.43 × = 528 𝑚𝑚2
410

Required transverse reinforcement from shear and torsion

𝐴𝑠 𝐴𝑔𝑣 𝐴𝑔𝑣
= + = 0.78 + 1.43 = 2.2 𝑚𝑚2 /𝑚𝑚
𝑠𝑣 𝑠𝑣 𝑠𝑣
 Page - 27

Limitation on Torsion Reinforcement

Minimum transverse reinforcement

𝐴𝑠𝑣 𝑚𝑚2 𝐴𝑔𝑣 𝑚𝑚2

= 2.215 ≥( ) = 0.4 ✔
𝑠𝑣 𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑣 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑚

Maximum torsional link spacing

190
𝑠𝑣 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 {440/2 = 190 𝑚𝑚
200

Example 4: Deflection Check of a Beam with a Rectangular Section

Check for deflection limit of a continuous beam with a clear length of 4.5 m and effective depth as per
Example 1.

𝐿𝑛𝑒𝑡 4500
1. = = 9.95
𝑑 452.5

2. 𝐿𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 = 10 𝑚

3. 𝑓1 = 1.0 𝐿𝑛𝑒𝑡 ≤ 𝐿𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡

2 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞. 1 2 × 410 × 1384 1

4. 𝑓𝑠 = × = × = 256.8 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
3 𝐴𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣. 𝛽𝑏 3 × 1473 1

(477 − 256.8)
0.55 +
𝑓𝑚 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 { 180 × 106
5. 120(0.9 + ) = 0.965
250 × 452.52
2.0

6. 𝑓𝑚.𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓 = 0

7. 1.0
𝑓𝑐 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 { = 1.0
1.5

8. 𝐿/𝑑𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐 = 26

9. 𝐿/𝑑𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 = 26 × 1.0 × 0.965 × 1.0 = 25

𝐂𝐚𝐬𝐞: 𝑳𝒏𝒆𝒕 /𝒅 ≤ 𝑳/𝒅𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆

Deflection check is satisfied ✔
 Page - 28

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