Slightly soluble ionic compounds

Lecture No. 3.

2021 spring semester, Vilnius Tech Lecturer Ingrida Bružaitė

 Slightly soluble ionic compounds

The ability to separate a substance from solution in the

form of a precipitate depends on many factors:
● the properties of cations and anions of the slightly
soluble;
● concentration;
● ionic strength;
● temperature;
● the presence of other (extraneous) substances
which are not directly involved in the sedimentation
process but which may be present in the sediment or,
conversely, may interfere with the precipitation.
2021 spring semester, Vilnius
Lecturer Ingrida Bružaitė
Tech
 Slightly soluble ionic compounds

Any “insoluble” ionic compound is actually

slightly soluble in aqueous solution.
We assume that the very small amount of
such a compound that dissolves will
dissociate completely.
During chemical reactions may form slightly
soluble salts, bases and acids in solutions.
Slightly soluble salts are usually formed.

2021 spring semester, Vilnius Tech Lecturer Ingrida Bružaitė

 Equilibria of slightly soluble ionic compounds

A very soluble ionic salt dissolves and completely

dissociates into:
NaCl(aq) ↔Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
However, some salts are only slightly soluble, and
an equilibrium exists between solid solute and
aqueous ions:
→
←

When the reaction is at equilibrium, the solution is saturated.

2021 spring semester, Vilnius Tech Lecturer Ingrida Bružaitė

 Equilibria of slightly soluble ionic compounds

→
←

If the reaction hasn’t reached equilibrium, the reaction

quotient Qc is:

The concentration of a solid (= its density) is a constant, we

combine it with Qc:

Qsp = “ion-product expression”.

2021 spring semester, Vilnius Tech Lecturer Ingrida Bružaitė

 Qsp and Ksp
Qsp is called the ion-product expression
for a slightly soluble ionic compound.

For any slightly soluble compound MpXq, which

consists of ions Mn+ and Xz–:

When the solution is saturated, the system

is at equilibrium, and Qsp = Ksp
2021 spring semester, Vilnius
Lecturer Ingrida Bružaitė
Tech
 Ksp
At equilibrium: Qsp = Ksp
Ksp = “Solubility Product Constant” or just
"Solubility Product“
• Ksp value of a salt indicates how far the dissolution
proceeds at equilibrium (saturation);
• Ksp, like other equilibrium constants, only depends on
temperature.
n+ z-
For any salt: MpXq(s) ⇌ pM (aq) + qX (aq)

Ksp = [Mn+]P[Xz-]q
2021 spring semester, Vilnius
Lecturer Ingrida Bružaitė
Tech
 Metal sulfides

Metal sulfides behave differently from most other

slightly soluble ionic compounds, because the S2-
ion is strongly basic.

2021 spring semester, Vilnius Tech Lecturer Ingrida Bružaitė

 Solubility product (Ksp)
The greater is Ksp, the more soluble the substance is.

For examp.:

PbSO4 Ksp = 1.6 x 10-8 insoluble

CoCO3 Ksp = 1.0 x 10-10 more insoluble (or

less soluble )

Fe(OH)2 Ksp = 4.1 x 10-15 most insoluble

(or least soluble)

2021 spring semester, Vilnius Tech Lecturer Ingrida Bružaitė

 Solubility-product constants (Ksp) of selected ionic
compounds at 25°C

2021 spring semester, Vilnius

Lecturer Ingrida Bružaitė
Tech
Exercise No.1.

Write the ion-product expression at equilibrium for

each compound:
(a) magnesium carbonate;
(b) iron(II) hydroxide;
(c) calcium phosphate ;
(d) silver sulfide.

2021 spring semester, Vilnius

Lecturer Ingrida Bružaitė
Tech
2021 spring semester, Vilnius Tech Lecturer Ingrida Bružaitė
Exercise No.2.

The solubility of calcium hydroxide is

0.012M.
(a)What are the concentrations of calcium
ion and hydroxide ion in a saturated
solution?
(b) Write the equilibrium constant expression
and calculate Ksp for this reaction.

2021 spring semester, Vilnius Tech Lecturer Ingrida Bružaitė

2021 spring semester, Vilnius
Lecturer Ingrida Bružaitė
Tech
Exercise No.3.
Lead(II) sulfate (PbSO4) is a key component
in lead-acid car batteries.
Its solubility in water at 25°C is 4.25 x 10–3
g/100 mL solution.
What is the Ksp of PbSO4?

2021 spring semester, Vilnius

Lecturer Ingrida Bružaitė
Tech
2021 spring semester, Vilnius Tech Lecturer Ingrida Bružaitė
Exercise No. 4.
Calcium hydroxide (slaked lime) is a major
component of mortar, plaster, and cement,
and solutions of Ca(OH)2 are used in
industry as a strong, inexpensive base.
Calculate the molar solubility of Ca(OH)2 in
water if the Ksp is 6.5x10–6.

2021 spring semester, Vilnius

Lecturer Ingrida Bružaitė
Tech
2021 spring semester, Vilnius
Lecturer Ingrida Bružaitė
Tech
Relationship between Ksp and
solubility at 25°C

2021 spring semester, Vilnius

Lecturer Ingrida Bružaitė
Tech
Effect of a common ion on solubility

2021 spring semester, Vilnius

Lecturer Ingrida Bružaitė
Tech
Effect of a common ion on solubility

2021 spring semester, Vilnius

Lecturer Ingrida Bružaitė
Tech
 Effect of pH on solubility

2021 spring semester, Vilnius

Lecturer Ingrida Bružaitė
Tech
 Test for the presence of a carbonate

2021 spring semester, Vilnius

Lecturer Ingrida Bružaitė
Tech
Exersice No.5.
Write balanced equations to explain whether
addition of H3O+ from a strong acid affects
the solubility of each ionic compound:
(a) lead(II) bromide;
(b) copper(II) hydroxide;
(c) iron(II) sulfide.

2021 spring semester, Vilnius

Lecturer Ingrida Bružaitė
Tech
2021 spring semester, Vilnius
Lecturer Ingrida Bružaitė
Tech
Predicting the formation of a precipitate

2021 spring semester, Vilnius

Lecturer Ingrida Bružaitė
Tech
Exercise No.6.
A common laboratory method for preparing
a precipitate is to mix solutions containing
the component ions.
Does a precipitate form when 0.100 L of
0.30 M Ca(NO3)2 is mixed with 0.200 L of
0.060 M NaF?
Ksp= 3.2 x 10-11 (CaF2)

2021 spring semester, Vilnius Tech Lecturer Ingrida Bružaitė

2021 spring semester, Vilnius
Lecturer Ingrida Bružaitė
Tech
Exercise No.7.

2021 spring semester, Vilnius

Lecturer Ingrida Bružaitė
Tech
Solution:

2021 spring semester, Vilnius

Lecturer Ingrida Bružaitė
Tech
Solution:

Ksp = [Ag+]2x [CO3-]=1.2x10-12

2021 spring semester, Vilnius

Lecturer Ingrida Bružaitė
Tech
Solution:

2021 spring semester, Vilnius

Lecturer Ingrida Bružaitė
Tech