A3 CSP

City Sanitation Planning

A concept guiding city managers in sector planning

CSP is a comprehensive citywide planning and decision-making ORIGIN:

Various sources. The version from the
framework that consequently includes stakeholders to plan citywide National Urban Sanitation Policy (NUSP)
sanitation by prioritising investments and selecting the most viable by the Government of India (GoI)
is used here.
projects. The CSP process is technology agnostic and aims to arrive at
FORMAT:
locally appropriate sanitation systems. CSP’s framework is broadly Policy document, guides,
defined and includes a comprehensive list of factors to consider. manuals and toolkit
FIRST PUBLISHED:
Therefore, the framework can be adapted to the particular city’s 2008
needs and aspirations. The technical aspects often include water SUPPORTED BY:
supply, wastewater, solid waste and drainage. There is no uniform GIZ, World Bank, CSE etc.
IMPLEMENTATION:
definition of a CSP. Several organisations have developed different India, Indonesia, Nepal and Tanzania
concepts. This factsheet is based on the concept applied in India. SANITATION PLANNING PHASE:
1) Diagnostic
2) Strategy
3) Evaluation
4) Planning
5) Action

Steps of CSP Preparation 2

54 A Sanitation Journey
WHY IT WAS DEVELOPED?
Although Urban Sanitation has always been recognised
as an important aspect of public and environmental
health, there were no clear national policies regarding
its implementation in India until the launch of the NUSP.
The two main instruments for achieving the policy’s
goals are the State Sanitation Strategy (SSS) and the
City Sanitation Plan (CSP) that translates the national
policy into structured implementation plans for
sustainable sanitation at the state and city levels. Since
the CSP framework in the NUSP is comprehensive,
yet broadly defined, the corresponding support program
(SNUSP) by GIZ published a series of toolkits, training
manuals and practical user guides that have been widely
taken up. Likewise, with impetus from the national
governments of Indonesia and Nepal, CSP frameworks
with similar fundamental steps were created, in accor-
dance with the respective country’s policies and vision.
WHAT PURPOSE DOES IT SERVE?
The CSP aims to be cross-sectoral, citywide, inclusive,
incremental, and holistic. The City Sanitation Task Force
acts as the focal stakeholder group that ensures that
the preparation of CSP is inclusive, consultative and
iterative. The plans have short, medium and long-term
actionable steps, ensuring that an incremental approach
is adopted. Understanding the current sanitation
situation and projecting future scenarios in the city
is emphasized through three stages of baseline
data collection for:
1. preparatory action,
2. vision setting and information campaign, and
3. planning and implementing institutional changes,
social mobilisation, and investments.
CSPs could potentially catalyse change in the institu-
tional, financial, technical aspects of sanitation, while
improving general awareness, capacity development
and long-term monitoring agenda.
CURRENT STATUS / PRACTICAL EXPERIENCES
As part of the NUSP, several CSPs for cities across India
were commissioned and developed to obtain funding
from former national schemes. With the introduction
of newer national programmes, such as ‘AMRUT’ and
IMPORTANT POINTS & LESSONS LEARNED
The CSP provides The technical components
a single-point of a CSP are not restricted
document for the to access to toilets and
city government wastewater and faecal
to make informed sludge management
decisions about only, but also include
achieving sustainable water supply, storm
sanitation in the city. water drainage, and
solid waste management.
‘Swachh Barat Mission’, CSPs have been replaced with
Service Level Improvement Plans, Citywide Concept
Plans, and Swactha City Plans. However, a few states,
such as Kerala and Telangana, have institutionalised CSPs
through legislative and state level policies. There have
been no reports that CSPs in Indonesia and Tanzania
have gained any traction once projects, focusing on city
sanitation planning, ended in these locations.
WHERE IT HAS BEEN USED?
Over 200 CSPs are reported to have been drafted across
India. However, far fewer have been formally approved
and actively used in making decisions related to sanitation
investments. Prominent CSPs in India include Raipur,
Kochi, Hoshangabad, and Shimla. Denpasar, Indonesia,
Tikapur, Nepal, and Dar as Salam, Tanzania, are other
notable international examples.
DISCUSSION
CSPs were aimed as living documents to be used by
cities to make informed decisions about sanitation
investments. Such blueprint documents require city
governments to have adequate technical capacity and
to take ownership of the preparation. Due to the lack of
both, in many cases the preparation was outsourced to
consultants with little or no ownership of city govern-
ment; hence, the CSP was developed only for checklist
purposes limiting the intended benefits of the process
itself to catalyse change, capacity development and
awareness. A comprehensive CSP needs leadership
and adequate funding, time, effort, and expertise for
preparation, which are often limiting factors. Some of the
successful CSPs have been developed only with external
support from international development agencies. In
order for the CSP to be useful, it needs to be followed by
funding (e.g. from national schemes) for implementation,
otherwise it risks being only a reference document.
REFERENCES / LINKS
[1]  NUSP Document: Government of India, Ministry of Urban Development.
2008. National Urban Sanitation Policy, Delhi.
[2]  CSP Tool Kit: GIZ 2016, ‘CSP Toolkit’ Support to National Urban Sanitation Policy II,
New Delhi.
[3]  SNUSP website: www.urbansanitation.org
[4]  CSP based on Indonesia experience: WSP (2010)
Marching Together with a Citywide Sanitation Strategy.
www.wsp.org/library/marching-together-citywide-sanitation-strategy
Stakeholder involvement via A comprehensive
a City Sanitation Task Force CSP needs adequate
(CSTF) is key. For an effective support from the
CSTF, the members have city government for
to be carefully chosen, human and financial
considering their stakeholder resources allocated
group, local and technical to its preparation
knowledge, and, importantly, and implementation.
their commitment towards
the process.
A Sanitation Journey 55
 A6 San21

Sanitation 21
An integrated, multi-stakeholder citywide planning framework

Sanitation 21 (San21) is a new generation planning framework based ORIGIN:

The joint IWA, Eawag, and GIZ,
upon international best practices where good planning has formed document Sanitation 21: “A Planning
an integral part of achieving improvements in Urban Sanitation. Framework for Improving City-wide
Sanitation Service” is a further
Unlike Community-Led Urban Environmental Sanitation (CLUES), development of IWA’s “Sanitation 21 –
San21 has a citywide perspective, and provides a holistic planning Simple Approaches to Complex
Sanitation” (2005).
framework rather than detailed technical guidance. San21 is
FORMAT:
founded upon five planning stages: PDF manual with 38 pages
FIRST PUBLISHED:
1. build institutional commitment and partnership; 2014
2. understand the existing context and define priorities; SUPPORTED BY:
IWA and GIZ
3. develop systems for sanitation improvement;
IMPLEMENTATION:
4. develop models for service delivery; and n.a.
5. prepare for implementation. SANITATION PLANNING PHASE:
From project initiation to design

Public health risks at different

levels related to poor sanitation 1

60 A Sanitation Journey
WHY IT WAS DEVELOPED? WHERE IT HAS BEEN USED?
The need to adopt a new approach towards planning San21 was never intended as a detailed technical
for improving Urban Sanitation services in low- and guide for planning and programming Urban Sanitation.
middle-income countries emerged in response to the Its strength lies in its strong conceptual framework.
unsatisfactory performance of past master planning Practitioners in a number of countries and in various
approaches, which paid insufficient attention to: development partner agencies reported that this
aspect influenced the city sanitation plans they were
• e
 quitable service delivery for low-income
responsible for.
and informal areas,
• the role of the private sector in service provision, DISCUSSION
• 
the potential benefits of alternative,
San21 did not gain significant traction among those
non-sewer systems,
responsible for the preparation of city sanitation plans,
• the need to ensure demand to pay for services and
mainly because it was not designed as a detailed
• capacity development.
technical guide. It was endorsed and promoted by the
San21 is based on a more realistic perspective of International Water Association, which added clout to
the need to secure the necessary finances for its concepts, but it lacked stronger institutional backing
implementation that are less dependent on external with funding for dissemination and to promote uptake.
funding and, even more importantly, ensure cost-
However, the approach gained widespread sector
recovery for long-term sustainability.
visibility and helped efforts to move away from the
WHAT PURPOSE DOES IT SERVE? traditional, physically focused master plans to today’s
more contemporary thinking on inclusive sanitation.
It encourages stakeholders to envision and work
Thus, San21’s main contribution to the sanitation sector
towards clear and realistic targets that correspond
has been to systematise an inclusive citywide approach.
to users’ demands and to the different physical and
socio-economic conditions within a city.
REFERENCES / LINKS
CURRENT STATUS / PRACTICAL EXPERIENCES
[1]  San21 (pdf) can be downloaded from the Susana website: www.susana.org
The San21 framework was launched at the IWA [2]  Lüthi, C. and Parkinson, J. 2011. Environmental sanitation planning for cities
Development Congress in Nairobi in 2013 and published of the South: linking local level initiatives with city-wide action, Loughborough, UK.
http://wedc.lboro.ac.uk/resources/conference/35/Luthi-C-1195.pdf
by the International Water Association (IWA) with a
foreword by Glen Daigger, then President of the IWA.
Always intended as a conceptual framework, rather
than detailed guidelines, San21 never ‘hit the ground’,
but it can be seen as a precursor to the Citywide
Inclusive Sanitation approach as it promotes much of
the same thinking: multi-stakeholder, strategic vision,
incremental and multi-optional, etc.

IMPORTANT POINTS & LESSONS LEARNED

San21 sets out key
principles and process
guidelines to help city
stakeholders develop
appropriate and
affordable solutions to
sanitation problems,
while considering
appropriate technologies,
management arrange-
ments, institutional
challenges, and user
demands.
It highlights the need
to build institutional
commitments and
partnerships and to
develop a collective
vision of the current
needs based on current
infrastructure.
A supportive enabling San21 does not reinvent
environment with respect sanitation planning, but
to policy and governance aims to distil down the
is key to the success of experiences from various
implementation of the planning methodologies
plan. Capacity building that look at implementing
actions required for the principles of
ensuring that facilities strategic sanitation
and infrastructure are planning (e.g. City
managed and well Sanitation Plans).
maintained are just as
important as the proposed
improvements themselves.
A Sanitation Journey 61