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 TEXTBOOK OF
CRITICAL CARE
7
th E d i t i o n

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 TEXTBOOK OF
CRITICAL CARE
7 TH E D I T I O N

JEAN-LOUIS VINCENT, MD, PhD PATRICK M. KOCHANEK, MD, MCCM

Professor of Intensive Care Medicine Ake N. Grenvik Professor in Critical Care Medicine
Université Libre de Bruxelles Professor and Vice Chairman
Department of Intensive Care Department of Critical Care Medicine
Erasme University Hospital Professor of Anesthesiology, Pediatrics, Bioengineering,
Brussels, Belgium and Clinical and Translational Science
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
EDWARD ABRAHAM, MD Director, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research
Professor and Dean Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Wake Forest School of Medicine
Winston-Salem, North Carolina MITCHELL P. FINK, MD†
Professor of Surgery and Anesthesiology
FREDERICK A. MOORE, MD, MCCM Vice Chair for Critical Care
Professor of Surgery Department of Surgery
Head, Acute Care Surgery David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
Department of Surgery Los Angeles, California
University of Florida College of Medicine
Gainesville, Florida †Deceased.

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1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd.
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TEXTBOOK OF CRITICAL CARE, SEVENTH EDITION ISBN: 978-0-323-37638-9

Copyright © 2017 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become
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Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating
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Previous editions copyrighted 2011, 2005, 2000, 1995, 1989, 1984.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Fink, M. P. (Mitchell P.), 1948- , editor. | Vincent, J. L., editor. | Abraham, Edward, editor. |
Moore, Frederick A., 1953- , editor. | Kochanek, Patrick, 1954- , editor.
Title: Textbook of critical care / editors, Mitchell P. Fink, Jean-Louis Vincent, Edward Abraham, Frederick A.
Moore, Patrick M. Kochanek.
Description: 7/E. | Philadelphia, PA : Elsevier, [2017] | Preceded by Textbook of critical care / [edited by]
Jean-Louis Vincent … [et al.]. 6th ed. c2011. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2015048565 | ISBN 9780323376389 (hardcover : alk. paper)
Subjects: | MESH: Critical Care | Intensive Care Units
Classification: LCC RC86.7 | NLM WX 218 | DDC 616.02/8—dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.
gov/2015048565

Senior Content Strategist: Sarah Barth

Senior Content Development Specialist: Jennifer Shreiner
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Printed in Canada.

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BOOK

Textbook of Critical Care, Seventh Edition

Table of Contents
Front Matter 21. Thrombocytopenia Weakness

Copyright 22. Coagulopathy in the ICU 47. Advanced Bedside

23. Jaundice Neuromonitoring
Dedications
24. Gastrointestinal Bleeding 48. Coma
In Memoriam
25. Ascites 49. Use of Brain Injury Biomarkers
Contributors in Critical Care Settings
26. Acute Abdominal Pain
Preface 50. Cardiopulmonary Cerebral
27. Ileus
Resuscitation
28. Diarrhea
51. Delirium
1. Sudden Deterioration in 29. Rash and Fever
Neurologic Status 52. Management of Acute Ischemic
30. Chest Pain Stroke
2. Agitation and Delirium
31. Biochemical or 53. Nontraumatic Intracerebral and
3. Management of Acute Pain in Electrocardiographic Evidence Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
the Intensive Care Unit of Acute Myocardial Injury
54. Seizures in the Critically Ill
4. Fever 32. Point-of-Care Ultrasound
55. Neuromuscular Disorders in the
5. Very High Systemic Arterial 33. Echocardiography Critically Ill
Blood Pressure
34. Cardiovascular Monitoring 56. Traumatic Brain Injury
6. Low Systemic Arterial Blood
35. Bedside Monitoring of 57. Spinal Cord Injury
Pressure
Pulmonary Function
7. Tachycardia and Bradycardia 58. Neuroimaging
36. Arterial Blood Gas
8. Arterial Hypoxemia 59. Intensive Care After
Interpretation
Neurosurgery
9. Acute Respiratory Failure 37. Tracheal Intubation
60. Key Issues in Pediatric
10. Pulmonary Edema 38. Tracheostomy Neurointensive Care
11. Polyuria 39. Mechanical Ventilation 61. Patient-Ventilator Interaction
12. Oliguria 40. Renal Replacement Therapy 62. Noninvasive Positive-Pressure
13. Hypernatremia and 41. Targeted Temperature Ventilation
Hyponatremia Management and Therapeutic 63. Weaning from Mechanical
14. Hyperkalemia and Hypokalemia Hypothermia Ventilation
15. Hyperphosphatemia and 42. Extracorporeal Membrane 64. Adjunctive Respiratory Therapy
Hypophosphatemia Oxygenation (Venovenous and
65. Hyperbaric Oxygen in Critical
16. Hypomagnesemia Venoarterial ECMO)
Care
17. Hypocalcemia and 43. Nutritional Support in Adults
66. Imaging of the Chest
Hypercalcemia 44. Nutritional Support in Children
67. Acute Respiratory Distress
18. Hypoglycemia 45. Early Ambulation in the ICU Syndrome
19. Hyperglycemia 46. Role of Early Mobilization in the 68. Aspiration Pneumonitis and
20. Anemia Prevention of ICU-Acquired Pneumonia
69. Severe Asthma Exacerbation Cholecystitis System Failure in Children
70. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary 98. Acute Pancreatitis 123. Infections of the Urogenital
Disease 99. Peritonitis and Intraabdominal Tract
71. Pulmonary Embolism Infection 124. Central Nervous System
72. Pulmonary Hypertension 100. Ileus and Mechanical Bowel Infections

73. Pneumothorax Obstruction 125. Infections of Skin, Muscle, and

101. Toxic Megacolon and Ogilvie's Soft Tissue
74. Community-Acquired
Pneumonia Syndrome 126. Head and Neck Infections

75. Nosocomial Pneumonia 102. Clinical Assessment of Renal 127. Infections in the
Function Immunocompromised Patient
76. Drowning
103. Biomarkers of Acute Kidney 128. Infectious Endocarditis
77. Acute Parenchymal Disease in
Injury 129. Fungal Infections
Pediatric Patients
104. Metabolic Acidosis and Alkalosis 130. Influenza
78. Acute Coronary Syndromes :
Therapy 105. Water Metabolism 131. Human Immunodeficiency Virus
79. Supraventricular Arrhythmias 106. Disorders of Calcium and Infection
Magnesium Metabolism 132. Tuberculosis
80. Ventricular Arrhythmias
107. Fluid and Volume Therapy in 133. Malaria and Other Tropical
81. Conduction Disturbances and
the ICU Infections in the Intensive Care
Cardiac Pacemakers
108. Fluids and Electrolytes in Unit
82. Myocarditis and Acute
Pediatrics 134. Acute Viral Syndromes
Myopathies
109. Acute Kidney Injury 135. Clostridium difficile Infection
83. Acquired and Congenital Heart
Disease in Children 110. Urinary Tract Obstruction 136. Anemia and RBC Transfusion
84. Pericardial Diseases 111. Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney 137. Blood Component Therapies
Injury
85. Emergency Heart Valve 138. Venous Thromboembolism in
Disorders 112. Glomerulonephritis Medical-Surgical Critically Ill
86. Infectious Endocarditis 113. Interstitial Nephritis Patients

87. Hypertensive Crisis : Emergency 114. Antimicrobial Stewardship 139. Monitoring of Coagulation
and Urgency 115. Prevention and Control of Status

88. Pathophysiology and Nosocomial Pneumonia 140. Anticoagulation in the Intensive

Classification of Shock States 116. Antimicrobial Agents with Care Unit

89. Resuscitation from Circulatory
Shock
90. Inotropic Therapy
91. Mechanical Support in
Cardiogenic Shock
92. Portal Hypertension : Critical
Care Considerations
93. Hepatorenal Syndrome
94. Hepatopulmonary Syndrome
95. Hepatic Encephalopathy
96. Fulminant Hepatic Failure
97. Calculous and Acalculous
Primary Activity Against
Gram-Negative Bacteria
117. Antimicrobial Agents with
Primary Activity Against
Gram-Positive Bacteria
118. Antimicrobial Agents Active
Against Anaerobic Bacteria
119. Selective Decontamination of
the Digestive Tract
120. Vascular Catheter-Related
Infections
121. Septic Shock
122. Sepsis and Multiple Organ
141. Critical Care of the
Hematopoietic Stem Cell
Transplant Recipient
142. Cardiovascular and
Endocrinologic Changes
Associated with Pregnancy
143. Hypertensive Disorders in
Pregnancy
144. Acute Pulmonary Complications
During Pregnancy
145. Postpartum Hemorrhage
146. Neurologic Critical Illness in
Pregnancy
147. Hyperglycemia and Blood
Glucose Control
148. Adrenal Insufficiency
149. Thyroid Disorders
150. Diabetes Insipidus
151. Metabolic and Endocrine Crises
in the Pediatric Intensive Care
Unit
152. General Principles of
Pharmacokinetics and
Pharmacodynamics
153. Poisoning : Overview of
Approaches for Evaluation and
Treatment
154. Resuscitation of Hypovolemic
Shock
155. Mediastinitis *
156. Epistaxis
157. Management of the
Postoperative Cardiac Surgical
Patient
158. Intensive Care Unit
Management of Lung Transplant
Patients
159. Management of the
Postoperative Liver Transplant
Patient
160. Intestinal and Multivisceral
Transplantation : The Ultimate
Treatment for Intestinal Failure
167. Pressure Ulcers Measurement
168. Burns, Including Inhalation e5. Bedside Pulmonary Artery
Injury Catheterization
169. Thoracic Trauma e6. Cardioversion and Defibrillation
170. Abdominal Trauma e7. Transvenous and
171. Pelvic and Major Long Bone Transcutaneous Cardiac Pacing
Fractures e8. Ventricular Assist Device
172. Pediatric Trauma Implantation
173. Management of the Brain-Dead e9. Pericardiocentesis
Organ Donor e10. Paracentesis and Diagnostic
Peritoneal Lavage
174. Donation After Cardiac Death
(Non-Heart-Beating Donation) e11. Thoracentesis
175. Conversations with Families of e12. Chest Tube Placement, Care,
Critically Ill Patients and Removal
176. Resource Allocation in the e13. Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy
Intensive Care Unit e14. Bronchoalveolar Lavage and
177. Basic Ethical Principles in Protected Specimen Bronchial
Critical Care Brushing
178. Determination of Brain Death e15. Percutaneous Dilatational
Tracheostomy
179. Building Teamwork to Improve
Outcomes e16. Esophageal Balloon Tamponade
180. The Pursuit of Performance e17. Nasoenteric Feeding Tube
Excellence Insertion
181. Severity of Illness Indices and e18. Lumbar Puncture
Outcome Prediction : Adults e19. Jugular Venous and Brain
182. Severity of Illness Indices and Tissue Oxygen Tension
Outcome Prediction : Children Monitoring
183. Long-Term Outcomes of Critical e20. Intracranial Pressure
Illness Monitoring

161. Aortic Dissection 184. Mass Critical Care e21. Indirect Calorimetry

162. Splanchnic Ischemia
163. Abdominal Compartment
Syndrome
164. Extremity Compartment
Syndromes
165. Thromboembolization and
Thrombolytic Therapy
166. Atheroembolization
185. Telemedicine in Intensive Care
186. Teaching Critical Care
e1. Difficult Airway Management
for Intensivists
e2. Bedside Ultrasonography
e3. Central Venous Catheterization
e4. Arterial Cannulation and
Invasive Blood Pressure
e22. Extracorporeal Membrane
Oxygenation Cannulation
e23. Bedside Laparoscopy in the
Intensive Care Unit
e24. Pediatric Intensive Care
Procedures
IBC
 CONTRIBUTORS

Basem Abdelmalak, MD Roland Amathieu, MD, PhD

Professor of Anesthesiology Associate Professor
Director of Anesthesia for Bronchoscopic Surgery Critical Care Medicine and Anesthesiology
Departments of General Anesthesiology and Outcomes Research Henri Mondor Hospital - AP-HP
Anesthesiology Institute Associate Professor
Cleveland Clinic UPEC - School of Medicine
Cleveland, Ohio Créteil, France

Yasir Abu-Omar, MB ChB, DPhil, FRCS John Leo Anderson-Dam, MD

Consultant Cardiothoracic and Transplant Surgeon Assistant Clinical Professor
Papworth Hospital Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine
Cambridge, Great Britain University of California Los Angeles
Los Angeles, California
Felice Achilli, MD
Chief of Cardiology Rajesh K. Aneja, MD
Cardiothoracic Department Associate Professor
San Gerardo University Hospital Department of Pediatrics and Critical Care Medicine
Monza, Italy University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
Medical Director
Hernán Aguirre-Bermeo, MD Pediatric Intensive Care Unit
Intensive Care Department Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC
Hospital Sant Pau Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Barcelona, Spain
Massimo Antonelli, MD
Ayub Akbari, MD, MSc Professor of Intensive Care and Anesthesiology
Associate Professor Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care
Department of Medicine Agostino Gemelli University Hospital
University of Ottawa Rome, Italy
Senior Clinical Investigator
Clinical Epidemiology Program Zarah D. Antongiorgi, MD
Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Assistant Clinical Professor
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine
Division of Critical Care
Louis H. Alarcon, MD, FACS, FCCM David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
Associate Professor of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine Los Angeles, California
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Anastasia Antoniadou, MD, PhD
Associate Professor of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases
F. Luke Aldo, DO University General Hospital ATTIKON
Department of Anesthesiology National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School
Hartford Hospital Athens, Greece
Hartford, Connecticut
Anupam Anupam, MBBS
Ali Al-Khafaji, MD, MPH, FACP, FCCP Attending Physician
Associate Professor Department of Medicine
Department of Critical Care Medicine Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center
Director Chicago, Illinois
Transplant Intensive Care Unit
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

ix
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x Contributors

Lorenzo Appendini, ASLCN Arna Banerjee MD, FCCM

Presidio Ospedaliero di Saluzzo Associate Professor of Anesthesiology/Critical Care
Saluzzo (Cuneo), Italy Associate Professor of Surgery
Medical Education and Administration
Andrew C. Argent, MBBCh, MMed(Paediatrics), MD Assistant Dean for Simulation in Medical Education
(Paediatrics), DCH(SA), FCPaeds(SA) Vanderbilt University Medical Center
Professor Nashville, Tennessee
School of Child and Adolescent Health
University of Cape Town Shweta Bansal, MBBS, MD, FASN
Medical Director Professor of Medicine
Paediatric Intensive Care Division of Nephrology
Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio
Cape Town, South Africa San Antonio, Texas

John H. Arnold, MD Kaysie Banton, MD

Professor of Anaesthesia (Pediatrics) Assistant Professor of Surgery
Harvard Medical School University of Minnesota
Senior Associate Minneapolis, Minnesota
Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care
Medical Director Philip S. Barie, MD, MBA, FIDSA, FACS, FCCM
Respiratory Care/ECMO Professor of Surgery and Public Health
Children’s Hospital Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell University
Boston, Massachusetts New York, New York

Stephen Ashwal, MD Igor Barjaktarevic, MD, MSc

Distinguished Professor of Pediatrics and Neurology Assistant Professor of Medicine
Chief Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care
Division of Pediatric Neurology David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
Department of Pediatrics Los Angeles, California
Loma Linda University School of Medicine
Loma Linda, California Barbara L. Bass, MD
John F., Jr., and Carolyn Bookout Presidential Distinguished Chair
Mark E. Astiz, MD Department of Surgery
Professor of Medicine Professor of Surgery
Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine Houston Methodist Hospital
Chairman Houston, Texas
Department of Medicine Professor of Surgery
Lenox Hill Hospital Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell University
New York, New York New York, New York

Arnold S. Baas, MD, FACC, FACP Gianluigi Li Bassi, MD, PhD

Associate Clinical Professor of Medicine Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine
University of California Los Angeles Hospital Clinic Calle Villarroel
David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Barcelona, Spain
Los Angeles, California
Sarice L. Bassin, MD
Marie R. Baldisseri, MD, MPH, FCCM Medical Director, Stroke Program
Professor of Critical Care Medicine PeaceHealth Southwest Medical Center
University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Vancouver, Washington
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Julie A. Bastarache, MD
Zsolt J. Balogh, MD, PhD, FRACS, FACS Assistant Professor of Medicine
Professor of Traumatology Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine
Department of Traumatology Vanderbilt University School of Medicine
John Hunter Hospital and University of Newcastle Nashville, Tennessee
Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia

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 Contributors xi

Daniel G. Bausch, MD, MPH&TM Adriana Bermeo-Ovalle, MD

Professor Assistant Professor
Department of Tropical Medicine Department of Neurological Sciences
Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine Rush University Medical Center
Clinical Associate Professor Chicago, Illinois
Department of Medicine
Section of Adult Infectious Diseases Gordon R. Bernard, BS, MD
Tulane Medical Center Professor of Medicine
New Orleans, Louisiana Department of Medicine
Vanderbilt University School of Medicine
Hülya Bayır, MD Nashville, Tennessee
Professor of Critical Care Medicine
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Cherisse D. Berry, MD
Director of Research, Pediatric Critical Care Medicine Clinical Instructor
Associate Director, Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health Department of Surgery
University of Pittsburgh Medical Center University of Maryland School of Medicine
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Baltimore, Maryland

Yanick Beaulieu, MD, FCRPC Beth Y. Besecker, MD

Cardiologue-Échocardiographiste/Intensiviste Assistant Professor of Medicine
Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine
Professeur Adjoint de Clinique The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center
Université de Montréal Columbus, Ohio
Montréal, Québec, Canada
Joost Bierens, MD
Thomas M. Beaver, MD, MPH Professor of Emergency Medicine
Professor of Surgery VU University Medical Centre
Chief Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery
University of Florida College of Medicine Walter L. Biffl, MD
Gainesville, Florida Associate Director of Surgery
Denver Health Medical Center
Gregory Beilman, MD Denver, Colorado
Deputy Chair Professor of Surgery
Department of Surgery University of Colorado
Director of System Critical Care Program Aurora, Colorado
University of Minnesota Health System
Minneapolis, Minnesota Thomas P. Bleck, MD, MCCM
Professor
Michael J. Bell, MD Departments of Neurological Sciences, Neurosurgery, Internal
Associate Professor Medicine, and Anesthesiology
Departments of Critical Care Medicine, Neurological Surgery, Rush Medical College
and Pediatrics Director
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Clinical Neurophysiology
Associate Director Rush University Medical Center
Safar Center for Resuscitation Research Chicago, Illinois
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Thomas A. Bledsoe, MD
Giuseppe Bello, MD Clinical Associate Professor of Medicine
Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Division of Critical Care
Agostino Gemelli University Hospital Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine
Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore The Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University
Rome, Italy Vice-Chair
Ethics Committee
Peyman Benharash, MD Rhode Island Hospital
Assistant Professor of Bioengineering Providence, Rhode Island
Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery
University of California Los Angeles
David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
Los Angeles, California

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xii Contributors

Karen C. Bloch, MD, MPH, FIDSA, FACP Sara T. Burgardt, MD, PharmD
Associate Professor Subspecialty Fellow
Departments of Medicine (Infectious Diseases) and Health Policy Adult Nephrology
Vanderbilt University Medical Center Department of Medicine
Nashville, Tennessee Division of Nephrology
University of North Carolina
Desmond Bohn, MD Chapel Hill, North Carolina
Professor of Pediatrics and Anesthesia
University of Toronto Sherilyn Gordon Burroughs, MD
Toronto, Ontario Associate Professor of Surgery
Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell University
David Boldt, MD, MS Houston Methodist Hospital
Assistant Clinical Professor, Critical Care Medicine Sherrie and Alan Conover Center for Liver Disease and
Chief, Trauma Anesthesiology Transplantation
University of California Los Angeles Houston, Texas
David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
Los Angeles, California Clifton W. Callaway, MD, PhD
Professor of Emergency Medicine
Geoffrey J. Bond, MD Executive Vice-Chairman of Emergency Medicine
Assistant Professor in Transplant Surgery Ronald D. Stewart Endowed Chair of Emergency Medicine Research
Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Transplant Director
Pediatric Intestinal Care Center Peter M.A. Calverley, MB ChB, MD
Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC Professor of Respiratory Medicine
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Respiratory Researach Department
University of Liverpool
Michael J. Bradshaw, MD Liverpool, Great Britain
Resident Physician
Department of Neurology John Camm, QHP, MD, BsC, FMedSci, FRCP, FRCP(E),
Vanderbilt University School of Medicine FRCP(G), FACC, FESC, FAHA, FHRS, CStJ
Nashville, Tennessee Professor of Clinical Cardiology
Clinical Academic Group
Luca Brazzi, MD Cardiovascular and Cell Sciences Research Institute
Associate Professor St. George’s University of London
Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine London, Great Britain
S. Giovanni Battista Molinette Hospital
University of Turin Andre Campbell, MD
Turin, Italy Professor of Surgery
School of Medicine
Serge Brimioulle, MD, PhD University of California San Francisco
Professor of Intensive Care San Francisco, California
Department of Intensive Care
Erasme Hospital Diane M. Cappelletty, RPh, PharmD
Université Libre de Bruxelles Associate Professor of Clinical Pharmacy
Brussels, Belgium Chair
Department of Pharmacy Practice
Itzhak Brook, MD Co-Director
Professor of Pediatrics The Infectious Disease Research Laboratory
Georgetown University School of Medicine University of Toledo College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical
Washington, DC Sciences
Toledo, Ohio
Richard C. Brundage, PharmD, PhD, FISoP
Distinguished University Teaching Professor Joseph A. Carcillo, MD
Professor of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Associate Professor
University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Pediatrics
Minneapolis, Minnesota University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

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 Contributors xiii

Edward D. Chan, MD Staci Collins, RD, CNSC

Staff Physician Senior Dietitian
Pulmonary Section Department of Food and Nutrition Services
Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center UC Davis Children’s Hospital
National Jewish Health Sacramento, California
Denver, Colorado
Gulnur Com, MD
Satish Chandrashekaran, MD Associate Professor of Clinical Pediatrics
Assistant Professor of Medicine University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine
Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine Los Angeles, California
Lung Transplantation Program
University of Florida College of Medicine Chris C. Cook, MD
Gainesville, Florida Assistant Professor of Cardiothoracic Surgery
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
Lakhmir S. Chawla, MD Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Associate Professor of Medicine
George Washington University Medical Center Robert N. Cooney, MD, FACS, FCCM
Washington, DC Professor and Chairman
Department of Surgery
David C. Chen, MD SUNY Upstate Medical University
Associate Professor of Clinical Surgery Syracuse, New York
Department of Surgery
Associate Director of Surgical Education Susan J. Corbridge, PhD, APN
David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Clinical Associate Professor
Los Angeles, California College of Nursing and Department of Medicine
Director of Graduate Clinical Studies
Amit Chopra, MD College of Nursing
Assistant Professor of Medicine University of Illinois at Chicago
Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Chicago, Illinois
Albany Medical College
Albany, New York Thomas C. Corbridge, MD
Professor of Medicine
Robert S.B. Clark, MD Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine
Professor of Critical Care Medicine Department of Medicine
Chief Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
Pediatric Critical Care Medicine Chicago, Illinois
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
Associate Director Oliver A. Cornely, MD
Safar Center for Resuscitation Research Professor of Internal Medicine
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Director of Translational Research
Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-
Jonathan D. Cohen, MD, PhD Associated Diseases (CECAD)
Robert Bendheim and Lynn Bendheim Thoman Professor in Director
Neuroscience Clinical Trials Center Cologne (CTCC)
Professor of Psychology University of Cologne
Princeton University Cologne, Germany
Co-Director Princeton Neuroscience Institute
Princeton, New Jersey Marie L. Crandall, MD, MPH
Professor of Surgery
Stephen M. Cohn, MD, FACS University of Florida College of Medicine
Witten B. Russ Professor of Surgery Jacksonville, Florida
University of Texas Health Science Center
San Antonio, Texas Andrej Čretnik, MD, PhD
Professor of Traumatology
Kelli A. Cole, PharmD, BCPS University Clinical Center Maribor
Antibiotic Steward Pharmacist Maribor, Slovenia
Department of Pharmacy Services
University of Toledo Medical Center
Toledo, Ohio

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xiv Contributors

David Crippen, MD, FCCM Jeffrey Dellavolpe, MD, MPH

Professor of Critical Care Medicine Critical Care Medicine
University of Pittsburgh University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Chasen Ashley Croft, MD Anne Marie G.A. De Smet, MD, PhD

Assistant Professor of Surgery Anesthesiologist-Intensivist
Department of Surgery Afdelingshoofd Intensive Care Volwassenen
University of Florida Health Science Center Head of Department of Critical Care
Gainesville, Florida University Medical Center Groningen
Groningen, The Netherlands
Elliott D. Crouser, MD
Professor of Medicine Anahat Dhillon, MD
Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine Associate Professor
The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine
Columbus, Ohio University of California Los Angeles
Los Angeles, California
Burke A. Cunha, MD, MACP
Chief Rajeev Dhupar, MD
Infectious Disease Division Resident
Winthrop-University Hospital Division of General Surgery
Mineola, New York University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
Professor of Medicine Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
State University of New York School of Medicine
Stony Brook, New York Rochelle A. Dicker, MD
Professor
Cheston B. Cunha, MD Departments of Surgery and Anesthesia
Assistant Professor of Medicine University of California San Francisco
Division of Infectious Disease San Francisco, California
Medical Director
Antimicrobial Stewardship Program Francesca Di Muzio, MD
The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care
Providence, Rhode Island Agostino Gemelli University Hospital
Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore
J. Randall Curtis, MD, MPH Rome, Italy
Professor of Medicine
Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Michael N. Diringer, MD
University of Washington School of Medicine Professor of Neurology and Neurosurgery
Seattle, Washington Associate Professor of Anesthesiology and Occupational Therapy
Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
Heidi J. Dalton, MD St. Louis, Missouri
Professor of Child Health
University of Arizona College of Medicine Conrad F. Diven, MD, MS
Phoenix, Arizona Assistant Trauma Director
Trauma Research Director
Joseph M. Darby, MD Abrazo West Campus Trauma Center
Professor of Critical Care Medicine and Surgery Goodyear, Arizona
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
Medical Director Peter Doelken, MD
Trauma ICU Associate Professor of Medicine
UPMC-Presbyterian Hospital Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Albany Medical College
Albany, New York
John D. Davies, MA, RRT, FAARC, FCCP
Clinical Research Coordinator Michael Donahoe, MD
Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine Professor of Medicine
Duke University Medical Center Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine
Durham, North Carolina University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

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 Contributors xv

Caron L. Boyd Dover, MD Shane W. English, MD, MSc, FRCPC

Chief Associate Scientist
Cardiothoracic Imaging Clinical Epidemiology Program
Medical Director of CT Ottawa Hospital Research Institute
Assistant Professor of Radiology Assistant Professor of Medicine (Critical Care)
Department of Radiology University of Ottawa
Wake Forest School of Medicine Intensivist
Winston Salem, North Carolina Department of Critical Care
The Ottawa Hospital
Brian K. Eble, MD Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Associate Professor of Pediatrics
University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Brent Ershoff, MD
Little Rock, Arkansas Clinical Instructor
Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine
Charles L. Edelstein, MD, PhD, FAHA David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
Professor of Medicine Los Angeles, California
Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension
University of Colorado Denver Joel H. Ettinger, BS, MHA
Aurora, Colorado President
Category One Inc.
Randolph Edwards, MD Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Assistant Professor of Surgery
University of Connecticut School of Medicine Josh Ettinger, MBA
Surgical Critical Care Category One, Inc.
Department of Surgery Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Hartford Hospital
Hartford, Connecticut David C. Evans, MD
Assistant Professor of Surgery
Elwaleed A. Elhassan, MBBS, FACP, FASN Department of Surgery
Assistant Professor of Medicine (Nephrology) The Ohio State University
Wayne State University School of Medicine Columbus, Ohio
Detroit, Michigan
Gregory T. Everson, MD
E. Wesley Ely, MD, MPH Professor of Medicine
Professor of Medicine Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Department of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Criticial Care Medicine University of Colorado Denver
Vanderbilt University Medical Center Director of Hepatology
Nashville, Tennessee Hepatology and Transplant Center
University of Colorado Hospital
Lillian L. Emlet, MD, MS, FACEP, FCCM Aurora, Colorado
Assistant Professor
Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Emergency Medicine Chiara Faggiano, MD
Associate Program Director Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine
IM-CCM Fellowship of the MCCTP S. Giovanni Battista Mollinette Hospital
University of Pittsburgh Medical Center University of Turin
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Turin, Italy

Amir Emtiazjoo, MD, MSc Jeff Fair, MD

Assistant Professor of Medicine Professor
Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine Department of Surgery
Lung Transplantation Program University of Texas Medical Branch
University of Florida College of Medicine Galveston, Texas
Gainesville, Florida
Ronald J. Falk, MD
Allen Brewster Distinguished Professor of Medicine
Director
UNC Kidney Center
Chairman
Department of Medicine
University of North Carolina
Chapel Hill, North Carolina

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xvi Contributors

Brenna Farmer, MD Ericka L. Fink, MD, MS

Assistant Professor of Medicine Associate Professor of Critical Care Medicine
Department of Emergency Medicine University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell University Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC
Assistant Residency Director Associate Director
Department of Emergency Medicine Safar Center for Resuscitation Research
New York Presbyterian Hospital Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
New York, New York
Mitchell P. Fink, MD†
Rory Farnan, MB, BCh, BAO Professor of Surgery and Anesthesiology
Division of Cardiology Vice Chair for Critical Care
Cooper University Hospital Department of Surgery
Camden, New Jersey David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
Los Angeles, California
Alan P. Farwell, MD
Associate Professor of Medicine Brett E. Fortune, MD
Chair Assistant Professor of Medicine (Digestive Diseases) and of Surgery
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition (Transplant)
Boston University School of Medicine Associate Program Director
Director Gastroenterology Fellowship
Endocrine Clinics Yale School of Medicine
Boston Medical Center New Haven, Connecticut
Boston, Massachusetts
Barry I. Freedman, MD
Carinda Feild, PharmD, FCCM Professor and Chief
Assistant Dean and Associate Professor Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research Section on Nephrology
University of Florida College of Pharmacy Wake Forest School of Medicine
Seminole, Florida Winston-Salem, North Carolina

David Feller-Kopman, MD, FACP Elchanan Fried, MD

Associate Professor of Medicine, Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Senior Physician
Surgery Department of Medicine
Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Hadassah Medical Centers
The Johns Hopkins University Jerusalem, Israel
Director
Bronchoscopy and Interventional Pulmonology Kwame Frimpong, MD
Johns Hopkins University Medical Institutions Clinical Research Coordinator
Baltimore, Maryland Vanderbilt University Medical Center
Nashville, Tennessee
Kathryn Felmet, MD
Assistant Professor Rajeev K. Garg, MD, MS
Departments of of Critical Care Medicine and Pediatrics Assistant Professor of Neurological Sciences and Neurosurgery
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Rush University Medical Center
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Chicago, Illinois

Miguel Ferrer, MD, PhD Raúl J. Gazmuri, MD, PhD, FCCM

Department of Pneumology Professor of Medicine
Respiratory Institute Professor of Physiology and Biophysics
Hospital Clinic Director
IDIBAPS Resuscitation Institute
CibeRes Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science
Associate Professor Director of Critical Care Medicine
Department of Medicine Captain James A. Lovell Federal Health Care Center
University of Barcelona North Chicago, Illinois
Barcelona, Spain

†Deceased.

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 Contributors xvii

Robert H. Geelkerken, Prof Dr Diana J. Goodman, MD

Medisch Spectrum Twente Assistant Professor
and Faculty of Science and Technology and Experimental Center of Department of Neurological Sciences
Technical Medicine Rush University Medical Center
University of Twente Chicago, Illinois
Enschede, The Netherlands
Shankar Gopinath, MD
Todd W.B. Gehr, MD Associate Professor of Neurosurgery
Sir Hans A. Krebs Chair of Nephrology Baylor College of Medicine
Department of Internal Medicine Houston, Texas
Division of Nephrology
Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine John Gorcsan, III, MD
Richmond, Virginia Professor of Medicine
Division of Cardiology
Michael A. Gentile, RRT, FAARC, FCCM University of Pittsburgh
Associate in Research Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine
Duke University Medical Center Yaacov Gozal, MD
Durham, North Carolina Associate Professor of Anesthesiology
Hebrew University
M. Patricia George, MD Chair
Assistant Professor of Medicine Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Medicine and Pain
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Treatment
UPMC Montefiore Hospital Shaare Zedek Medical Center
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Jerusalem, Israel

Herwig Gerlach, MD, PhD, MBA Jeremy D. Gradon, MD, FACP, FIDSA
Professor and Chairman Attending Physician
Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care, and Pain Management Department of Medicine
Vivantes-Klinikum Neukölln Sinai Hospital of Baltimore
Berlin, Germany Associate Professor of Medicine
The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Helen Giamarellou, MD, PhD Baltimore, Maryland
Professor of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases
Hygeia Hospital Cornelia R. Graves, MD
Athens, Greece Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology
University of Tennessee College of Medicine
Fredric Ginsberg, MD Clinial Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Associate Professor of Medicine Vanderbilt University School of Medicine
Division of Cardiovascular Disease Director of Perinatal Services
Cooper Medical School of Rowan University St. Thomas Health System
Camden, New Jersey Medical Director
Tennessee Maternal Fetal Medicine
Thomas G. Gleason, MD Nashville, Tennessee
Ronald V. Pellegrini Endowed Professor of Cardiothoracic Surgery
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Cesare Gregoretti, MD
Chief Department of Biopathology and Medical Biotechnologies
Division of Cardiac Surgery (DIBIMED)
Heart and Vascular Institute Section of Anesthesia, Analgesia, Intensive Care, and Emergency
Director Policlinico P. Giaccone University of Palermo
Center for Thoracic Aortic Disease Palermo, Italy
University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Andreas Greinacher, MD
Institute for Immunology and Transfusion Medicine
Corbin E. Goerlich, MD University Medicine Greifswald
The University of Texas Medical School at Houston Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine
Houston, Texas Greifswald, Germany

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xviii Contributors

Michael A. Gropper, MD, PhD Jonathan R. Hiatt, MD

Professor and Chair Professor of Surgery
Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care Vice Dean for Faculty
University of California San Francisco David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
San Francisco, California Los Angeles, California

Paul O. Gubbins, PharmD Robert W. Hickey, MD FAAP, FAHA

Associate Dean Associate Professor of Pediatrics
Vice Chair and Professor University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
Division of Pharmacy Practice and Administration Department of Emergency Medicine
UMKC School of Pharmacy at Missouri State University Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC
Springfield, Missouri Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Vadim Gudzenko, MD Thomas L. Higgins, MD, MBA

Assistant Clinical Professor Professor
Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine Departments of Medicine, Anesthesia, and Surgery
David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Chief Medical Officer
Los Angeles, California Baystate Franklin Medical Center and BH Northern Region
Baystate Noble Hospital and BH Western Region
Kyle J. Gunnerson, MD Westfield, Massachusetts
Associate Professor of Emergency Medicine
Chief, Division of Emergency Critical Care Nicholas S. Hill, MD, FPVRI
University of Michigan Medical School Professor of Medicine
Ann Arbor, Michigan Chief
Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine
Fahim A. Habib, MD, MPH, FACS Tufts University Medical Center
Assistant Professor of Surgery Boston, Massachusetts
DeWitt Daughtry Department of Surgery
University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Swapnil Hiremath, MD, MPH
Director Assistant Professor
Department of Critical Care Department of Medicine
University of Miami Hospital University of Ottawa
Attending Trauma Surgeon Senior Clinical Investigator
Ryder Trauma Center Clinical Epidemiology Program
Jackson Memorial Hospital Ottawa Hospital Research Institute
Miami, Florida Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Brian G. Harbrecht, MD Gerald A. Hladik, MD

Professor of Surgery Doc J Thurston Distinguished Professor of Medicine
University of Louisville School of Medicine Interim Chief
Louisville, Kentucky Division of Nephrology and Hypertension
UNC Kidney Center
Yenal I.J. Harper, MD, ABIM University of North Carolina
Cardiovascular Disease Fellow Chapel Hill, North Carolina
University of Tennessee Health Science Center
Memphis, Tennessee Steven M. Hollenberg, MD
Professor of Medicine
Moustafa Hassan, MD Cooper Medical School of Rowan University
Associate Professor Director
Departments of Surgery and Anesthesiology Coronary Care Unit
State University of New York Cooper University Hospital
SUNY Upstate Medical University Camden, New Jersey
Syracuse, New York
Eric Hoste, MD, PhD
Jan A. Hazelzet, MD, PhD Associate Professor
Professor in Healthcare Quality and Outcome Department of Intensive Care Medicine
Chief Medical Information Officer Ghent University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences
Vice Director Ghent University Hospital
Strategy and Policy IT Ghent, Belgium
Erasmus Medical Center Senior Clinical Investigator
Rotterdam, The Netherlands Research Fund-Flanders (FWO)
Brussels, Belgium

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 Contributors xix

Albert T. Hsu, MD Ashutosh P. Jadhav, MD, PhD

Assistant Professor of Surgery Assistant Professor
University of Florida College of Medicine Departments of Neurology and Neurological Surgery
Jacksonville, Florida University of Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
David T. Huang, MD, MPH
Associate Professor David Jiménez, MD, PhD
Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Emergency Medicine Associate Professor of Medicine (Respiratory Medicine)
Director Alcalá de Henares University
Multidisciplinary Acute Care Research Organization Chief, Venous Thromboembolism Programme
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Hospital Ramón y Cajal
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Madrid, Spain

J. Terrill Huggins, MD Jimmy Johannes, MD

Associate Professor of Medicine Fellow, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine
Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
Medical University of South Carolina Los Angeles, California
Charleston, South Carolina
Janeen Rene Jordan, MD
Russell D. Hull, MBBS, MSc, FRCPC, FACP, FCCP Department of Surgery
Professor of Medicine University of Florida
University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine Gainesville, Florida
Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Philippe G. Jorens, MD, PhD
Joseph Abdellatif Ibrahim, MD Professor and Chair
Associate Program Director Department of Critical Care Medicine
Department of General Surgery Professor of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology
Orlando Health University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital
Orlando, Florida Antwerp, Belgium

Angie Ingraham, MD Mathieu Jozwiak, MD

Assistant Professor of Surgery Medical Intensive Care Unit
University of Wisconsin Bicêtre University Hospital
Madison, Wisconsin Paris-South University
Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
Margaret L. Isaac, MD
Assistant Professor of Medicine Rose Jung, PharmD, MPH, BCPS
University of Washington School of Medicine Clinical Associate Professor
Seattle, Washington Department of Pharmacy Practice
University of Toledo College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical
James P. Isbister, BSc(Med), MB, BS, FRACP, FRCPA Sciences
Consultant in Haematology and Transfusion Medicine Toledo, Ohio
Clinical Professor of Medicine
Sydney Medical School Aanchal Kapoor, MD
Royal North Shore Hospital of Sydney Associate Program Director
Conjoint Professor of Medicine Department of Critical Care Medicine
University of New South Wales Cleveland Clinic
Sydney, Australia Cleveland, Ohio
Adjunct Professor of Medicine
Monash University David C. Kaufman, MD, FCCM
Melbourne, Australia Professor of Surgery, Anesthesia, Internal Medicine, Medical
Humanities and Bioethics, and Urology
Frederique A. Jacquerioz, MD, MPH, CTropMed University of Rochester
Clinical Assistant Professor Rochester, New York
Department of Tropical Medicine
Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine A. Murat Kaynar, MD, MPH
New Orleans, Louisiana Associate Professor
Department of Tropical and Humanitarian Medicine Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Anesthesiology
Geneva University Hospitals University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
Geneva, Switzerland The Clinical Research, Investigation, and Systems Modeling of Acute
Illness (CRISMA) Center
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

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xx Contributors

John A. Kellum, MD Robert L. Kormos, MD, FRCS(C), FAHA

Professor of Critical Care Medicine Professor
University of Pittsburgh Department of Surgery
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
Director
Orlando Kirton, MD Artificial Heart Program
Ludwig J. Pyrtek, MD, Chair of Surgery Co-Director
Department of Surgery Heart Transplantation
Hartford Hospital Medical Director
Hartford, Connecticut Vital Engineering
Professor and Vice Chairman University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
Department of Surgery Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
University of Connecticut School of Medicine
Farmington, Connecticut Lucy Z. Kornblith, MD
Fellow
Jason Knight, MD Trauma and Critical Care
Emergency Department Medical Director University of California San Francisco
Maricopa Medical Center San Francisco, California
Phoenix, Arizona
Roman Košir, MD, PhD
Patrick M. Kochanek, MD, MCCM Chief
Ake N. Grenvik Professor in Critical Care Medicine Emergency Center
Professor and Vice Chairman Attending Physician
Department of Critical Care Medicine Trauma Department
Professor of Anesthesiology, Pediatrics, Bioengineering, and Clinical University Clinical Center Maribor
and Translational Science Maribor, Slovenia
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
Director Robert M. Kotloff, MD
Safar Center for Resuscitation Research Chairman
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Department of Pulmonary Medicine
Respiratory Institute
Philipp Koehler, MD Cleveland Clinic
Resident Physician Cleveland, Ohio
Department of Internal Medicine
University Hospital Cologne Rosemary A. Kozar, MD, PhD
Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging- Professor of Surgery
Associated Diseases (CECAD) University of Maryland
Faculty of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland
University of Cologne
Cologne, Germany Wolf Benjamin Kratzert, MD, PhD
Assistant Clinical Professor
Jeroen J. Kolkman, Prof Dr Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine
Department of Gastroenterology University of California Los Angeles
Medische Spectrum Twente Los Angeles, California
Enschede, The Netherlands
Department of Gastroenterology Anand Kumar, MD
University Medical Center Groningen Associate Professor
Groningen, The Netherlands Sections of Critical Care Medicine and Infectious Diseases
University of Manitoba
Marin H. Kollef, MD Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Associate Professor
Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis Sections of Critical Care Medicine and Infectious Diseases
St. Louis, Missouri Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, UMDNJ
Camden, New Jersey
Cecilia Korb, MD, MSc
Research Fellow
Department of Paediatric Intensive Care
Royal Brompton Hospital
London, United Kingdom

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Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 peptic ferment in, 16
Foam structure, 6
Folliculina, 137;
tube of, 152
Food, 35 f. (see also Ingestion);
of Higher Animals, 38;
absorption of, by Plants, 38;
in relation to life-cycle of Ciliata, 147 f.;
of Sponges, 237;
of Hydra, 256 and n.;
of Millepora, 261;
of Siphonophora, 304;
of Charybdea, 319;
of Alcyonium, 339;
of Zoantharia, 373;
of Asterias rubens, 439;
of Ophiothrix fragilis, 486;
of Ophiolepididae, 496;
of Echinus esculentus, 516;
of Echinarachnius parma, 546;
of Echinocardium cordatum, 552;
of Holothuria nigra, 561;
of Dendrochirota, 572;
of Synapta inhaerens, 577;
of Antedon rosacea, 583
Food-vacuole, of Actinosphaerium eichornii, 72;
of Ciliata, 145 f.;
of Carchesium, 146
Foot-plate, of young Pentacrinidae, 592;
of larva of Antedon rosacea, 619
Foraminifera, 40, 49, 50, 58 f.;
relations of, 49;
shell of, 49, 59 f., 60, 61, 63, 65;
habitat of, 59 f.;
literature of, 58 n.;
marine, 60 f.;
nuclei of, 62, 67 f.;
 nutrition of, 40, 62;
streaming of granules in, 17;
chromidia of, 62, 68 f.;
collection of, 62;
dimorphism of, 66, 67;
reproduction of, 67 f.;
economic uses of, 69 f.;
palaeontology of, 69 f.
Forbes, 338
Force, dual, of dividing-cell, 26 n.
Forcepia, 223
Forceps, 222
Forcipulata, 462, 473 f.
Forcipulate pedicellaria, 456, 473
Formative vacuole of contractile vacuole, in Flagellata, 110, 115;
in Ciliata, 143
Fossil, Foraminifera, 69 f.;
Radiolaria, 87 f.;
Dinoflagellata, 132;
Peridinium, 132;
Sponges, 192 f., 207 f., 215, 241;
Coelenterates, 270, 281 f., 343 f., 346, 393 f., 406;
Asteroidea, 475 f.;
Ophiuroidea, 501 f.;
Echinoidea, 556 f.;
Crinoidea, 594 f.;
Thecoidea, 596;
Carpoidea, 596 f.;
Cystoidea, 597 f.;
Blastoidea, 599 f.
Fowler, 293 n., 382, 400, 404
Framboesia, 121 n.
France, epidemic of pébrine in, 107
Francé, on structure of funnel of Choanoflagellates, 115 n., 121 n.;
monograph of Choanoflagellates, 123, 182 n.;
on Polytomeae, 119 n.
Freetown, prophylaxis of malaria at, 106
Fringing reef, 390 f.
Frog's blood, Lankesterella in, 102
Frondicularia, 59, 63
Fructification, of Mycetozoa, 90 f.;
of Acrasieae, 90;
of Myxomycetes, 49, 91 f.
Fry, E. and A., on Myxomycetes, 93 n.
Fuligo, 90;
F. varians, 92 f.;
pepsin in, 16
Fungacea, 402
Fungi, cell connexions in, 37 f.;
in relation to Protista, 40;
Gasteromycetous, 91
Fungia, 403;
asexual reproduction of, 388, 389;
F. crassitentaculata, 403
Fungiidae, 403
Funiculina, 359, 362;
F. quadrangularis, 362
Funiculinidae, 362
Funnel, of Craspedomonadidae or Choanoflagellates, 111, 121, 122,
182;
of Phalausteridae, 111;
of choanocytes of Sponges, 171
Fusion of larval Sponges, 174
Fusion-nucleus of Ciliata, 150
—see also Reproduction, Syngamy, Zygotonucleus
Fusulina, 59

Galaxea, 400;
G. esperi, 400
Galeolaria, 307;
G. biloba, 304
Galeolarinae, 307
Galerites, 558
Gamble, 312 n.;
 and Keeble, 175 n.
Gametes, 33 f.;
of Trichosphaerium, 54;
of certain Protomastigaceae, 116 n.;
of Volvocidae, 127 f.;
of Pandorina (of three sizes), 128, 129
Gametocyte of Acystosporidae, 104 f.
Gametogonium (= parent-cell of gametes), male, of Acystosporidae,
105
Gametonuclei (= nuclei capable of syngamous fusion), 34
Ganeria, 464
Ganeriidae, 454, 464
Gardiner, 345, 370, 375, 392 n., 404
Garveia, 270
Gasteromycetous fungi, 91
Gastral layer, 171
Gastralia, 201
Gastropores, 257, 258
Gastrozooids, of Millepora, 259, 260;
of Hydractinia, 264;
of Siphonophora, 299;
of Antipatharia, 408
Gastrula, definition of, 603
Gaule, misinterpretation of nature of Haemosporidae, 102
Gegenbaur, 302
Gellius 217, 223;
G. varius, development, 172 f., 173, 174
Gemmantes, 400
Gemmaria, 405
Gemination = Budding, q.v.
Gemmiform, pedicellariae, of Echinus esculentus, 506;
of E. acutus, 509;
of E. elegans, 510;
of Cidaridae, 534;
of Echinarachnius parma, 544;
of Echinocardium cordatum, 550
Gemmule, 177, 178, 179, 230
Generation, spontaneous, 42 f.
Generations, alternation of, 44, 250
Genital base of Holothuria nigra, 567
Genital bursa, of Ophiothrix fragilis, 485
compared with hydrospires of Blastoidea, 600
Genital canal of Antedon rosacea, 586
Genital organs (including ducts), of Asterias rubens, 451 f.;
of Ophiothrix fragilis, 490;
of Ophiarachna, 491;
of Ophiuroidea, 494;
of Amphiura squamata, 494;
of Echinus esculentus, 528;
of Echinocardium cordatum, 552;
of Hemiaster philippi, 552;
of Holothuria nigra, 567;
of Antedon rosacea, 586
Genital plate, of Ophiothrix fragilis, 485;
of Echinus esculentus, 512, 513
Genital rachis, of Asterias rubens, 452;
of Ophiothrix fragilis, 490;
of Echinus esculentus, 528;
of Antedon rosacea, 586
Genital scale of Ophiothrix fragilis, 485
Genital stolon, of Asterias rubens, 451;
of Ophiothrix fragilis, 489;
of Echinus esculentus, 528;
of Holothuria nigra, 567;
of Antedon rosacea, 585, 586;
of larva of A. rosacea, 619
Geodia, 211
Geographical distribution of Protozoa, 47
Geotaxy (= barotaxy), 20
Gephyra dohrnii, 382, 408
Gephyrea, 577
Gerarde, 167
Gerardia savalia, 406
Gerbillus indicus infested by a Haemosporidian, 102 n.
Germinal spot (= nucleole of ovum), 7
Germinal vesicle (= nucleus of ovum), 7
Germination, 32;
of Myxosporidian spores, 107
Germ-plasm, 28 f.;
continuity of, 172
Germ theory, 44
Germs, invisible air-borne, 43
Geryonia, 290, 295
Gilchrist, 338
Gill of Echinus, 514, 527
Gill-cleft, of Echinus, 514;
of Sphaerechinus, 540 f.;
of Strongylocentrotus, 541
Ginkgo, spermatozoa of, 38
Glaucoma, 137, 153;
G. scintillans, rate of fission of, 147 f.
Glauconite, 70
Globiceps, 272
Globiferae of Centrostephanus longispinosus, 532
Globigerina, 59, 63, 242;
spines of, 61, 66;
-ooze, 61 f.;
G. bulloides, 68, 69
Glossina morsitans, intermediate host of Trypanosoma brucei, 119;
G. palpalis, intermediate host of T. gambiense, 120
Glossograptus, 282
Glycerin, 15
Glycogen, of Ciliata, 144;
-vesicles of Pelomyxa palustris, 53
Gnat (Anopheles), intermediate host of Haemamoeba and
Laverania, 103 f.;
(Culex) intermediate host of Haemoproteus, 103;
of Trypanosoma, 120
Golgi, on relation of Acystosporidian life-cycle and stages of
intermittent fever, 103
Gonactinia, 371, 372, 377
Gonangium, 276
Goniaster, 471;
fossil, 475
Goniastraea, 375, 401
Goniocidaris, 534;
G. canaliculata, 535
Gonionema, 288, 291;
G. murbachii, 232, 290, 291, 292
Gonium, 111
Gonophore, of Gymnoblastea, 265;
of Calyptoblastea, 277;
of Stylasterina, 284;
of Siphonophora, 302
Gonotheca, 276, 281
Gonozooids, of Siphonophora, 302;
of Antipatharia, 408
Gorgonacea, 350 f.
Gorgonella, 357;
spicule, 336
Gorgonellidae, 337, 357
Gorgonia, 356;
G. cavolinii, 340;
G. flabellum, 357;
G. verrucosa, 356
Gorgoniidae, 334, 337, 356
Gorgonocephalus, 491, 501
Gosse, 273
Goto, 291, 293;
on development of Bipinnaria, 612
Grammaria, 278
Granatocrinus, 599;
G. norwoodi, 600
Grant, 167
Grantiidae, 192
Grantiopsis, 191
Granular disintegration of Protista, 14 f.
Granules, in protoplasm, 6;
 excretory, 6, 144;
aleurone, 37;
basal, of cilia, etc., 138 n., 141 (see also Blepharoplast);
proteid, of Suctoria, 161
Graphiohexaster, 203
Graptolitoidea, 281
Grassi, on malarial parasites, 103
Gravity, stimulus of, 19 f.
Greasy film, outer clear layer of protoplasm behaves like, 17
Greeff, on Protozoa, 46
Green Flagellates, relations of, 48
Greensand, 70;
Cambridge, 208
Green water often due to Euglena viridis, 124
Greenwood, M., on peptic digestion in Protozoa, 16;
on feeding of Carchesium polypinum, 45 f., 146 f.
Gregarina, 97, 98, 99;
G. blattarum, 98
Gregarines, habitat, 99;
syngamy, 99
Gregarinidaceae, 95 f., 97 f.
Gregory, 346
Grew, 166
Grey chalk, 61
Gromia, 52;
G. oviformis, 59 n.
—see also Allogromia
Grooves, longitudinal and transverse, of Dinoflagellata, 110, 130,
131, 132;
of Peridinium, 131;
of Polykrikos, 132;
oral, of Noctiluca, 133
Grosvenor, 249 n.
Growth, 19 f.;
Spencer's limit of, 23, 31
Gruber, on regeneration in Protozoa, 35 n.;
on diffused nucleus in marine Ciliata, 144 n.;
 on tubicolous marine Ciliata, 152
Gruppe, deposit of Radiolaria, 87
Guinea Coast, 106
Gullet (= pharynx) of Paramecium caudatum, 151
Gut, supposed, of Ciliata, 145
—see also Alimentary canal
Gutter, oral, of Vorticellidae, 156, 158
Gymnamoebae, 51 n.
Gymnasteridae, 471
Gymnoblastea, 262 f.
Gymnodinium, 110;
G. pulvisculus, parasitic in Appendicularia, 132
Gymnomyxa, 49 n.
Gymnophrys, 58
Gymnosphaera, 70, 73
Gymnostomaceae, 137;
predaceous, trichocysts of, 143;
mouth and pharynx of, 145;
noteworthy members of, 152
Gyractis, 380

Häcker, on skeleton of Radiolaria, 82 n.

Haddon, 382
Haeckel, 168, 185, 192, 237, 308;
on Monera, 4 n., 89 n.;
on Protista, 40 f.;
on Protozoa, 46;
on Heliozoa, 71;
on classification of Radiolaria, 76;
on functions of porocone in Radiolaria, 81;
on enumeration of Radiolaria, 87 f.;
on Myxobrachia, 83;
on Sponges, 168, 192;
on phylogeny of Echinodermata, 622
Haeckeliana, 79, 85
Haemamoeba, 97, 103 f.;
H. malariae, parasite of quartan fever, 104 f.;
 H. vivax, parasite of tertian fever, 104 f.
Haematochrome, 125
Haematococcus (= Sphaerella, 111), 125, 126
Haemoflagellates (= Trypanosoma, etc., q.v.), 119 n.
Haemoglobin, 103;
in water-vascular system of Ophiactis virens, 499
Haemogregarina, 97
Haemomenas (Ross's name for parasite of pernicious fever =
Laverania, 97), 105
Haemoproteus, 97;
parasitic in birds, 103
Haemosporidae, 97, 102
Haimea hyalina, 342;
H. funebris, 342.
Haimeidae, 342
Halcampa, 366, 380;
H. chrysanthellum, 380
Halcampidae, 375, 380
Halecium, 277, 280
Haleremita, 256
Halicalyx, 291
Halichondria, 217, 223;
H. panicea, structure, etc., 168 f., 169, 170, 211
Halichondrina, 216, 217
Haliclystus, 320, 321;
H. auricula, 320
Halicnemia, 216, 224
Haliomma, 77
Haliphysema, 59
Halisarca, 196, 225
Halomitra, 404
Halteria, 137, 152, 155
Halteridium, 97;
sexual fusion in, 103, 105;
regarded by Schaudinn as a state of Trypanosoma, 103 n., 120
Hamacantha, 223
Hamann, on supposed cavities in the body-wall of Asteroidea, 449;
 on classification of Zygophiurae, 495 n.
Hanitsch, 168 n.
Hapalocarcinus, 402
Hardy, on structure of protoplasm and clearing, 11, 12 n.
Hartea elegans, 342
Hartlaub, 269 n., 274, 297 n.
Hartog, on Protozoa, 1 f.;
on structure of protoplasm, living and dead, 11;
on function of contractile vacuole, 15 n.;
on intracellular digestion, 16;
on brood-division (multiple cell-division), 16 n.;
on dual force of dividing cell, 26 n.;
on syngamy, etc., 34 n.;
and Dixon, on pepsin in Pelomyxa, 16
Harvey, "omne vivum ex ovo," 42
Hastigerina, 59, 66
Hauerina, 59
Heart, of Asterias rubens, 450
Heart-urchins = Spatangoidea, q.v.
Heat—see Temperature
Heat-rigor, 22
Heleopera, 52;
test of, 55
Heliaster, 474
Heliasteridae, 453, 454, 474
Heliolites, 346
Heliolitidae, 346
Heliopora, 330, 334, 337, 345 f.
Helioporidae, 346
Heliozoa, 50, 70 f.;
streaming of granules, 17;
regeneration, 35;
habitat, 48;
locomotion, 73;
various forms of, 74;
marine, 75;
distribution of, 75;
 resemblance of Suctoria to, 159
Hemiaster, 556;
H. philippi, 552, 555, 602, 603
Hemichordata, 616
Henneguy, on protoplasm, 3 n.;
on syngamy, 34 n.
Henneguya, 98
Henricia—see Cribrella
Hérouard, Delage and, on Protozoa, 46
Herpetolitha, 404
Herpetomonas, 115
Hertwig, R., on Protozoa, 46;
on chromidia in Sarcodina, 52 n.;
on Heliozoa, 71;
on Radiolaria, 88;
on Suctoria, 161 n., 162
Heteractinellida, 208
Heterastridium, 283
Heterocentrotus, 532, 542
Heterocoela, 187 f.
Heterophrys, 71
Heteropidae, 192
Heterotrichaceae, 137, 153 f.;
fission of, 147
Heteroxenia, 333, 335, 348
Hexactine (a triaxon in which all six actines are developed), 184
Hexactinellida, 194, 195, 197 f., 228, 240
Hexadella, 196
Hexamitus, 115
Hexaster (a hexactine with secondary or terminal rays = Carter's
"rosette"), 203
Hexasterophora, 203 f.
Hickson, on interchange of cytoplasm in conjugating Infusoria, 149
n.;
on conjugation in Suctoria, 161 f.;
on Coelenterata, 243 f.;
on Millepora, 259 n.;
 on Stylasterina, 286 n.;
on Alcyonaria, 329 n., 351 n., 352 n., 359 n.;
on Antipatharia, 408 n.;
on Ctenophora, 412 f.
Hieronymus on Chlamydomyxa, 90 n.
Hincks, 268 n.
Hinde, 193, 207
Hippasterias, 471
Hippopodius, 307
Hippospongia, 221
Holectypoidea, 558
Holophytic, Algae and Fungi, zoospores of, 5;
nutrition, 37;
Flagellates, 113
Holopodidae, 592
Holopus, 588, 589, 594
Holothuria, 570;
H. nigra, 561 f.;
shape, 561;
feelers, 561;
body-wall, 562;
alimentary canal, 562;
respiratory trees, 563;
water-vascular system, 564;
nervous system, 566;
calcareous ring, 566;
blood system, 567;
genital organs, 567;
H. cinerascens, 567;
H. fusco-rubra, 567;
H. aspera, 570;
H. intestinalis, 570;
H. tremula, 570
Holothuroidea, 431, 537, 560 f., 583;
mesenchyme of larva, 604;
development of, 609, 614, 615;
phylogeny of, 622
Holotrypasta (= Porulosa), 76
Holozoic, 35 f.;
Flagellates, 113;
Dinoflagellates, 131
Holt, 311 n.;
on burrowing habits of Strongylocentrotus lividus, 541 n.
Homaxonic (= symmetrical about a centre along an indefinite
number of equivalent axes), 76
Homocoela, 185 f.
Homoeonema, 294
Homostichanthus anemone, 383
Honey-bees, alleged spontaneous generation of, 42
Hormiphora, 418;
H. plumosa, 413
Human diseases, produced by Coccidiaceae, 102 f.;
by Amoeba histolytica, 57;
by Trypanosomids, 119 f.
Huxley, on Protozoa, 45;
first description of a living Radiolarian, 88;
on Cystoflagellates, 135
Hyalonema, 203, 204;
H. sieboldi, 206;
H. thomsoni, 204, 221
Hyalopus, 52;
H. dujardini, 59 n.
Hyalosphenia, 52;
H. lata, 55
Hyboclypus, 558;
H. gibberulus, 558
Hybocodon (Corymorphidae, 273), 265
Hydatina senta, often found with Euglena viridis, 124
Hydra, 253 f., 255;
nematocysts of, 247;
species of, 256;
specific gravity of, 13 n.;
host of Kerona and Trichodina, 158;
Zoochlorella in, 126, 256;
 H. oligactis (= fusca), 253, 256;
H. pallida, 256 n.;
H. viridis, 253, 256;
H. vulgaris, (= grisea), 253, 256;
nematocyst, 247
Hydractinia, 263, 265, 268, 270
Hydrallmania falcata, 278
Hydrichthys mirus, 268
Hydroceratinidae, 279
Hydrocladia, 276
Hydrocoel (including left hydrocoel), 428;
of Antedon rosacea, 585;
development of, 608 f., 609;
development in Asterina gibbosa, 611;
in Auricularia, 615;
in Antedon rosacea, 619
Hydroctena salenskii, 423, 424
Hydrolaridae, 273
Hydrophyllium, 297, 300
Hydrorhiza, 262
Hydrosome, 250, 251
Hydrospire, of Blastoidea, 580, 599;
of Codaster, 599;
of Pentremites, 599;
of Granatocrinus, 599 f.
Hydrotheca, 275
Hydrozoa, 249 f.;
hydrosome, 250;
life-history, 250;
medusome, 250, 251 f.;
sense-organs, 252
Hydrurus, 110;
theca of, 113
Hymedesmia, 222
Hymenaster, 466;
H. pellucidus, 465
Hymeniacidon, 224
Hymeraphia, 223
Hyocrinidae, 590
Hyocrinus, 588, 589, 590, 590;
H. bethellianus, 590
Hyperia (Amphipod), parasitic in Radiolaria, 87
Hyphalaster, 471;
H. moseri, 459
Hypnocyst, of Rhizopoda, 57;
of Proteomyxa, 88 f.;
of Pseudospora, 89;
of Myxomycetes, 90 f.
Hypolytus peregrinus, 262, 271 n.
Hypophare, 210
Hypostome, 250
Hypotrichaceae, 137, 138 f., 158 n.

Ianthella, 220
Ichthyophtheirius, 137;
noxious parasite of fish, 152
Iciligorgia, 351
Idioplasm, 29
Ijima, 199, 206, 231, 234
Ileonema, 137, 152
Ilyanthus mitchellii, 380
Ilyodaemon, 571, 572;
I. maculatus, 571
Imperforate, Foraminifera, 58 f.;
Corals, 371
Inadunata, 595
Incurrent canal, 170
India, diseases of Trypanosomic origin, 119 f.
Induction shocks, action on Protozoa, 7, 22
Infero-marginal ossicle of Asteroidea, 436
Inflammation, 8
Infra-basal plate, of Crinoidea, 588;
of fossil Crinoidea, 594;
of larval Antedon rosacea, 619
Infundibulum, 415
Infusions, appearance of organisms in, 42 f.;
organisms of, 136
Infusoria, 40, 48, 50, 136 f.;
specific gravity of, 13 n.;
zygote does not encyst, 34.
Ingestion, of food, by Amoeba limax, 9;
by Choanoflagellates, 122;
by Dinoflagellates, 131;
by Carchesium, 146;
by Coleps, 150
—vacuole of, in Flagellates, 113;
in Oikomonas, 112;
in Choanoflagellates, 122
Inner perihaemal ring-canal, of Asterias rubens, 448;
development of, in Asterina gibbosa, 612
Inoculation of malarial fever in man through a mosquito, 105 f.
Insectivorous plants, 38
Insects, metamorphoses of, 44;
as hosts of Trichonymphidae, 123
Interambulacral area, of Echinarachnius parma, 544;
of Echinocardium cordatum, 550
Interambulacral plate, of Echinus esculentus, 511;
of Cidaridae, 533 f.;
of Echinarachnius parma, 544 f.
Interbrachial septa—see Interradial septa
Interchanges between cell and medium, 14
Intermediate dorsal process of ciliated band of Auricularia, 608
Intermediate (= supplemental) skeleton of Perforate Foraminiferal
shell, 63, 66
Intermittent fever, malarial, produced by Acystosporidae, 103 f.
Internal budding of Suctoria, 160 f., 162;
of Ephydatia, 177
Internal gills—see Stewart's organs
Internal movements of protoplasm, 17
Interradial plates, of calcareous ring of Holothuria nigra, 566;
of Holothuroidea, 569;
 of Synaptida, 569;
of Dendrochirota, 569;
of calyx of Crinoidea, 589;
of Thaumatocrinus, 589;
of Hyocrinus, 590;
of Rhizocrinidae, 591;
of corona of Echinoidea—see Interambulacral plate
Interradial septa, of Asterias rubens, 437;
of Heliasteridae, 474;
absent in Brisingidae, 475
Interradius, 428;
of Asterias rubens, 434;
of Echinus esculentus, 504;
of Holothuria nigra, 562
Interstitial growth, 10
Intestine, 415;
of Echinus esculentus, 516;
of Holothuria nigra, 563;
of Antedon rosacea, 583;
of Actinometra, 589;
of Dipleurula, 605;
of Protocoelomata, 616
Intracapsular protoplasm of Radiolaria, 80 f.
Intramolecular respiration, 14 n.
Intranuclear spindle of Euylypha, 29
Invertebrata, hosts of Gregarines, 97 f.
Iodine, 239
Iophon, 223
Iridogorgia, 355
Isaurus, 405
Ischadites, 207
Ischikawa, on syngamy of Cystoflagellates, 135;
on structure of Ephelota, 162
Isidae, 337, 353
Isidella, 354
Isis, 353
Ismailia, prophylaxis of malaria at, 106
Isochela (a chela divisible by each of two planes into two equal
parts, the two ends being equally developed), 222
Isocrinus—see Pentacrinus
Isogamy, 33 f.;
of Rhizopoda, 56 f.;
of Stephanosphaera, 128
—see also Syngamy
Isospores, 85;
of Radiolaria, 76;
of Collozoum inerme, 76

Jaekel, on Silurian Asteroidea and Ophiuroidea, 501;

on classification of Crinoidea, 589, 595;
on classification of Cystoidea, 598
James-Clark, on Protozoa, 46;
on Choanoflagellates, 121, 123;
on Sponges, 167
Jaw, of Ophiothrix fragilis, 482;
of fossil Ophiuroidea, 502;
of Echinus esculentus, 526
Jelly, forming theca in Flagellates, 113
Jelly-fish, 249, 297, 323
Jennings, on protoplasmic movements, 4 n., 16 n.;
reaction of Protista to repellent stimuli, 20 n., 21 n.
Jensen, on density of living protoplasm, 13 n.;
on protoplasmic movements, 16 n.
Joblot, on organisms of putrefaction, 43;
on Protozoa, 45
Joenia, 111
Johnson, 352 n.
Juncella, 330, 335, 357
Jung, 253 n.
Jungersen, 359 n.

Karyogamy, 34 n.
—see also Syngamy of Ciliata
Karyokinesis, 25, 26, 27;
 function of, 28 f.;
of micronuclei of Ciliata, 144 f.
—see also Mitosis
Karyolysus, 97
Karyosome, 24
Keeble, 175 n.
Keller, 233
Kemna, on stylopodium of Foraminifera, 60
Kent, Saville, on Choanoflagellates, 122 f., 182;
on Infusoria and Flagellates, 136 n.
Keroeides, 351
Kerona, 138;
K. polyporum, 158 n.
Kieselguhr, 87
Kirkpatrick, 215
Kishinouye, 313 n., 321 n., 333, 352
Klebs, on Flagellates, 119;
on Dinoflagellates, 130
Koch, von, on methods of cultivation of lower organisms, 44;
on malarial parasites, 103
Kölliker, on Sporozoa, 94 f.
Kophobelemnon, 362
Kophobelemnonidae, 362
Köppen, on Sticholonche and its parasite, Amoebophrya, 87 n.
Korethraster, 453, 463
Kowalevsky, 341, 422
Krukenberg, on pepsin in a Myxomycete, 16
Kükenthal, 363

Labbé, on Protozoa, 45;

monograph of Sporozoa, 102 n.
Labial plexus of Antedon rosacea, 587
Labyrinthine shell-wall of arenaceous Foraminifera, 59, 66
Labyrinthula, 90 f.
Lachmann, Claparède and, on Protozoa, 45;
on Suctoria, 162
Lacrymaria, 137, 152 n.;