DISASTER MANAGEMENT the hazards created by a disaster.

Examples:
evacuation; search and rescue; emergency
relief.

Recovery: Returning the community to

normal. Ideally, the affected area should be
put in a condition equal to or better than it
was before the disaster took place.
Examples: temporary housing; grants;
medical care, Debri removal, damage

Disaster management is an applied science

which seeks by systematic observation and
analysis of disasters to improve measures
relating to prevention, mitigation,
preparedness, emergency, response and
recovery.

A disaster is a situation in which the coping.

community is incapable of coping.

It is a natural or human-caused event which

causes intense negative impacts on people,
goods, services and/or the environment,
exceeding the affected community’s
capability to respond; therefore, the
community seeks the assistance of
government and international agencies.

Mitigation: Measures put in place to

minimize the results from a disaster.
Examples: building codes and zoning;
vulnerability analyses; public education. STAGE 1: Disaster Mitigation

Preparedness: Planning how to respond.  Structural mitigation – construction

Examples: preparedness plans; emergency
exercises/training; warning systems.
Response: Initial actions taken as the event
takes place. It involves efforts to minimize
projects which reduce economic and
social impacts i.e. dams, windbreaks,
terracing and hazard resistant
buildings.
  Non-structural activities – policies Various mitigation strategies or measures-
and practices which raise awareness For instance, varieties of crops that are
of hazards or encourage more wind, flood or drought resistant can
developments to reduce the impact often be introduced in areas prone to
of disasters floods, drought and cyclones, Economic
diversification.

DISASTER MITIGATION AND

INFRASTRUCTURE

Investment in infrastructure to support

sustainable socioeconomic development.

Investment in infrastructure for

reconstruction and recovery.

i. A backup generator is available

in case of power failure and that
a battery-operated radio.
ii. A backup copy of all critical
information
iii. The preliminary design should
Disaster Mitigation includes:
take into consideration the
 Reviewing building codes. prevalent hazards and methods
 Vulnerability analysis updates. to avoid or to minimize the
 Zoning and land-use management effects of the extreme natural
and planning. events.
 Reviewing of building use iv. Strengthening vulnerable areas
regulations and safety codes. such as roofs, exterior doors,
 Implementing preventative health windows, and garage doors
measures STAGE 2: PREPAREDNESS
 Political intervention and
commitment Preparedness measures include:
 Public awareness
 Preparedness plans
 Emergency exercises/training
 Warning systems
 Emergency communications systems
STRATEGIES  Evacuations plans and training
 Resource inventories Emergency
  Personnel/contact list.
 Mutual aid agreements
 Public information/education
Important Activities
 Develop and test warning systems
regularly and plan measures to be
taken during a disaster alert period
to minimize potential loss of life and
physical damage.
 Educate and train officials and the
population at risk to respond to the
disaster.
 Train first-aid and emergency
response teams.
 Establish emergency response
policies, standards, organizational
arrangements and operational plans
to be followed by emergency
workers and other response entities
after a disaster.
DISASTER RISK REDUCTION (DRR)
- It forms the action plan to be
implemented before, during and
after disasters.
- The IFRCRCS (International
Federation of Red Cross and Red
Crescent Societies) defines risk
reduction as physical measures to
reduce the vulnerability and
exposure of infrastructure to natural
hazards as well and to provide
coping and adaptive infrastructure in
case of a disaster event.
DRR recommendation
 Policy, planning and capacity
building in disaster management.
 Physical prevention; example,
building sea-walls against storm
surge or flood shelters during flood
events.
 Capacity building at institutional and
systemic level in disaster
preparedness.
 Continued provision of food, potable
water and health care.
HYOGO FRAMEWORK
Expected outcome:
➢"The substantial reduction of disaster
losses, in lives and the social, economic and
environmental assets of communities and
countries.”
➢The International Strategy for Disaster
Reduction (ISDR) system provides a vehicle
for cooperation among Governments,
organizations to assist and civil society
actors to assist in the implementation of
Framework
KEY PRINCIPLE:
 People have to work together in the
essence of solidarity
 The weight of calamities and the
advantages of disaster risk reduction
measures ought to be shared even
handedly.
 Giving specific consideration
regarding the most defenseless
people and groups.
UNISDR-AP & ESCAP: 7 WAYS TO REDUCE - EOP allows the community to
VULNERABILTY and PREPARE FOR respond to threats.
DISASTER - Engages responders in the short-
term recovery.
1. KNOWLEDGE
- Must be flexible to be valuable in
 Know the hazards in your
real and potential emergencies.
area
- It doesn’t include the administrative
 Know how to find the mitigation strategy, the long
information about weather plan, term recovery or the Standard
 Know about potential risk to Operational procedures.
your property
 Know how to take immediate STAGE 3: DISASTER RESPONSE
action
Aim of Disaster Response:
 Communicate with neighbors
 Communicate with your  Evacuation, Migration,
family administrating first-aid,
 Know community officials transportation of affected people to
 Identify trusted local media hospital.
2. SUBSISTENCE  Discuss the restoration of essential
- Gather the items that you and your services.
family need to carry you through a  Rescue work
disaster  Ideal Command Centre
3. MOBILITY  Modern and traditional methods of
response

 The mission of the response

phase is to meet the basic needs
of the people until more
permanent and sustainable
solutions are formulated.
4. IMPACT AVOIDANCE
 There is growing awareness of
- Taking actions to reduce or
costs associated with improper
eliminate risk of impact during a
management of disasters and
disaster
hence communities and
5. ADAPTABILITY
government are trying hard to
improve the first responder
efforts.
EMERGENCY OPERATION PLAN (EOP)
  Disaster response is aimed at
providing instant support to
maintain life and health of the
affected population.
 There is a wide array of response
activities carried out after a
disaster like first-aid,
transportation, shelter and food,
initial repairs to damaged
infrastructure.
 The level & kind of disaster
response depends on a number
of factors – the scale of disaster,
the nature and number of
affected people and site-specific
conditions.
 Response comprises the
decisions and actions taken to
deal with an urgent situation
that has adversely affected life
and property.
 It calls for collaboration,
coordination and communication
between agencies involved in
administrating rescue and relief
operations.
 The main aim of response is to
save and protect human life.
The other aims of response are-
1. To guarantee the continued
existence of the maximum possible
number of affected population and
ensuring that they are in the best
possible physical and mental health
in the circumstances.
2. To reinstate critical services and
provide food, clothing and water.
3. To restore or replace demolished or
damaged infrastructure.
4. To make alternate housing
arrangements in camps.
5. To help in relieving suffering.
6. To protect the health and safety of
responding personnel.
DISASTER RESPONSE
The benefits and drawbacks of:
 Internal (Local) Response
 External (National or International)
Response
 Local response
o most effective first 24 hour
o EMS driven
 External response
o ultimate responsibility
o may designate lead agency
- health, foreign affairs,
public works,
agriculture, education
INTERNAL RESPONSE MANAGEMENT
STRENGTHS
 Rapid response
 Socially and culturally appropriate
 Family and community support
 Assists in immediate recovery
 Reduces dependency
 Builds upon local response
mechanisms
 Develops internal capacity
LIMITATIONS
 Limited capacity
  Limited experience and planning
 Lack of large scale sectoral ability
 Lack of coordination on large scale
 Lack of large scale funding
 Lack of monitoring
 Limited ability to address prevention
and preparedness
EXTERNAL RESPONSE MANAGEMENT
STRENGTHS
 Large scale assistance
 Expertise in disaster response
 Dedicated disaster funding
 Sector specific support
 On site organization and
coordination
EVACUATION AND MIGRATION
LIMITATIONS
 Duplication of services
 Draws from local capacity building
 Non-sustained funding and
dependency
 Culturally and socially problematic
 Lack of standardization of NGO
response
 Difficult to coordinate and monitor
 Unrealistic expectations of donor
assistance
 Local partners overloaded
 Program is poorly conceptualized
SECURITY ISSUES
 It is vital to ensure the security of
the most vulnerable population that
is women, children and the elderly.
 Generally, it is seen that security is
not always a priority issue after a
disaster because rescue and relief
operations are considered
paramount.
 Along with police, military personnel
are also deployed to respond to a
disaster.
 Given the state of vulnerabilities of
the affected community, physical
security and public order in the
disaster-affected areas should be
established.
 It helps prevent the public order
from turning into an undesirable
state of panic and chaos.
 Evacuation involves the relocation of
individuals and members of the
affected community from risk-zone
to a safer location.
 Evacuation can help individual and
communities avoid the aftermath of
disasters such as building collapse,
outbreak of diseases, etc.
 People are reluctant to evacuate
even in the most dangerous
situations because of inadequate
social economical resources.
 The three pre-requisites of effective
evacuation are:
1. A Plan of action and place to
relocate the evacuees.
2. Clear identification of escape routes.
 3. A timely and accurate warning
system to inform about the exact
turn of events.
 Evacuation is immediate and
urgent movement of people
away from the threat or actual
occurrence of a rapid onset of a
MOBILIZATION AND RESTORATION OF
disaster.
 This type of migration is
temporary in nature and after
the crisis is over the families
return to their homes.
ADMINISTERING FIRST-AID
 The process of addressing the needs
of is physically distressed is injured
referred or is to as person who
psychologically first-aid.
 Though first-aid is not substitute for
professional medical help, but still it
can make a difference between life
and death.
 When addressing the first-aid after
disasters, there are certain aspects
that need to be taken care of –
1. Check the surroundings.
2. Seek help whenever necessary.
3. Remain with the victim.
4. Stay Calm.
5. Determine responsiveness.
6. Help to stop bleeding first.
7. Psychological support.
 Training in first-aid should be made
compulsory at School and College
level.
 The kind of first-aid differs according
to the nature of disaster.
 First-aid training must be packaged
in a way that ‘clearly outlines its
aims, mechanism, when it is used,
where it can be applied and who
benefits from its use, who can
deliver it’.
ESSENTIAL SERVICES
 To ensure effective command
and emergency situation, it is
crucial that are organized.
1. Telephone Lines
2. Electricity and power supply
3. Drinking water supply & non-
perishable food
4. Alternate roads
SEARCH AND RESCUE WORK
 Disaster response activities begin
with the detection of the crisis
and end with the normalization
of the situation following impact.
 The response activities entail
triggering search and rescue
mechanism to find the injured,
providing emergency medical
care and transferring them to
safe places.
 The response phase differs from
other phases of disaster
management in the sense that
there are two important aspects
namely, uncertainty and
urgency.
 The emergency response actions
should be well coordinated with
disaster recovery as they form
 the foundation for carrying out
recovery activities.
MODERN AND TRADITIONAL METHODS OF
RESPONSE
 The responses to disasters may
utilize a mix of methods from
traditional to modern.
 The situation and nature of the
affected population play a decisive
role in choosing an effective
response mechanism.
 Traditional methods of response
have been used since long and they
are the most common and practical
methods of response.
 They entail assistant provided in the
form of food, shelter materials,
blankets, etc.
 Money is also provided so that
A MODEL OF AN IDEAL COMMAND CENTRE
affected people can buy things
according to their needs.
 Charitable organizations offer help
to communities that have suffered a
disaster.
 New technologies can be very useful
and powerful in disaster response.
 These basically form the basis of the
modern methods of disaster
response.
 Mobile phones can act as warning
devices.
 SMS provided by operators can
prove to be useful medium to send
warning signals of immediate threat.
 GPS for tracing location of victims.
 The disaster management team also
uses the potential of mapping
technologies, such as geographic
information system (GIS), remote
sensing (satellite imagery) and
global positioning system (GPS), to
aid emergency response operations.
1. Remote Sensing: the scanning of the
earth by satellite or high-flying
aircraft in order to obtain
information about it.
o Visible and Reflective
Infrared remote sensing.
o Thermal Infrared Remote
sensing.
o Microwave Remote sensing.
2. GIS – GIS is a system that collects,
displays, manages and analyzes
geographic information.
3. Other Methods – Social Media &
Social networking.
 Incident command center is a
standardized, on-scene, all-hazard
incident management concept.
 The primary role of this center is the
coordination of efforts for effective
and efficient management of
incident.
 When any disastrous event occurs,
they first identify and assess the
situation.
 The functions of an Incident
Command Centre are:
1. Development of objectives.
2. Preparation of Incident Action
Plan to meet incident objectives,
collection and evaluation of
information.
 The functions of an Incident
Command Centre are:
3. Maintenance of resource status
and incident documentation.
4. Providing logistics support to
meet operational objectives.
5. Financial administration to
monitor costs, accounting,
procurement and cost analysis.